air environemnt i d mall

AIR ENVIRONEMNTAIR ENVIRONEMNTDR. I.D. MALLDR. I.D. MALL

Department of Chemical Engg.Department of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeIndian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Roorkee- 247667Roorkee- 247667

22

AIR IS LIFE.LIFE STARTS WITH

AIR AND ENDS WITH AIR.

44

The Five Basic Physical ElementsThe Five Basic Physical Elements

From the Vedic times, around 3000 B.C. to 1000 B.C., Indians (Indo-Aryans) had classified the material world into four elements viz. Earth (Prithvi), fire (Agni), air (Maya) and water (Apa). To these four elements was added a fifth one viz. ether or Akasha. According to some scholars these five elements or Pancha Mahabhootas were identified with the various human senses of perception; earth with smell, air with feeling, fire with vision, water with taste and ether with sound. Whatever the validity behind this interpretation, it is true that since very ancient times Indians had perceived the material world as comprising these 5 elements. The Buddhist philosophers who came later, rejected ether as an element and replaced it with life, joy and sorrow.

55

Fast growing unplanned and indiscriminate urbanization: Cause of recent ecological imbalances

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS WHICH MANKIND IS FACING DUE TO URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ARE:

Large scale contamination of water and air. Deforestation Increase in urban slums Generation of huge solid waste consisting of hazardous material. Water scarcity and ground water depletion. Global warming Greenhouse effect Ozone layer depletion

66

AIR POLLUTION Atmosphere has gone significant changes in the last Two billion years

From the fourteenth century until recently the primary air pollutants have been coal smoke and gases released in industrialised areas.

Air pollution control actions thirteenth century

Most of the major effort in the world has taken place since 1945, before that other matters were in the priority list

1930s and 1940s: Factory issuing a thick plume of smoke was considered a sign of prosperity

1945-1969 awareness of air pollution problems gradually increased

Passage of National environmental policy Act and the clean air act of 1970

In the late 1980s: New theme entered the air pollution area- a GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION

77

MAJOR AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM EMERGED

Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Acidification Smog formation Eutrophication Human health

Environmental concern earlier considered a luxury which only a developed country US can afford

For people who are worried for their meal, home medial bill air pollution may not be very important

For a person whose basic needs has been satisfied air pollution control can be of much greater cause of concern

Poor people are more exposed to more severe pollution

88

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES AND MONITORING

Soil Quality (depth structure, fertility, degree of salination or acidification, stability.

Air Quality, climatic changes

Water Quantity, quality, seasonability, area of man made lakes, Extent of irrigation canal.

Biota Abundance/ scarcity of species of genetic resourceExtent of crops ecosystemVegetation and forestsDiversity of speciesExtent of provision of resting ground, etc. for migration of speciesPest and disease organism

Noise Residential, shop floor, industrial

99

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

N2 780900 ppm (78.09%) O2 209400 ppm (20.94%) Argon 9300 ppm (0.93 %) CO2 372 ppm (0.037%) Everything else is less than 0.003 % or 30 ppm

1010

Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere

Stratosphere begins at about 10 miles above the surface.

P drops with altitude.

Does T drop with altitude?

1111

REAL WORLD

Atmospheric interactions

Source

Air quality

Receptors

Pollutant emissions Effects

Emission Air quality models

Air quality

Methodology Air Chemistry

Input Input

output Input

1212

AIR QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS

Atmospheric Interaction

Source Receptors

Effects

Air quality

Pollutant emissions

1313

Worse Air Pollution DisasterWorse Air Pollution Disaster London, England, 1952 From December 5 to 8, 1952 4,000 Londoners perished.

1414

The effect of air pollution is slow and cumulative.

Earlier principle cause of death was influenza, tuberculosis and typhoid fever

New diseases came- arteriosclerosis, heart, malfunctioning, stroke, emphysema and cancer

Cigrette smoking earlier smoking had little effect on overall life expectancy

Bhopal tragedy due to methyl isocynate killed 2500 people

Lekages from Hydrogen sulphide from natural gas processing plants killed hundreds of people

1515

A Few Well-Known Air Pollution Episodes Around theGlobe in the 20th Century.

Region affected Date Cause Pollutant Effects

Meuse valley,Belgium

December1930

Temperatureinversion

SO2 63 deaths

Los Angeles, USA July 1943 Low windcirculation

smog unknown

Donora, PA, USA October 1948 Weatherinversion

SO2 20 deaths

London, England December1952

Subsidenceinversion

SO2,smog

3,000 excess deaths

New York City,USA

December1962

Shallowinversion

SO2 269 excess deaths

Bhopal, India December1984

Accident methyliso-cyanate

> 2,000 deaths

Chernobyl, Ukraine April 1986 Accident Radioacti-vity

31 immediate deaths, >30,000 ill

Lake Nyos, Africa April 1986 Natural CO2 1,700 deaths

Kuala Lampur,Malaysia

September1997

Forest fire CO, soot Unknown

1616

Concentrations of Principal Air Pollutants in Megacities inthe Developing World.

Country / City SO2,g/m3

TSP (PM-10), g/m3

CO, g/m3 NOx, g/m3 Pb, g/m3

China:Beijing (1997)Nationalaverage(1997)

75

3 to 248

377

32 to 741

NA 122

4 to 140 (1995data)

NA

Mexico:Mexico City(1996)

244 to482

218 to 442 90,000 to140,000

295 to 619 NA

India:New Delhi(1987)

40 to 90 700 to 1400 NA 45 to 65 0.37 to 4.6

WHOguideline(1999)

500 (10min)125 ( 24hr) 50 ( 1 yr)

200 to 250 100,000 ( 15min)60,000 (30 min)30,000 (1 hr)10,000 (8 hr)

200 (1 hr)40 ( 1 yr)

0.5 ( 1 hr)

NAAQS(USA )

1,300 (3hr)365 (24hr)80 (1 yr)

150 (24 hr)50 ( 1 yr)

40,000 ( 1 hr)10,000 ( 8 hr)

100 (1 yr) 1.5 ( quarterlyavg.)

References: 1. Clear Water, Blue Skies: China’s Environment in the New Century, The World Bank, Washington, D. C.(1977).

2. State of the Environment- China, United Nations Environment Program, New York, NY (1997) .3. Mage et al, Urban air pollution in megacities of the world, Atmospheric Environment, 30: 681-686 (1996).4. Air Pollution Aspects of Three Indian Cities, Vol. I. Delhi, National Environmental Engineering Research

Institute, Nagpur, India (1991).5. F Guzman: Air pollution in Mexico Cityu, The Mexico City Workshop, Integrated Program on Urban,

Regional and Global Air pollution, MIT, Massachusetts, September (1999).http://eaps.mit.edu/megacities/workshop_99/mexico.html.

