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TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

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INTRODUCTION

In recent years our environment has been

dealt with on a very serious level. Todays

generation has demanded that something

be done to preserve our environment.

They are speaking out and asking

countless questions. In many ways the

environment has been damaged beyondrepair. The focus today is on repairing

and preserving what remains.

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1) Particulates of both naturaland humanorigin also

cause pollution.

Smoke both natural from fires and human activities

cause from industries and other sources are major and

cause much damage .

The chemicalsthat are most trouble-some in air

pollution are formed in the atmosphere by gases. The

pollutant introduced into the atmosphere in the

largest quantities by human activity is carbonmonoxide. It is the product of incomplete combustion

and the largest contribution comes from exhaust.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas,

with the formula CO.

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2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also a product of

combustion of fossil fuels. It is a minor constituent of

natural air (about 0.03%), but the increased use of

fossil fuels may cause an increase in the amount ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

3) The gases given off by engine exhaust are theoxides of nitrogen and the unburned hydrocarbons.

The energy that causes these gases to react to form

new compounds, comes from the sun. This reaction

is called a photochemical reaction. The air that is

exhausted from diesel engines is also too poor to

breathe, although it contains more oxygen per cubic

foot, but more particles.

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4) Industrial or gray smog is considered the most

serious type of air pollution. Smoke and oxides of

that are released by burning coal and oil

containing minor amounts of sulfur is the cause.

5) The oxides of sulfur form sulfuric acid in the

atmosphere which is both toxic to life and

damaging to many materials. The smoke gives theair a gray color.

h i (h

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Anthropogenic sources(human

activity) mostly related to burning

different kinds offuel1)Stationary Sources" as smoke stacks of power plants,manufacturing facilities, municipal waste incinerators

2)"Mobile Sources" as motor vehicles, aircraft etc.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

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3) Combustion-fired power plants.

4) Controlled burnpractices used in agriculture and forestry

management .

Motor vehicles generating air pollution emissions.

5)Marine vessels, such as container shipsor cruise ships, and related

portair pollution.

6)Burning wood, fireplaces, stoves, furnacesand incinerators

7)Oil refining, power plantoperation and industrial activity in general.

8)Chemicals, dust and crop waste burning in farming, (see Dust Bowl).

9)Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol spraysand other

solvents.

10)Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.

Military uses, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfareand

rocketry.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxic_gas&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toxic_gas&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_shipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant

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Natural sources

Dustfrom natural sources, usually large areas ofland with little or no vegetation.

Methane, emittedby the digestionof food by

animals, for example cattle. Radongas from radioactive decay within the

Earth's crust.

Smokeand carbon monoxidefrom wildfires. Volcanicactivity, which produce sulfur, chlorine,

and ash particulates.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust

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POLLUTANTS

The emissions from power

plant contained excessive

amounts of sulfur dioxide.

lf d ( ) ll lf d d

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide

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Sulfur oxides(SOx) especially sulfur dioxideareemitted from burning of coal and oil.

Nitrogen oxides(NOx) especially nitrogen dioxideare emitted from high temperature combustion.

Can beseen as the brown haze dome above orplumedownwind of cities.

Carbon monoxideis colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by

incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas,coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major sourceof carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide(CO2), a greenhouse gasemittedfrom combustion.

V l l d (VOC) h h d b

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds

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Volatile organic compounds(VOC), such as hydrocarbonfuel vapors and solvents.

Particulate matter(PM), measured as smoke and dust.PM10is the fraction of suspended particles 10

micrometersin diameter and smaller that will enter thenasal cavity. PM2.5has a maximum particle size of 2.5 mand will enter the bronchies and lungs.

Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmiumand copper.

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), harmful to the ozone layeremitted from products currently banned from use.

Ammonia(NH3) emitted from agricultural processes.

Odors, such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial

processes Radioactive pollutantsproduced by nuclear explosions

and war explosives, and natural processes such as radon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_explosives&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_explosives&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_explosionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a good indicator of how

much fossil fuel is burned and how much of other

pollutants we cause to be emitted. Using CO2 as an

example, the average family in ASIA causes air

pollution in the following ways:

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Pollutant Anthropogenic

Sources

Health Effects Environmental

Effects

Ozone

(O3)

Secondary pollutant

formed by chemicalreaction of VOCs and

NOx in the presence

of sunlight.

Breathing problems,

reduced lungfunction, asthma,

irritates eyes, stuffy

nose, reduces

resistance to colds

and infections,

premature aging oflung tissue.

Damages crops,

forests, and othervegetation; damages

rubber, fabric, and

other materials;

smog reduces

visibility.

