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AIM: How can we study the psychoanalytic perspective? Slide 2 Personality Ms. Simon Chapter 15 Slide 3 Personality An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality. Slide 4 Psychodynamic Perspective In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures Slide 5 Psychodynamic Perspective Freuds clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the 1. unconscious mind, 2. psychosexual stages 3. defense mechanisms. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures Slide 6 Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. http://www.english.upenn.edu Slide 7 Dream Analysis Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791) Slide 8 Psychoanalysis The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released (treatment: psychoanalysis) the patient feels better. Slide 9 Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories. Slide 10 Personality Structure Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego). Slide 11 March 2, 2011 Do Now: What three methods did Freud use to treat his patients? Free Association- speaking whatever words come to mind Dream Analysis Psychoanalysis Slide 12 Id, Ego and Superego The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. The ego functions as the executive and mediates the demands of the id and superego. The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Slide 13 Freuds Personality Development Psychosexual stages: Personality formed during the first few years of life divided into stages. Determinism= early experiences will shape your later personality During these stages the ids pleasure- seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones. Slide 14 Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages. Slide 15 Fixation Fixation at any stage results from being either overly or underly satisfied Oral fixation- smoke, talk, chew gum, chew ice (under) Oral retentive: (overly satisfied during oral stage) shy or quiet Anal retentive- too neat, organized (overly gratified from the anal stage) Anal expulsive- messy, disorganized (under satisfied) Slide 16 Oedipus Complex A boys sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. A girls desire for her father is called the Electra complex. Slide 17 Identification Identification: Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent. Keep your friends close and your enemies closer From the K. Vandervelde private collection Slide 18 Defense Mechanisms The egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. 1.Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. underlies all other defense mechanisms 2. Regression- leads to an infantile (childish) stage Slide 19 Defense Mechanisms 3.Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Example: I hate my father I love him 4.Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Example: My friend is always criticizing other people, she is mean and critical Slide 20 Defense Mechanisms 5.Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations example: its not my fault I failed, I had three other tests 6.Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable object or person Example: you want to punch your sister, so instead you punch the pillow 7. Sublimation redirecting unacceptable or aggressive impulses into an acceptable behavior- example: you want to punch your sister, but instead you go for a run Slide 21 SKITS! Slide 22 Do Now: 1.Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: a. regression. b. projection. c. displacement. d. reaction formation. 2. Jaydon doesnt realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a: a. strong ego. b. weak id. c. strong superego. d. weak ego 3.Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnies reaction to her children illustrates: a. identification. b. reaction formation. c. displacement. d. projection. Slide 23 Do Now: Review homework Slide 24 Freuds Theory of Personality Id, Ego, Superego Psychosexual Stages Defense Mechanisms Slide 25 AIM: How has Freud impacted contemporary psychology? Slide 26 Why was Freud revolutionary? First to propose psychoanalysis Impact on pop culture Oedipus complex Freudian slip: unconscious is manifested through an error in speech "A Freudian slip is when you mean one thing, but you say your mother." Inspired future psychologists in the Neo- Freudian movement (Psychodynamic Movement) Slide 27 Why were Freuds Theories so heavily criticized? 1)Gender Bias For example: Little Hans 2) Too much emphasis on sex 3) Not predictive 4) Little empirical evidence to support Slide 28 Slide 29 (Psychodynamic) Neo-Freudians agree with Freud: id, ego, superego anxiety, defense mechanisms shaping of personality in childhood Slide 30 Neo-Freudians disagree with Freud: Importance of consciousness Sex and Aggression Slide 31 Carl Jung: Neofreudian Unconscious consists of: 1) Personal unconscious 2) Collective unconscious based on our species universal experiences or archetypes Example: myths, maternal images, fear of dark Carl Jung (1875-1961) Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron Slide 32 Alfred Adler ego psychologist (downplayed unconscious) childhood is formative period Inferiority-complex people are motivated by fear of failure (inferiority) and desire to achieve (superiority) Birth order Alfred Adler (1870-1937) National Library of Medicine Slide 33 Karen Horney Womb envy Personality based on need for security Relationship with parent influences personality Womens superego is just as strong as men Karen Horney (1885-1952) The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis Slide 34 Do Now: Which NeoFreudian emphasized..? The role of the mother Childhood is important in personality development ALL of the psychodyanmic psychologists Inferiority complexes Adler Collective unconscious Jung Birth order- Adler Womb Envy- Horney Slide 35 Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective tests- reveal the hidden unconscious mind 1)Rorschach Inkblot Test 2)TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Slide 36 Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projective test Herman Rorschach 10 inkblots Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc. http://www.rorschachinkblottest.com/inktest.php Slide 37 Rorschach InkBlot Test 1 Slide 38 2 Slide 39 3 Slide 40 4 Slide 41 5 Slide 42 6 Slide 43 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Developed by Henry Murray, the TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc. Slide 44 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Slide 45 Projective Tests: Criticisms Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to). 