6. Air Pollution: Mexico City. http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/cases/mex. Environmental Software andServices, GmbH, Gumpoldskirchen, Austria.

1717

Health Effects: Outdoor Air PollutionHealth Effects: Outdoor Air Pollution

Kills 200,000 - 570,000 annually globally. Kills 20,000 people annually in US. Particulates and ozone are the biggest problem

1818

Health Effects:Health Effects: Indoor Air Pollution - Global Indoor Air Pollution - Global

Kills 2.8 million annual globally What is major source of indoor air pollution in

developing countries?

1919

SOURCES OF AIR TOXICSSOURCES OF AIR TOXICS

2020

Air Pollution – SourcesAir Pollution – Sources

Most air pollution is emitted from fixed and mobile sources at ground level.

2121

AIR POLLUTION SOURCES

Major Sources

AreaSources

MobileSources

Natural Sources

Miscellaneous

Chemical & fertlisers plants RefineriesPetrochemicalsPower plantsPaper millsCement plantMetallurgicalIndustriesMunicipal incineration

Dry cleanersPetrol stationSmall print shopsElectroplatingDomestic , commercial and industrialfuels

AutomobilesRailwaysAirwaysFarm EquipmentsRecreational vehicles

Natural Dust StormVolcanoesSea saltDispersionForest gasAgricultural burning

2222

SOURCES NATURAL SOURCE: pollen grain, fungus, smoke

etc.

ANTHROPOGENIC: stationary, movable. (associated with activity of human beings)

POINT SOURCE: Pollutant emission from industrial process stacks, and fuel combustion facility stacks

AREA SOURCE: Vehicular traffic and fugitive emissions

LINE SOURCES: heavily traveled highway facilities and leading edges of uncontrolled forest fires

2323

Primary Emission SourcesPrimary Emission Sources Area Sources

Paved and unpaved roads Construction activities Open or prescribed burning

Point Sources Metals processing (smelters,

iron & steel, etc.) Mineral products (cement

stone quarrying) Utility and industrial

combustion (soot, flyash) Waste disposal and recycling

Mobile Sources Highway vehicles (diesel) off-

road vehicles (lawn & garden equipment)

2424

Secondary Emission SourcesSecondary Emission Sources

SOx - Fuel combusion (utilities, industrial); industrial processes (smelters, iron & steel manufacture, oil refining, etc.)

NOx - Combustion sources (utilities, industrial); mobile sources (highway & off-road engines)

VOC - Mobile sources, biogenic sources, evaporation (solvent & fuel), residential wood combustion

Ammonia (NH3) - Waste from animal husbandary, fertilizer application

2626

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Natural contaminants : Natural fog, pollen grain, bacteria, volcanic eruption, wind blown dust lightning generated fires

Gaseous: oxidized S, N, CO, CO2, hydrocarbonsParticulate: dust smoke, fumes, mist, fog.

2727

Photochemical SmogPhotochemical Smog

Main harmful ingredient in smog is ozone.

Ozone is formed when UV radiation, high temperatures, Nitrogen oxides, and VOCs combine.

What are the primary sources of smog?

2828

Acid RainAcid Rain Acid rain is formed from SO2 and NO2

pollution. What are the sources of acid rain?

2929

Acid RainAcid Rain

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) are formed and precipitated on vegetation in lakes and streams.

CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITYCLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY

Influencing elements and their potential effectsInfluencing elements and their potential effectsWind: directions and speedWind: directions and speedWill the project modify the local wind behavior? Will the project modify the local wind behavior? Precipitation/humidityPrecipitation/humidityWill the project have an impact upon the local Will the project have an impact upon the local precipitation /humidity pattern? precipitation /humidity pattern? Will the project be sited in a “high risk” area? Will the project be sited in a “high risk” area? Temperature Temperature Will the project have an impact upon the local Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern? temperature pattern? Air Quality Air Quality Will the project generate and disperse atmospheric Will the project generate and disperse atmospheric pollutants? pollutants? Will the project generate any intense odors? Will the project generate any intense odors?

3131

CLIMATE AND AIR CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITYQUALITYSub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information

Wind: directions and speed

Will the project modify the local wind behaviour

Wind speeds and directions, including unusual conditions.

Height of structures. Precipitation/humidity

Will the project have an impact upon the local precipitation/humidity pattern?

Precipitation/humidity data including unusual conditions-flash floods, etc.

Temperature Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern?

Temperature data,

including the extremes.

Air Quality Will the project generate and disperse atmospheric pollutants? Will the project generate any intense odours?

Estimate of atmospheric emissions from point, area and line sources,

fugitive emissions

3232

Human Hair (70 µm diameter)

Hair cross section (70 µm)

PM2.5

(2.5 µm)PM10

(10µm)

Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets

Particulate Matter: What is It?Particulate Matter: What is It?

3333

Particulate Matter (PM): The Major Particulate Matter (PM): The Major

KillerKiller PM is a complex mixture variable in Size (0.01- 100 μm) Composition (Metals, nitrates , sulfate, PAH,

VOC etc.) Concentration Toxicity and penetration depends on the

composition and six of the particles.In reality we breathe a complex mixture of pollutants in varying proportions. Hence the health effects are the impact of this complex mixture rather than a particular pollutant per se.

3434

Figure : Size Difference Between Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5), Human Hair and Finest Beach Sand

3535

PM-2.5 OverviewPM-2.5 Overview

PM-2.5 Characteristics, sources, health and

environmental effects

1997 PM-2.5 Standards Monitoring Data Regulatory Schedule Key Issues

3636

Fine Particles in the AirFine Particles in the Air

3737

Fine Particles: Why You Should CareFine Particles: Why You Should Care

3838

Respiratory system effects Chronic bronchitis Asthma attacks Respiratory symptoms (cough,

wheezing, etc.) Decreased lung function Airway inflammation

Particles Affect the Lungs …Particles Affect the Lungs …

3939

Cardiovascular system effects Heart attacks Cardiac arrhythmias Changes in heart rate and heart

rate variability Blood component changes

… … and the Heartand the Heart

4040

Public Health Risks Are SignificantPublic Health Risks Are Significant

Particles are linked to: Premature death from heart and lung disease Aggravation of heart and lung diseases

Hospital admissions Doctor and ER visits Medication use School and work absences

And possibly to Lung cancer deaths Infant mortality Developmental problems, such as low birth weight

in children

4141

Some Groups Are More at RiskSome Groups Are More at Risk

People with heart or lung disease Conditions make them

vulnerable

Older adults Greater prevalence of

heart and lung disease

Children More likely to be active Breathe more air per lb. Bodies still developing