Nitrogen Oxides

(NOx)

Burning of gasoline,

natural gas, coal, oil.

(Cars are a major

source of NOx.)

Lung damage,

respiratory illnesses,

ozone (smog) effects.

Ozone (smog)

effects; precursor of

acid rain which

damages trees, lakes,

and soil; aerosols can

reduce visibility. Acid

rain also causes

buildings, statues,

and monuments to

deteriorate.

Sources and Effects of Common Air Pollutants

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Pollutant Anthropogenic

Sources

Health Effects Environmental

Effects

Carbon Monoxide

(CO)

Burning of gasoline,

natural gas, coal, oil.

Reduces ability of

blood to bring

oxygen to body cells

and tissues.

Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs)

Fuel combustion,

solvents, paint. (Cars

are a major source of

VOCs.)

Ozone (smog) effects,

cancer, and other

serious health

problems.

Ozone (smog) effects,

vegetation damage.

Particulate Matter Emitted as particles

or formed through

chemical reactions;

burning of wood,

diesel, and other

fuels; industrial

processes;

agriculture (plowing,

field burning);

unpaved roads.

Eye, nose, and throat

irritation; lung

damage; bronchitis;

cancer; early death.

Source of haze which

reduces visibility.

Ashes, smoke, soot,

and dust can dirty

and discolor

structures and

property, including

clothes and furniture.

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Pollutant Anthropogenic

Sources

Health Effects Environmental

Effects

Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2)

Burning of coal and

oil, especially high-

sulfur coal; industrialprocesses (paper

manufacturing, metal

smelting).

Respiratory illness,

breathing problems,

may causepermanent damage

to lungs.

Precursor of acid

rain, which can

damage trees, lakes,and soil; aerosols can

reduce visibility. Acid

rain also causes

buildings, statues,

and monuments to

deteriorate.

Lead Combustion of fossil

fuels and leaded

gasoline; paint;

smelters (metal

refineries); batterymanufacturing.

Brain and nervous

system damage (esp.

children), digestive

and other problems.

Some lead-containing chemicals

cause cancer in

animals.

Harm to wildlife and

livestock.

Mercury Fossil fuel

combustion, waste

disposal, industrialrocesses

Liver, kidney, and

brain damage;

neurological anddevelo mental

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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL1)In an effort to control the concentration of air pollutants at ground

level, some companies have built very tall smokestacksup to athousand feet high.

2) Legal actions to place control over the emission of air pollutantshave been instituted in several ways. One is in the form of apublicnuisancelaw. This is when conditions cause discomfort,inconvenience, damage to property, or injury. A court injunctioncan be placed against the person or corporation responsible. In acase of community smog it would be pretty impossible to identifywho is responsible. So the law governing public nuisances is notvery effective.

3)Private litigationmay be sought in cases of damages forindividuals. The individual must clearly link the damage to thepollutant emitted. Thus the burden of proof is on the complainant.This can be very expensive. Often the court will weigh the costs ofimproving conditions against the benefits.

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4)The government has also intefein the protection of

the public. As a result of much research; devices for

pollution control have been developed, guidelines for

air quality were established, tax incentives wereintroduced, and most importantly, enforcement of

ordinances for restricting the emission of

contaminants

prescribed emission standards.

5)In 1970, Congress passed the CLEAN AIR ACT, the

first comprehensive legislation to reduce air

pollution in the United States. This was

complemented in 1972 by the similarly aimed

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT. Both dealt with

industrial sources of pollution.

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Conclusion

Responsibility to improveenvironmental conditions lies upon allof us as individuals

Concentrate on preventingenvironmental degradation before itstarts

Alternatives ARE feasible and Can beUsed

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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION1) Particulates of both natural and human origin also cause

pollution.

Smoke both natural from fires and human activities causefrom industries and other sources are major and cause

much damage .

The chemicals that are most trouble-some in air pollutionare formed in the atmosphere by gases. The pollutant

introduced into the atmosphere in the largest quantities byhuman activity is carbon monoxide. It is the product ofincomplete combustion and the largest contribution comesfrom exhaust. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless,

tasteless gas, with the formula CO.

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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

1) Particulates of both natural and human origin also

cause pollution.

Smoke both natural from fires and human activitiescause from industries and other sources are majorand cause much damage .

The chemicals that are most trouble-some in airpollution are formed in the atmosphere by gases.The pollutant introduced into the atmosphere in the

largest quantities by human activity is carbonmonoxide. It is the product of incompletecombustion and the largest contribution comes fromexhaust. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless,

tasteless gas, with the formula CO.