1.When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability). 2.Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity). Slide 46 Personality Tests http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF0VXPanU8 Slide 47 Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective 1.Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood. 2.Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual Modern Research Slide 48 Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective 3. There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment. 4. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices. 5. Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not. Modern Research Slide 49 Freud and the Unconscious Mind Modern research shows the existence of non-conscious information processing. 1.Schemas that automatically control perceptions and interpretations 2.Parallel processing during vision and thinking 3.Implicit memories 4.Emotions that activate instantly without consciousness Slide 50 Humanistic Perspective By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud s negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorists. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Carl Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.ship.edu Slide 51 Self-Actualizing Person Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization fulfilling our potential. http://www.ship.edu Ted Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Getty Images Slide 52 Growth and Fulfillment Carl Rogers -believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. -He said that Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine Time Warner, Inc. Slide 53 Ideal versus Real Write down a description of yourself currently: Write down a description of how you would like to perceive yourself: Slide 54 Assessing the Self All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, Who am I? refers to Self-Concept. Carl Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept. Slide 55 Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective 1.Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child- rearing, and management. 2.Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague and subjective and lack scientific basis. 3.Individualism can promote selfishness 4.Too idealistic- some of us will never be able to acquire self-actualization Slide 56 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Self-concept: our overall view of our abilities Self-esteem: how we evaluate ourselves Slide 57 Read pages 609-613: Pick a personality trait, and explain or evaluate this trait using the following perspectives: 1)Freudian 2)NeoFreudian (Jung, Adler, Horney) 3)Humanistic Slide 58 Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective The scientific merits of Freuds theory have been criticized. Psychoanalysis is meagerly testable. Most of its concepts arise out of clinical practice, which are the after-the-fact explanation. Slide 59 The Trait Perspective Trait= An individual s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives Examples of Traits Honest Dependable Moody Impulsive Slide 60 Personality Type Personality types, assessed by measures such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, consist of a number of traits. Sympathetic Appreciative Tactful Feeling Type Personality Slide 61 Gordon Allport s Theory Cardinal Trait- defining characteristic Example: Mother Teresa = altruism Central Trait: general characteristic Slide 62 Cardinal Traits Obama Lincoln George Bush Michael Jackson Lady Gaga Slide 63 Slide 64 Exploring Traits Factor analysis is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits. Cattell 16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory. Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) Slide 65 Factor Analysis Cattell found that large groups of traits could be reduced down to 16 core personality traits based on statistical correlations. Impulsive Excitement Impatient Irritable Boisterous Basic trait Superficial traits Slide 66 Personality Dimensions Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to three dimensions extroversion vs introversion, neuroticism vs stability, and psychoticism vs empathetic. Slide 67 Eysenck s Personality Traits Extroversion vs introversion Neuroticism- moody, anxious, unreliable Psychoticism- tough mindedness, hostile, ruthless, insensitive Slide 68 Are our personalities genetically determined? Slide 69 Assessing Traits Personality inventories are questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Slide 70 MMPI The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Slide 71 MMPI Test Profile Slide 72 Barnum Effect Tendency to accept as valid descriptions of our personality that are true of everyone especially if favorable Slide 73 AIM: How do psychologists determine our personality traits? Slide 74 The Big Five Factors Today s trait researchers believe that Eysencks personality dimensions are too narrow and Cattell s 16PF too large. A middle range (five factors) of traits does a better job of assessment. Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion Slide 75 Endpoints Slide 76 Questions about the Big Five Yes. Conscientious people are morning type and extraverted are evening type. 4. Can they predict other personal attributes? These traits are common across cultures. 3. How about other cultures? Fifty percent or so for each trait. 2. How heritable are they? Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development. 