4343

Example: Chicago in the summer of 2000 Left – a clear day: PM 2.5 < 5 µg/m3

Right – a hazy day: PM 2.5 ~ 35 µg/m3

Fine Particles Reduce VisibilityFine Particles Reduce Visibility

4444

Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects

Reduced visibility Across country National parks

React w/ moisture Acid rain Other acidic pollution

Damage to paint/building materialsDamage to vegetation/crops

4545

replace

4646

Air Pollutants MonitoringAir Pollutants Monitoring

Collect and reviewinformation

Select monitoringlevel

Conductmonitoring

DevelopMonitoring plan

Summarize/Evaluate results

• Source data• Receptor data• Modeling data

• Routine operation• Quality control• Field documentation

• Screening• Refined screening• Refined

• Select monitoring constituents• Specify meteorological monitoring• Design network• Select monitoring methods/equipment• Develop sampling and analysis QA/QC

• Data review and validation• Data summaries• Consider monitoring uncertainties• Dispersion modeling applications

Monitoring Air Pathway Analysis

4747

Overview

Why measure ?

What do we measure ?

How do we make these measurements ?

What do we do with all this new data ?

4848

Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Concentration of Ambient Air

Industrial Area

Residential, Rural and Other Area

Sensitive Area

Method of Measurement

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average *

24 hours**

80 μg/m3

120 μg/m3

60 μg/m3

80 μg/m3

15 μg/m3

30 μg/m3

- Improved West and Gaeke Method

- Ultraviolet fluorescence

Oxized of Nitrogen as NO2

Annual Average *

24 hours**

80 μg/m3

120 μg/m3

60 μg/m3

80 μg/m3

15 μg/m3

30 μg/m3

-Jacob Hochheister modified (Na-Arsenite)

-Gas Phase Chemilumine scence

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Annual Average *

24 hours**

360 μg/m3

590 μg/m3

140 μg/m3

200 μg/m3

70 μg/m3

100 μg/m3

-High Volume Sampling (Average flow rate net less than 1.1 m3/minute)

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDCENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Ambient Air Quality Standards

4949

Respirable Particulate Matter (Size less than 10μm) (RPM)

Annual Average *24 hours**

12 μg/m3

150 μg/m3

60 μg/m3

100 μg/m3

50 μg/m3

75 μg/m3

- Respirable Particulate Matter sampler

Lead (Pb) Annual Average *24 hours**

1.0 μg/m3

1.5 μg/m3

0.75 μg/m3

1.00 μg/m3

0.5 μg/m3

0.75 μg/m3

- AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

Carbon Monoxide

8 hours **1 hour

5.0mg/m3

10 mg/m3

2.0mg/m3

4.0 mg/m3

1.0mg/m3

2.0 mg/m3

- NDIRS

Ammonia 24 hours Annual

0.4 mg/m3

0.1 mg/m3

-

Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.

24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time , it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

5050

MEASUREMENT OF AIR QUALITYMEASUREMENT OF AIR QUALITY

Ambient Air Quality Measurement of Emission Meteorological Measurement

Pollution Parameter EquipmentDust fall Dust Fall JarSuspended High Volume Sampler,Particulates Inertial collectors,

Respirable Dust Sampler

Total Sulfur Lead CandleCompoundsSulphur Dioxide Air Sampling KitHydrogen Sulphide Air Sampling KitOxides of Nitrogen Air Sampling KitWind Direction Recording VaneWind Velocity Wind Velocity MeterTemperature and Humidity Whirling Psychrometer

S.No Instrumental Techniques Parameter covered

1 Conductometry SO2

2 Colorimetry SO2, NOx

3 Coulometry-Amperometry SO2, NOx, Oxidants (O3), CO

4 Paper Tape (H2S Conversion) SO2

5 Electochemical Cells (EMF Generation) SO2, NOx, CO

6 Catalytic Oxidation CO

7 Chemeical Sensing-Specific Ion Electrodes SO2, NOx

8 Chemiluminescence O3, NOx

9 Flame photometry detector couples with GC SO2

10 Flame ionisation detector couples with GC CO, CH4, Hydrocarbons

11 Non dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) CO

12 Fluorescence NDIR Pulsed Fluorescence

HydrcarbonsSO2, H2S

13 Non-dispersive-UV-Visible Absorption Oxidants

Various instrumental techniques used for air pollution parameters

5252

S.No Instrumental Techniques Parameter covered

14 Mercury Substitution UV Absorption CO

15 Ultra Violet Fluorescence SO2

16 Bioluminescence SO2, NOx, CO

17 Correletion Spectroscopy SO2, NOx

18 Second Derivative Spectroscopy UV, NOx, Oxidants

5353

19 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers All metals

20 Atomic Fluorescence Metals- Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg

21 X-Ray Fluorescence Mostly all metals

22 GC-GC Mass Spectrometer Aromatic & Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Pesticides, Oxidants

23 Neutron Activation Heavy metals- Vanadium, Hg

24 Anodic Metals- Cu, Cd, Pb

Techniques used for semi-automatic or laboratory instruments for particulate matter

5454

Objective of a sampling programObjective of a sampling program

To establish and evaluate control measures

To evaluate atmospheric-diffusion model parameters.

To determine areas and time periods when hazardous levels of pollution exists in the atmosphere.

For emergency warning systems.

5555

AIR QUALITY SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMMES

Representative selection of something----primarily guided by topography and micro meteorology of the region

Adequate sampling frequency

Inclusion of all the major pollution parameters

Characterization of the existing ambient air quality

Prediction from different emission scenario through pollution modeling for existing micrometeorological and topographical feature.

5656

Monitoring SystemsMonitoring Systems

Ambient air quality data may be obtained through the use of mobile or fixed sampling networks and the use of integrated samplers or continuous monitors.

Decisions regarding monitoring techniques constitute the first important steps in design of monitoring network.

5757

Fixed vs. Mobile SamplingFixed vs. Mobile Sampling

Fixed-point sampling - A network of monitoring stations at selected sites, operated simultaneously throughout the study. Stations are permanent or, at least, long term installations.

Mobile sampling network – the monitoring/sampling instruments are rotated on schedule among selected locations. Equipment is generally housed in trailers, automobiles, or other mobile units.

5858

Continuous vs. Integrated SamplingContinuous vs. Integrated Sampling

Continuous monitoring – Conducted with devices that operate as both sampler and analyzer. Pollutant concentrations are instantaneously displayed on a meter, continuously recorded on a chart, magnetic tape, or disk.

