air monitoring: a critical and evolving field
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Monitoring: A Critical and Evolving Field
Deborah Jordan, Director, Air Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9
U.S. EPA Region 9
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• Purpose: Ensure public health protection
• Three key roles of good monitoring data
• Consequences of poor data quality
• How to assure good data
– Importance of Primary Quality Assurance
Organizations
• Emerging issues, closing thoughts
Overview
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U.S. EPA Region 9
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U.S. EPA Region 9
Smog obscures buildings in Los Angeles
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What are the three key regulatory roles of good monitoring data?
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U.S. EPA Region 9
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• Requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
– Ambient = air the general public can access
• Two types of NAAQS:
– Primary NAAQS to protect public health
– Secondary NAAQS to protect public welfare
The Clean Air Act (CAA)
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U.S. EPA Region 9
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The CAA requires EPA to review NAAQS every five years. • Consider available scientific information to determine if
the NAAQS should be revised.
• Monitoring data are a critical part of the Integrated Science Assessment.
– Spatial and temporal variability of concentrations
– Relationship of concentrations to epidemiological information
Determining the NAAQS
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NAAQS Review Process
U.S. EPA Region 9
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Monitoring data are critical in setting the NAAQS:
U.S. EPA Region 9
MONITORING
Epidemiological Studies
Review of relevant scientific
information
Retained or Revised NAAQS
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When a NAAQS Is Set or Revised:
• EPA must determine if areas are meeting (attainment areas) or not meeting (nonattainment areas) the standard.
• Typically, we determine whether an area is attainment or nonattainment using monitoring.
• If a monitor violates, state (local) agencies/EPA identify the “nonattainment” area, through a public process.
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When a NAAQS Is Revised (cont’d)
• To protect public health: States must develop plans (State Implementation Plans – SIPs) to bring nonattainment areas into attainment of the standard – Plans include rules requiring emission controls
– Monitoring shows whether the area is improving / attaining
• Once an area is attaining the standard, typically rely on continued monitoring to show the area remains clean.
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8-ho
ur O
zone
Ave
rage
con
cent
ratio
n (p
pb)
8-hour ozone NAAQS
San Francisco Bay Area, CA
San Joaquin Valley, CA
Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin, CA
US EPA REGION 9 AIR QUALITY TRENDS, 2000-2013 8-HOUR OZONE DESIGN VALUES FOR SELECT AREAS IN CALIFORNIA
Source: US EPA's Air Quality Systems (AQS) database (February 24, 2014). The 2008 national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for 8-hour ozone is 0.075 parts per million (ppm), or 75 parts per billion (ppb). The design value is a calculation of each year's 4th-highest day's recorded values, averaged over a 3-year period at an air quality monitor. X-axis labels represent the last year of a monitor's 3 year time period. All exceptional event data (e.g., high winds and wildfires) that EPA has concurred on have been excluded from design value calculations. Code of Federal Regulations rounding conventions set the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS at 85 ppb. Data from 2013 are preliminary and have not been reviewed by EPA.
CA RFG III CA LEV Standards
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U.S. EPA Region 9
MONITORING
Determination of Nonattainment
Controls and Rules to Improve Air
Quality
Determination of Attainment!
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• Contribute to the scientific assessment that informs National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Determine where and by how much air quality needs to improve (nonattainment designations)
• Show air quality trends and determine when NAAQS are met (attainment designations)
Summary of Monitoring Data’s Three Key Regulatory Roles
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Informing the public………….
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And an overarching role of good data
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…about the air we breathe
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What are the possible consequences of poor monitoring data?
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Fewer reliable data to inform health studies.
U.S. EPA Region 9
MONITORING
Epidemiological Studies
NAAQS review of health information
Revised NAAQS
?
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U.S. EPA Region 9
MONITORING
Determination of
Nonattainment
Controls and Rules to Improve
Air Quality
Determination of Attainment
?
Poor data may prevent attainment determinations
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• Critical quality assurance checks missed • Critical monitor not operating • Lack of documentation affecting defensibility
Why wouldn’t we be able to use monitoring data?
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• Missed samples have meant:
Different design value for an area
Substantial increased workload to address missing data
Real-World Consequences:
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• Inability to designate an area nonattainment because of defensibility issues has delayed implementation of controls and longer exposure to the community.
Real-World Consequences:
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• Lack of data can also prevent redesignation to attainment affects permitting
Real-World Consequences:
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• EPA has received comments on issues including:
– Siting
– Data completeness
– Flow verification checks
– Calibration checks
– QAPP adoption & execution
– Collocation requirements
Recent Challenges:
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• EPA was challenged on approval of an Annual Monitoring Network Plan and associated SIP approval. – Lack of near-roadway PM2.5 monitors
– Lack of max. concentration PM2.5 monitor
Recent Challenges:
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California: Unique Challenges
• Worst ozone and PM issues in the nation
• Geography and meteorology combine to create conditions conducive to poor air quality
• Many entities: Federal, State, Local, Tribes, other
• Complex sources
• Active NGOs
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How can we assure good quality monitoring data?
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Primary Quality Assurance Organizations: Partnership, Support, and Oversight
• Stronger quality assurance programs, catching issues earlier
• Oversight = Safety net – To ensure your data can be used for its intended purpose
• ARB Primary Quality Assurance Organization = A resource
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Emerging Issues: Near Roadway Monitoring
• Background – 35 million+ living within 300 ft of major road in US – Studies showing potential for higher concentrations
• Monitor Deployment – NO2 (2014-2017); CO & PM2.5 (2015-2017) – Targeting highest trafficked roads – Must be within 50 meters – Encouraging multi-pollutant platforms
• Data Use – NAAQS comparison & review of standards – Implications on designations process = work in progress
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Emerging Issues: Sensor Technology • Air monitoring paradigm is changing
- Emergence of lower-cost, easy-to-use, portable air pollution monitors (sensors) that provide high resolution data in near real-time
• Sensor devices are available now, new devices are continually being introduced
- Monitor a range of air pollutants
• Significant challenges and questions - Determining the quality of the data - Appropriate data use - Communication with the public
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EPA Resources: Next Generation of Air Monitoring
• EPA Air Sensors Research http://www.epa.gov/airscience/air-sensor-research.htm
• Draft Roadmap for Next Generation Air Monitoring – Summarizes literature reviews, workshops, and discussions about the Next Generation of Air Monitoring http://www.epa.gov/research/airscience/docs/roadmap-20130308.pdf
• EPA Sensors Workshop, June 9-10, 2014 – EPA's fourth sensors workshop – Addressing opportunities and challenges
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Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Monitoring
• Federal Government – NOAA: Monitoring – EPA:
• Regulations: GHG permitting, vehicle emission standards, proposed power plant standards
• GHG Reporting Program • Annual inventory of U.S. emissions
• State and Local agencies have been undertaking their own programs
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Thank You!
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