1. How stable are these traits? Slide 77 Evaluating the Trait Perspective The Person-Situation Controversy Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Slide 78 The Person-Situation Controversy Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation may be different, but average behavior remains the same. Slide 79 The Person-Situation Controversy Traits are socially significant and influence our health, thinking, and performance Samuel Gosling John Langford Photography Slide 80 Facebook Slide 81 Consistency of Expressive Style Expressive styles in speaking and gestures demonstrate trait consistency. Observers are able to judge people s behavior and feelings in as little as 2- 30 seconds Slide 82 AIM: How does the interaction between the social context and the person influence personality? Sociocognitive Perspective Slide 83 Consistency of Expressive Style Expressive styles in speaking and gestures demonstrate trait consistency. Observers are able to judge peoples behavior and feelings in as little as 2- 30 seconds Slide 84 Social-Cognitive Perspective Albert Bandura believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a persons behavior and their social context. Albert Bandura Slide 85 Bandura called the interaction between personality and our environment reciprocal determinism. Reciprocal Influences Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Getty Images Slide 86 Reciprocal Determinism How we view and treat people influences how they treat us. Our personalities shape situations. Anxious people react to situations differently than calm people. Our personalities shape how we react to events. The school you attend and the music you listen to are partly based on your dispositions. Different people choose different environments. Specific ways in which individuals and environments interact Slide 87 Reciprocal Determinism Taylor is friendly (trait) 1. Influences her behavior (she talks a lot) 2. Influences her environment (she is more likely to go to parties where she will talk a lot) 3. Her environment influences her behavior: the more she talks, the more friendly she thinks she is and the more parties she goes to, the more she talks Slide 88 Banduras Self- Efficacy Self-efficacy is our belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks Major factor in how we regulate our lives Slide 89 Behavior Behavior emerges from an interplay of external and internal influences. Slide 90 Do Now: For each of the following perspectives, identify founding theorists: Psychodynamic Freud NeoFreudian Horney, Adler, Jung Humanist Maslow, Mr. Rogers Trait Perspective Gordon Allport Sociocognitive Slide 91 Sociocognitive Perspective Bandura Self Efficacy George Kelly Personal Construct Julian Rotter Internal/External Locus of Control Slide 92 We develop personal constructs consisting of polar opposites (fair- unfair, exciting-dull, smart-unintelligent) to understand our world Personality differences result from different constructs George Kellys Personal Construct Theory Slide 93 Role Construct Repertory Test Too few constructs= stereotype others Too many constructs- may have difficulty predicting others behavior Slide 94 Social-Learning Theory: Personal Control External locus of control refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own fate. Julian Rotter emphasized our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us. Slide 95 Internal Locus of Control Internals believe they can control their destinies achieve more at school act more independently enjoy better health better self control less depression Warm protective nurturing family environment, 1st /earlier born Slide 96 External Locus of Control Limited social power Limited resources low socioeconomic class Socially Marginalized Slide 97 http://www.learner.org/resources/se ries142.html?pop=yes&pid=1590 Slide 98 Learned Helplessness When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness. Slide 99 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g FmFOmprTt0 Slide 100 Under conditions of personal freedom and empowerment, people thrive. Slide 101 1. Whirl 2. Slapstick 3. Cinerama Slide 102 Tyranny of Choice Slide 103 Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology Positive psychology, such as humanistic psychology, attempts to foster human fulfillment. Positive psychology, in addition, seeks positive subjective well-being, (self-rating for happiness) positive character, and positive social groups. Martin Seligman Courtesy of Martin E.P. Seligman, PhD Director, Positive Psychology Center/ University of Pennsylvania Slide 104 http://www.videosift.com/video/Discovering -Psychology-The-Self Slide 105 Optimism vs. Pessimism An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is your way of explaining positive or negative events. Slide 106 Seligmans Positive Psychology aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Slide 107 Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology Positive psychology, in addition, seeks positive subjective well-being, positive character, and positive social groups. Martin Seligman Courtesy of Martin E.P. Seligman, PhD Director, Positive Psychology Center/ University of Pennsylvania Slide 108 Review: 1.According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of: a. free association. b. psychosexual development. c. projective testing. d. hypnosis. 2. Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development? a. Allport b. Bandura c. Rogers d. Adler 3.Albert Banduras social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of: a. free association. b. self-actualization. c. reciprocal determinism. d. factor analysis. 4.Is there a downside to too much freedom in decision-making? Slide 109 Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective Critics say that social-cognitive psychologists pay a lot of attention to the situation and pay less attention to the individual, his unconscious mind, his emotions, and his genetics. Slide 110 Assessing Behavior in Situations Social-cognitive psychologists observe people in realistic and simulated situations because they find that it is the best way to predict the behavior of others in similar situations. Slide 111 Exploring the Self 1.Research focuses on the different selves we possess. Some we dream and others we dread. 2.Research studies how we overestimate our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders (spotlight effect). 3. Research studies the self-reference effect in recall- remember information better if it applies to yourself Slide 112 Benefits of Self-Esteem Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self-image (self-esteem). 1.When self-esteem is deflated, we view ourselves and others critically. 2.Low self-esteem reflects reality, our failure in meeting challenges, or surmounting difficulties. Slide 113 Culture & Self-Esteem People maintain their self-esteem even with a low status by valuing things they achieve and comparing themselves to people with similar positions= relative deprivation Slide 114 Self-Serving Bias 1)We accept responsibility for good deeds and successes more than for bad deeds and failures. 2)We tend to view ourselves as better than average 3)Defensive self-esteem is fragile and egotistic whereas secure self-esteem is less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.