Integrated sampling – Done with devices that collect a sample over some specified time interval after which the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.

5959

Selection of Instrumentation and MethodsSelection of Instrumentation and Methods

Type of pollutantsAverage time specified by air quality

criteria or standardsExpected pollutant levelsAvailable resourcesAvailability of trained personalPresence in the air of interfering materials

6060

Duration of sampling periodDuration of sampling period

Two types of sampling are used in the studies of air pollution.

Short period or Spot sampling Continuous sampling

6161

Location of sampling sitesLocation of sampling sites

The necessary number of sampling stations and their location depend on several factors including the objective of the programme, the size of the study area, the proximity of the sources of the sources of pollution, topographical features and the weather.

6262

AMBIENT AIR SAMPLINGAMBIENT AIR SAMPLING

The typical air sampling system contains a sample collector, a flow meter and a pump to draw air sample through the system

Ambient air is sampled for the collection of

gaseous pollutantsparticulate matter

6363

COLLECTION OF GASEOUS AIR COLLECTION OF GASEOUS AIR POLUTANTSPOLUTANTS

The common methods used for the collection of gaseous pollutants are

1. Grab sampling

2. Absorption in liquids

3. Adsorption on solid materials

4. Freeze out sampling

6464

1. Grab sampling1. Grab sampling

In grab sampling the sample is collected by filling an evacuated flask or an inflatable bag or any rigid wall container.

6565

2. Absorption in liquids2. Absorption in liquids

Absorption separates the desired pollutant from air either through direct solubility in the absorbing medium or by chemical reaction. Devices like fritted gas absorber and impengers are widely used for this purpose as the provide large contact surface area.

6767

GASEOUS POLLUTANTS

SUITABLE SOLVENTS

Sulphur dioxide

Sodium hydroxide,sodium sulphite,magnesium oxide,calcium carbonate,calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide solutions

Nitrogen oxides

Ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium bisulphite, calcium hydroxide,magnesium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions

Hydrogen sulphide

Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide solutions

Hydrogen chloride

Water, ammonia, calcium and magnesium hydroxide solution

6868

Chlorine Solutions of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphite and water

Phosgene Sodium hydroxide and water

Ammonia Sulphuric acid, nitric acid

Mercaptans Sodium hypochlorite solution

6969

3. Adsorption on solids3. Adsorption on solids

This method is based on the tendency of gases to be adsorbed on the surface of solid materials. The sample air is passed through a packed column containing a finely divided solid adsorbents, on whose surface the pollutants are retained and concentrated.

The most widely used solid adsorbents are activated charcoal and silica gel.

7070

4. Freeze out sampling4. Freeze out sampling

In this method a series of cold traps, which are maintained at progressively lower temperatures are used to draw the air samples, where by the pollutants are condensed. These pollutants are later analyzed by mass spectrometry.

7272

ANALYSIS OF PARTICULAR AIR POLLUTANTS

POLLUTANTS ANALYSER PRINCIPLE

Sulphur Dioxide Flame Photometer Emission spectrometry

Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescentanalyser

Emission spectrometry

Carbon Monoxide Nondispersive Infrared analyser

Energy absorptionFrom IR radiations

Hydrocarbons Flame ionisation detector

Ionisation

Particulate Matter Beta attenuation monitor

Beta attenuation

7373

FLAME PHOTOMETER( for analysis of Sulphur Dioxide )

When an air stream containing sulphur is ignited in a hydrogen-rich flame,a characteristic flame emission spectrum is produced with a band centered at 394m and amount of light emitted proportional to the concentration of Sulphur.

7474

CHEMILUMINESCENT ANALYSER( for analysis of Nitrogen Oxides )

Reaction with ozone produce Nitrogen dioxide in excited state that emits radiant energy The intensity of radiationemitted is proportional to the amount of nitric oxide.

7575

NONDISPERSIVE INFRARED ANALYSER( for analysis of Carbon Monoxide )

Carbon Monoxide absorbs infrared radiations and passes varying amount of infrared energy,inversely proportional to CO concentration to detector causing mechanical movement in the diaphragm .

7676

FLAME IONISATION DETECTOR( for analysis of hydrocarbons )

Hydrocarbons on burning produce complex ionization forminglarge number of ions .An electric field setup establises an ionisation current proportional to theconcentration of hydrocarbons in sample .

7777

Organic Vapour SamplerOrganic Vapour Sampler

A known amount of air is passed through Activated Charcoal tube at a constant flow rate (100 to 200 ml/min) with minimum pressure drop (10-15 mm Hg). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are adsorbed on Activated Charcoal which is later desorbed/extracted using a suitable organic solvent. Extracted/desorbed solvent is used for quantifying the organic compounds (VOCs) with the help of Gas Chromatograph.

7878

COLLECTION OF PARTICULATE COLLECTION OF PARTICULATE MATTERMATTER

Particulate matter are generally sampled using

1. Sedimentation (dust fall jar)

2. High volume sampler

3. Tape sampler

4. Thermal precipitation

5. Electrostatic precipitator

7979

1. Dust fall jar1. Dust fall jar

This is the simplest device used for sampling particles larger than 10 micro meters.

Dust fall jar is simply a plastic jar with slightly tappered inwards.

8080

2. High volume sampler2. High volume sampler

In this method, a known volume of air is sucked by a high speed blower through a fine filter and the increase in weight due to trapped particles is measured.

8181

High Volume Sampler Envirotech APM 430 High Volume Sampler Envirotech APM 430

8282

Schematic Diagram of Respirable Dust Schematic Diagram of Respirable Dust Sampler (APM 451 & 411Sampler (APM 451 & 411). ).

It first separates the coarser particles (larger than 10 microns) from It first separates the coarser particles (larger than 10 microns) from the air stream before filtering it on 0.5 micron pore-size filter allowing the air stream before filtering it on 0.5 micron pore-size filter allowing a measure ment of both the TSP and the respirable fraction of the the a measure ment of both the TSP and the respirable fraction of the the TSP and the respirable fraction of the suspended particulate matter TSP and the respirable fraction of the suspended particulate matter (SPM).(SPM).

8383

3. Tape sampler3. Tape sampler In this method a known volume of air is passed

through a paper tape, on which the particulates get collected forming a dark spot.

COH/1000 ft = log [(T0 A x 105)/(T V)]

T0 = the transmittance of clean tape (100%)

T = the percentage of light transmitted through the spot A = area of the spot in square feet V = Volume of the sample in cubic feet.

8484

4. Thermal precipitation4. Thermal precipitation

This is based on the principle that small particles, under the influence of a strong temperature gradient between two surfaces, have a tendency to move towards the lower temperature and get deposited on the colder of these two surfaces

8585

5. Electrostatic Precipitator5. Electrostatic Precipitator

Here a negative charge is imparted to a wire placed axially inside a cylinder which is positively charged. When a particle laden stream is passes through the cylinder, the particles acquire a negative charge from a corona discharge occurring on the central wire .The particles migrate towards the inner surface of the cylinder, loose their charge and are collected for subsequent analysis.

8686

FINE FINE PARTICULATE PARTICULATE

SAMPLERSAMPLER

8787

Types of PM CEMsTypes of PM CEMs

Light scatter Forward, side, backward

Beta AttenuationProbe Electrification (charge transfer)Light Extinction (opacity)Optical Scintillation

8888

Opacity meterOpacity meter

PM emissions can be continuously detected through opacity measurements.

Opacity is a function of light transmission through the plume and is defined by the formula:

OP = [1-(I/I0)] x 100OP = percent opacityI = light flux leaving the plumeI0 = incident light flux

8989

Opacity Adv./Disadv.Opacity Adv./Disadv.

10,000+ already installed

Measures attenuation of light

Adversely affected by Particle size, shape,

density changes

Measures liquid drops as PM

Not sensitive to low PM concentration

Cost more than a light scatter PM CEM

Correlation to mass conc. not linear

9090

Optical Scintillation Adv./Disadv.Optical Scintillation Adv./Disadv.

Low price $10,000 Easy to install Low maintenance

Not sensitive to low PM concentration

Doesn’t detect particles < ~ 2μm

Adversely affected by particle density change

Measures liquid drops as PM

9191

Smoke measurementSmoke measurement Smoke particles are

mainly unburnt carbon resulting from incomplete combustion.

Ringelmann Chart – A scheme where graduated shades of gray vary by five equal steps between white and black.

9292

Continuous monitoring Instruments and Their Working Continuous monitoring Instruments and Their Working PrinciplesPrinciples

System Operating principle Sensitivity CO Monitor (Catalytic)

CO gets converted to CO2 in presence of Hopcalite catalyst (mixtures of CuO, MnO2, Co2O2, Ag2O).

Specific for CO sensitivity – 2 ppm

NO.NOx, NH3 Monitor

The method is based on chemiluminescent between NO and O3. The light intensity is monitored as a function of NO concentration.

Very specific for NO. Sensitivity – 0.005 ppm

Ozone Chemiluminescence (CL) Monitor

The chemiluminescence reaction between O3 and ethylene is used in this method

Very specific for ozone. Sensitivity – 0.005 ppm

Coulometric SO2 Monitor

Electrochemically liberated iodine or bromine reacts with SO2.

Sensitivity – 0.002 ppm

UV fluorescence SO2 monitor

SO2 molecules are excited by absorption of UV light (214 nm) from a zinc discharge lamp and fluorescence emission measured in UV region.


NDIR Analuser for CO2, CO, CH4, SO2

Principle- Absorption of IR by gases at their characteristic wavelength.

Sensitivity CO – 10 ppm CO2 – 5 ppm CH4 – 5 ppm SO2 – 20 ppm

SPM monitor Beta absorption of 14C beats through filter containing SPM.

Sensitivity – 50 μg/m3.

H2S Chemiluminescence Monitor

H2S reacts with ozone and excited SO2 emits chemiluminescence in the UV region while retrning to ground state.


9393

Air Pollution Meteorology – Instruments and their Air Pollution Meteorology – Instruments and their Specifications Specifications

9595

Unstable AirUnstable Air

If the ambient air temperature drops rapidly with altitude, hot polluted air will rise and disperse.

What would happen, if this temperature profile were inverted?

9898

Temperature InversionTemperature Inversion

If the there is a temperature inversion the air will not rise.

This may lead to a severe pollution episode.

What produces a temperature inversion?

9999

Subsidence InversionSubsidence Inversion Descending air compresses and warms, creating an

inversion layer.

Is there another mechanism?

100100

STACK MONITORING To determine the quantity and quality of the pollutant emitted

by the source

To measure the efficiency of the control equipment by conducting a survey before and after installation

To determine the effect of the emission due to changes in raw materials and processes.

To compare the efficiency of different control equipments for a given condition

To acquire data from an innocuous individual source so as to determine the cumulative effect of many such sources.

To compare with the emission standards in order to assess the need for local control.

101101

STACK EMISSION MONITORING

In stack Emission Monitoring MANUAL STACK SURVEYS : short duration

tests, usually consisting of three one-hour tests. Stack sampling equipment is used to collect effluent samples from the stack.

CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING: This

is done with instruments permanently installed on the stack. Measurements of the concentration and flow rate allow the mass emission rate to be determined on an ongoing, year round basis.

102102

The following figure shows how stack sampling is done industrially.

The sampling is done by diverting a part of the gas stream through a sampling train as shown in the following figure

103103

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

•Accurate measurement of pressure, moisture, humidity and gas composition

•The selection of suitable locations for sampling

•Determination of the traverse points required for a velocity and temperature profile across the cross section of the stack and sampling for particulate matter.

•The measurement of the rate of flow of gas or air through the stack

•Selection of a suitable sampling train

•Accurate isokinetic sampling rate especially for particulate sampling

•Accurate measurement of weight and volume of samples collected.

104104

OVERALL OBJECTIVE

The main tasks involved are to determine the pollutant concentration, stack gas flow rate and pollutant mass emission rate. These terms are related as

sss QCPMR ×=

The average volumetric stack gas flow rate, sQ is determined by measuring the average gas velocity, Vs and the

area of the stack As.

sQ = Vs × sCThe basic equation to determine the velocity of flow inside the stack is

Vs = KP × CP 2/1

ss

s

MP

PT

×∆×

105105

SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION

The sampling point should be as far as possible from any disturbing influence, such as elbows, bends, transition pieces, baffles or other obstructions. The sampling point, wherever possible should be at a distance 5-10 diameters down-stream from any obstructions and 3-5 diameters up-stream from similar disturbance.

SIZE OF SAMPLING POINT

The size of sampling point may be made in the range of 7-10 cm, in diameter.

106106

PROCEDURE FOR PARTICULATE PROCEDURE FOR PARTICULATE MATTER SAMPLINGMATTER SAMPLING

1. Determine the gas composition and correct to moisture content.

2. Determine the temperature and velocity at each point using pitot tube at each traverse point

3. Determine the empty weight of the thimble

4. Mark out the traverse points on the probe.

5. Check all points leakages

107107

6. Determine the flow rate to be sampled under isokinetic conditions

7. Insert the probe at the traverse point 1, very close to the stack. Start the pump and adjust the flow so that the rotameter reads the predetermined value.

8. Switch off the pump at the end of sampling time.9. Read the vacuum at the dry gas meter (DGM) and

also the temperature.10. Move the probe to the subsequent traverse points

by repeating the steps five to eight.11. After completion of collection of samples, remove

the probe and allow it to cool.


108108

12. Remove the thimble carefully. Some of the dust would have adhered to the nozzle. This should be removed by tapping and transferred to the thimble.

13. Weigh the thimble with the sample. The difference in weight gives the dust collected.

14. The volume of sample collected is either given by the dry gas meter (cu m) or by the sampling rate given by rotameter multiplied by the sampling time.

15. Hence from (13) and (14), the emission rate can be calculated. This will be at DGM conditions. This is to be corrected for temperature and pressure so as to obtain values for standard conditions.


109109

Typical air sampling trainTypical air sampling train

Gravimetric Volumetric Microscopy Instrumental

Spectrophotometric – Ultraviolet, Visible (Colorimetry), Infra-red.

Electrical – Conductometric, Coulometric, Titrimetric. Emission Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy Chromatography

110110

SAMPLING SYSTEM:

111111

TRAVERSE POINTS

For the sample to become representative, it should be collected at various points across the stack. This is essential as there will be changes in velocity and temperature (hence the pollutant concentration) across the cross-section of the stack. Traverse points have to be located to achieve this.

Cross-section area of stack (sq-m)

No. of points

0.20.2 to 2.5

2.5 and above

41220

112112

113113

ISOKINETIC CONDITIONS

Representative samples can be achieved by isokinetic sampling. Isokinetic conditions exist when the velocity in the stack Vs equals the velocity at the top of the probe nozzle Vn at the sample point.

114114

Reason for Isokinetic SamplingReason for Isokinetic Sampling

115115

DETERMINATION OF GAS COMPOSITION

The first step in the field work of stack sampling is to determine the gas composition. This can be determined by using Orsat apparatus /

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT

Wet bulb and dry bulb temperature techniqueCondenser techniqueSilica gel tube

DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE

DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY: Pitote Tube

116116

Twelve percent Carbon DioxideTwelve percent Carbon Dioxide The method for concentration correction to 12 % CO2 is:

C0 = Measured concentration of constituent at standard conditions.

C12 = Measured concentration of constituent at standard conditions when corrected to 12% CO2 by volume on a dry basis.

FCO2 = Correction factor for constituent concentration when adjusting to 12% CO2 by volume on a dry basis.

%CO2 = Percent carbon dioxide by volume on a dry basis.

117117

RECENT TRENDS IN SAMPLING RECENT TRENDS IN SAMPLING OF STACK EFFLUENTSOF STACK EFFLUENTS

The recent technology is useful to manufacturers of equipment for online sampling of stack effluents. Two main monitors useful for determining particulate concentration in stacks are

Piezoelectric MonitorBeta attenuation Monitor

118118

1. Piezoelectric Monitor1. Piezoelectric Monitor

In this device, particles in a sample stream are electrostatically deposited on to a piezoelectric sensor. The added weight of particulates changes the osillation frequency of the sensor in a charectristic way. The out put signal can be conditioned so that it becomes directly proportional to particulate mass concentration, which is recorded either by digital or analog recorder.

119119

120120

2. Beta Attenuation Monitor2. Beta Attenuation Monitor

For the analysis of particulate matter. Here the particulate sample is filtered using a

continuous filter tape and the mass concentration of the filtered out is determined by measuring its attenuation of beta radiation, whose characteristics do not vary widely for different particulate compositions hence a direct mass measurement is possible.

Carbon -14 with a half life of 5,568 years is a typical beta radiation source.

121121

122122

Beta Attenuation PM CEMsBeta Attenuation PM CEMs

MSI BetaGuard PM Durag F904K Environment S.A. 5M

123123

Handy Stack Sampler Envirotech Handy Stack Sampler Envirotech APM 620APM 620

124124

Stack velocity monitor Stack velocity monitor Envirotech APM 602Envirotech APM 602

125125

Gas analysis from Combustion Gas analysis from Combustion Process Process

Monitoring NO, NO2 & SO2 analysis from Combustion Process

in stack analysis of up to six gas phase stack emission components

126126

FUGITIVE EMISSION MONITORING

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be emitted from leaking valves, flanges, sampling connections, pumps, pipes and compressors. Emissions of these types are commonly called fugitive emissions.

127127

Fugitive EmissionsFugitive Emissions

Unintentional releases, such as those due to leaking equipment, are known as fugitive emissions

Can originate at any place where equipment leaks may occur

Can also arise from evaporation of hazardous compounds from open topped tanks

128128

Sources of Fugitive EmissionsSources of Fugitive Emissions

Relief valves18%

Flanges3%

Pumps27%

Drains1%

Compressors8%

Valves43%

A g i t a t o r s e a l s L o a d i n g a r m s

C o m p r e s s o r s e a l s M e t e r s

C o n n e c t o r s O p e n - e n d e d l i n e s

D i a p h r a m s P o l i s h e d r o d s

D r a i n s P r e s s u r e r e l i e f d e v i c e s

D u m p l e v e r a r m s P u m p s e a l s

F l a n g e s S t u f f i n g b o x e s

H a t c h e s V a l v e s

I n s t r u m e n t s V e n t s

129129

Measuring Fugitive EmissionsMeasuring Fugitive Emissions

Portable gas detectorCatalytic beadNon-dispersive infraredPhoto-ionization detectorsCombustion analyzersStandard GC with flame ionization

detector is most commonly used

130130

Measuring Fugitive EmissionsMeasuring Fugitive Emissions

Average emission factor approachScreening ranges approachEPA correlation approachUnit-specific correlation approach

131131

Average Emission Factor ApproachAverage Emission Factor Approach

E F W FT O C A T O C= ⋅ETOC = TOC emission rate from a component (kg/hr)FA = applicable average emission factor for the component (kg/hr)WFTOC = average mass fraction of TOC in the stream serviced by the component

T a b l e 1 0 . 9A v e r a g e e m i s s i o n f a c t o r s f o r e s t i m a t i n g f u g i t i v e e m i s s i o n s

E q u i p m e n t t y p e S e r v i c e

T O C e m i s s i o n f a c t o r( k g / h r / s o u r c e )

S O C M I R e f i n e r yM a r k e t i n gT e r m i n a l

V a l v e s G a sL i g h t l i q u i dH e a v y l i q u i d

0 . 0 0 5 9 70 . 0 0 4 0 30 . 0 0 0 2 3

0 . 0 2 6 80 . 0 1 0 9

0 . 0 0 0 2 3

1 . 3 x 1 0 - 5

4 . 3 x 1 0 - 5

-

P u m p s e a l s G a sL i g h t l i q u i dH e a v y l i q u i d

-0 . 0 1 9 9

0 . 0 0 8 6 2

-0 . 1 4 40 . 0 2 1

6 . 5 x 1 0 - 5

5 . 4 x 1 0 - 4

-

132132

Screening Ranges ApproachScreening Ranges Approach

Leak/ No-leak approachmore exact than the average emissions

approach relies on screening data from the facility,

rather than on industry wide averages

E F N F NT O C G G L L= ⋅ + ⋅( ) ( )T O C e m i s s i o n r a t e f o r a n e q u i p m e n t t y p e

F G = a p p l i c a b l e e m i s s i o n f a c t o r f o r s o u r c e s w i t h s c r e e n i n g v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a no r e q u a l t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m v ( k g / h r / s o u r c e )

N G = e q u i p m e n t c o u n t f o r s o u r c e s w i t h s c r e e n i n g v a l u e s g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l t o1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m v

F L = a p p l i c a b l e e m i s s i o n f a c t o r f o r s o u r c e s w i t h s c r e e n i n g v a l u e s l e s s t h a n1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m v ( k g / h r / s o u r c e )

N L = e q u i p m e n t c o u n t f o r s o u r c e s w i t h s c r e e n i n g v a l u e s l e s s t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 p p m v

133133

EPA Correlation ApproachEPA Correlation Approach

Predicts mass emission rates as a function of screening values for a particular equipment type

Total fugitive emissions = sum of the emissions associated with each of the screening values

Default-zero leak rate is the mass emission rate associated with a screening value of zero

134134

EPA Correlation ApproachEPA Correlation ApproachT a b l e 1 0 . 1 1

E P A c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e s t i m a t i n g f u g i t i v e e m i s s i o n s

E q u i p m e n t t y p e T O C l e a k r a t e f r o m c o r r e l a t i o n *( k g / h r / u n i t )

D e f a u l t - z e r oe m i s s i o n r a t e

( k g / h r / u n i t )S O C M I R e f i n e r y

G a s v a l v e s 1 . 8 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 8 7 3 - 6 . 6 x 1 0 - 7

L i q u i d l i q u i d v a l v e s 6 . 4 1 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 7 9 7 - 4 . 9 x 1 0 - 7

V a l v e s ( a l l ) - 2 . 2 9 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 7 4 6 7 . 8 x 1 0 - 6

L i g h t l i q u i d p u m p s 1 . 9 0 x 1 0 - 5 S V 0 . 8 2 4 - 7 . 5 x 1 0 - 6

P u m p s e a l s ( a l l ) - 5 . 0 3 x 1 0 - 5 S V 0 . 6 1 0 2 . 4 x 1 0 - 5

C o n n e c t o r s 3 . 0 5 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 8 8 5 - 6 . 1 x 1 0 - 7

C o n n e c t o r s - 1 . 5 3 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 7 3 5 7 . 5 x 1 0 - 6

F l a n g e s - 4 . 6 1 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 7 0 3 3 . 1 x 1 0 - 7

O p e n - e n d e d l i n e s - 2 . 2 0 x 1 0 - 6 S V 0 . 7 0 4 2 . 0 x 1 0 - 6

135135

Unit-Specific Correlation ApproachUnit-Specific Correlation ApproachMost exact, but most expensive methodScreening values and corresponding

mass emissions data are collected for a statistically significant number of units

A minimum number of leak rate measurements and screening value pairs must be obtained to develop the correlations

136136

Controlling Fugitive EmissionsControlling Fugitive Emissions

Modifying or replacing existing equipmentImplementing a leak detection and repair

(LDAR) program

137137

Equipment ModificationEquipment Modification

E q u i p m e n t t y p e M o d i f i c a t i o n

A p p r o x i m a t ec o n t r o le f f i c i e n c y( % )

P u m p s S e a l l e s s d e s i g n 1 0 0

C l o s e d - v e n t s y s t e m 9 0

D u a l m e c h a n i c a l s e a l w i t h b a r r i e r f l u i d m a i n t a i n e da t a h i g h e r p r e s s u r e t h a n t h e p u m p e d f l u i d

1 0 0

C o m p r e s s o r s C l o s e d - v e n t s y s t e m 9 0

D u a l m e c h a n i c a l s e a l w i t h b a r r i e r f l u i d m a i n t a i n e da t a h i g h e r p r e s s u r e t h a n t h e p u m p e d f l u i d

1 0 0

P r e s s u r e - r e l i e fd e v i c e s

C l o s e d - v e n t s y s t e m v a r i e s

R u p t u r e d i s k a s s e m b l y 1 0 0

V a l v e s S e a l l e s s d e s i g n 1 0 0

C o n n e c t o r s W e l d t o g e t h e r 1 0 0

O p e n - e n d e d l i n e s B l i n d , c a p , p l u g o r s e c o n d v a l v e 1 0 0

S a m p l i n gc o n n e c t i o n s

C l o s e d - l o o p s a m p l i n g 1 0 0

138138

Valves Used in IndustryValves Used in Industry

139139

Valves Used in Industry (cont.)Valves Used in Industry (cont.)

140140

LDAR ProgramsLDAR Programs

Designed to identify pieces of equipment that are emitting sufficient amounts of material to warrant reduction of emissions through repair

Best applied to equipment types that can be repaired on-line or to equipment for which equipment modification is not suitable

141141

Fugitive Emissions from Storage Fugitive Emissions from Storage TanksTanks

There are six basic tank designsFixed roof

vertical or horizontal least expensive least acceptable for storing liquids emission are caused by changes in

• temperature• pressure• liquid level

( a ) T y p i c a l f i x e d - r o o f t a n k .

142142

Fugitive Emissions from Storage TanksFugitive Emissions from Storage Tanks

External floating roof– open-topped cylindrical steel shell– steel plate roof that floats on the surface of the liquid– emission limited to evaporation losses from

• an imperfect rim seal system• fittings in the floating deck• any exposed liquid on the tank wall when liquid is

withdrawn and the roof lowers

Domed external floating roof– similar to internal floating roof tank– existing floated roof tank retrofitted with a fixed roof to

block winds and minimize evaporative loses

143143

External Floating Roof TanksExternal Floating Roof Tanks

( b ) E x t e r n a l f l o a t i n g r o o f t a n k ( p o n t o o n t y p e ) .

( d ) D o m e d e x t e r n a l f l o a t i n g r o o f t a n k .

144144

( c ) I n t e r n a l f l o a t i n g r o o f t a n k . ( c ) I n t e r n a l f l o a t i n g r o o f t a n k .


Internal floating roof– permanent fixed roof with

a floating roof inside– evaporative losses from

• deck fittings• non-welded deck

seams• annular space

between floating deck and the wall

145145


Variable vapor space– expandable vapor reservoirs to accommodate

volume fluctuations due to:• temperature• barometric pressure changes

– uses a flexible diaphragm membrane to provide expandable volume

– losses are limited to:• tank filling times when vapor displaced by

liquid exceeds tank’s storage capacity

146146


Pressure tanks low or high pressure

– used for storing organic liquids and gases with high vapor pressures

– equipped with pressure/vacuum vent to prevent venting loss from

• boiling• breathing loss from temperature and pressure

changes

147147

Emissions Estimation from Storage Emissions Estimation from Storage TanksTanks

L L LT S W= +LT = total losses, kg/yrLS = standing storage losses, kg/yrLW = working losses, kg/yrThe standing storage losses are due to breathing of the vapors above the liquid in the storage tank

L V W K KS V V E S= 3 6 5

VV = vapor space volume, m3

WV = vapor density, kg/m3

KE = vapor space expansion factor, dimensionlessKS = vented space saturation factor, dimensionless365 = days/year

WM P

R TVV V A

L A

=

MV = vapor molecular weightR = universal gas constant, mm Hg-L/K-molPVA = vapor pressure at daily average liquid surface temperature, TLA = daily average liquid surface temperature, K

KT

T

P P

P PEV

L A

V B

A V A

= +−−

∆ ∆ ∆

TV = daily temperature range, KPV = daily pressure range, PB = breather vent pressure setting range,

PA = atmospheric pressure,

148148

Emissions Estimation from Storage Emissions Estimation from Storage TanksTanks

KP HS

V A V O

=+

1

1 0 0 5 3.

HVO = vapor space outage, ft = height of a cylinder of tank diameter, D, whose volume is equivalent to the vapor space volume of the tank

L M P Q K KW V V A N P= 0 0 0 1 0.Q = annual net throughput (tank capacity (bbl) times annual turnover rate), bbl/yrKN = turnover factor, dimensionless

for turnovers > 36/year, KN = (180 + N)/6Nfor turnovers 36, KN = 1

where N = number of tank volume turnovers per yearKP = working loss product factor, dimensionless

for crude oils = 0.75for all other liquids = 1.0

149149

Fugitive Emissions from Waste, Fugitive Emissions from Waste, Treatment and DisposalTreatment and Disposal

I = important S = secondary N = negligible or not applicable

Surface Wastewater treatment plants LandPathway impoundments Aerated Non-aerated treatment Landfill

Volatilization I I I I I

Biodegradation I I I I S

Photodecomp. S N N N N

Hydrolysis S S S N N

Oxidation/red’n N N N N N

Adsorption N S S N N

Hydroxyl radical N N N N N

150150

AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONAUTOMOBILE EMISSION

Automobiles are ‘necessary evils’, while they have made living easy and convenient, they have also made human life more complicated and vulnerable to both toxic emissions and an increased risk of accidents.

151151

AUTOMOBILE EMISSION AUTOMOBILE EMISSION -ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES-ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Delhi – total pollution load declines from 412,000t – 328,000 t (1998-2020)

By 2020, two wheelers and cars contribute 80% HC emissions in Delhi

Two wheelers alone contribute 70% of CO2 emissions

Annual Pollution load in Mumbai declines by 40%

Particulates, SOx and NOx declines due to the decline in

diesel usage

CO2 emissions by 2020 under BAU in Delhi would be 2.57

times the present value

In Mumbai it would be 2.7 times

CO2 emissions in Delhi are 2.4 times higher than Mumbai at

any given time

152152

153153

AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONAUTOMOBILE EMISSION

Following factors make pollution from the vehicles more serious in developing countries

Poor quality of vehicles creating more particulates and burning fuels inefficiently.

Lower quality of fuel being used leads to far greater quantities of pollutants.

Concentration of motor vehicles in a few large cities

Exposure of a larger percentage of population that lives and moves in the open.

154154

155155

156156

POLLUTANTS PRODUCED BY POLLUTANTS PRODUCED BY AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONAUTOMOBILE EMISSION

HC-Unburned fuel molecules or partialburning

NOx-under high pressure and temperature

conditions in an engine CO-Due to incomplete combustion

CO2-Due to perfect combustion

AUTOMOBILE EMISSION AUTOMOBILE EMISSION MONITORINGMONITORING

158158

Mobile Air Pollution VanMobile Air Pollution Van

Mobile system to monitor Air, Water, Noise & meteorological parameters

Design to meet customers needs

Self contained with Air conditioner and power gensets

Designed to suit Indian road conditions

159159

Extractive multigas analyzer Extractive multigas analyzer system system

For continuous emission monitoring.

Used to measure the concentration of oxides of nitrogen (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO, CO2), oxygen (O2), hydrocarbons (HCs) and water vapour (H2O) in the flue gas of large combustion processes, incinerators and other processes when it is required by legislation.

160160

Auto exhaust Analyser for PetrolAuto exhaust Analyser for Petrol

161161

Diesel Smoke MeterDiesel Smoke Meter

162162

Diesel Particulate MonitoringDiesel Particulate Monitoring

163163

Volatile Organic Vapour MonitorVolatile Organic Vapour Monitor

Based on a portable photo ionization detector (PID).

It detects a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and various other gases.

164164

Based on a portable photo ionization detector (PID) with a barcode scanner.

It is a practical way to log and detect a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and various other gases.

Bar code scanner simplifies tracking fugitive emissions

165165

Non Methane HydroCarbon Non Methane HydroCarbon AnalyzerAnalyzer

Hydrocarbon detection from sub-ppm to 1,000 ppm levels

166166

Oil in Water AnalyzerOil in Water Analyzer

CONTINUOUS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR OIL IN WATER

167167

168168

Neem in Indian culture has been ranked higher than 'Kalpavriksha', the mythological wish-fulfilling tree.

In 'Sharh-e-Mufridat Al-Qanoon, neem has been named as 'Shajar-e-Mubarak', 'the blessed tree', because of its highly beneficial properties.

Although scientific studies are wanting, neem is reputed to purify air and the environment of noxious elements. Its shade not only cools but prevents the occurrence of many diseases.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU