Air Pollution

Air Pollution and management

What is airAmixtureofnitrogen,oxygen,andminuteamountsofothergases,surroundstheearthandformsitsatmosphere.It is the clear gas in which living things live and breathe.It has an indefinate shape and volume.It has no color or smell.It is a matter as it has mass and weight.

What is Air

What is air

Air POllutionAir pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particles or biological material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or are unhealthy for humans or other living organisms plants and animals, or damage the natural enviornment into the atmosphere.

Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the origional, normal composition.

Pollutants

What are air pollutants A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans other living organisms (including plants and animals) or the enviornment is known as air PollutantsOrThings that pollute air are call air pollutants

Classification or Types of air pollutants based on originThere are two types of pollutants

Primary Secondary

Types of pollutants Primary pollutants(Halogen compounds)Aprimary pollutantis an air pollutant emitted directly from a source . Some examples are under as Carbon monoxide ( CO )Lead ( Pb )Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 )Carbon dioxide ( CO2Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2) Nitrogen oxide ( NO )Volatile organic compounds ( CH4 )

Types of pollutantsSecondary pollutants(formaldehydes)Asecondary pollutantis not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. E.g (smog)SO3 , SO4 , H2SO4 , HNO3 , NO3 , O3

Salts , H2O2 , peroxyacetyl nitrate (PANs)

Are even more dangerous than primary

smog

Types of pollutants

Forms of air pollutants

Forms of air pollutantsThey can be in the form of

Solid particesLiquid dropsOr gases

causes of air pollution ORSources of air pollutionThe Sources of air pollution may be classified into two groups1 .Natural sources2.Man made sources

Natural sourcesAtmospheric reactionsDust and aerosolMicroorganismsPollenRadioactive substances

Natural sourcesAtmospheric Reactions In the atmosphere, different types of chemical reactions are always going on. In the lower atmosphere the gases and vapours are always converted into solids and liquids by condensation or oxidation. In the upper atmosphere, the photochemical reations are going on by the absorption of ultra-violet solar radiations.

Natural sourcesAtmospheric Reactions It breaks the complex molecules of organic matters. The products of atmospheric reactions come down to earth by rain, snowfall, etc

Natural sources2 Dust and aerosolThe dust and aerosol which are present in atmosphere cosist of salt particles from Sea water, airborne particles, bacteria, etcThe particles remain suspension in air .

Natural sources3 Micro-organismsThe are in the form of yeast , algae, fungi ,bacteria, etc.

These organisms can be transported by wind to far distances and can affect plants, animals, and human beings.

Natural sources 4 pollen

These may enter from the flowers of plants including the trees, grasses, and weeds and may be transported from place to place by wind.

Natural souces Radioactive substances The radioactivity of the atmosphere is caused by the radioactive materials present the crust of the earth and the action of cosmic rays.

The radioactive substances such as radium, uranium, thoridium, etc are responsible for the imparting the radioactivity of air.

Man made sources There are so many man made sources that cause pollution in air , from which some are discused under here Combustion of fuelThermal and nuclear power plantsIndustries Vehicular popullationConstruction materialsSystem of sanitationNuclear combustion

Man made sourcesCombustion of fuelIn domestic areas, the burning of coal, wood, oil, and LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) form harmfull gases which pollute the air and cause different diseases in humans as well as in other organisms.

Man made sourcesThermal and nuclear power plants

The thermal power plants contribute sulphur dioxide ( a cause of acid rain).

The nuclear power plants contribute radioactive fly ashes to the atmospheric air.

Man made sourcesIndustries The industries like iron and steel manufacturing, oil refinery, chemical factories, petrochemical plants, pulp and paper , etc cause a serious air pollution.

The smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals also impart much air pollutants.

Man made sourcesVehicular pollution

The towns and cities are crowded with trucks, buses, minibuses, cars, taxies, etc. which exhaust carbon mono oxide ( CO ) in large scale. This gas is very dangerous to human health.

Man made sourcesConstruction materials

The manfacture of bricks, cement, stone chips, etc.

Pollute the atmosphere by discharging smoke, gases and dusts.

Man made sourcesSystem of sanitation

The unscientific disposal of garbage products foul gases , bad odour and insanitary condition.

In towns where the conservancy system is followed, the system of disposal of night soil produces foul gases , fly irritaiton etc

Man made sourcesNuclear combustion

The expermental combustion of nulear weapons pollutes these atmosphere by radioactive ashes.

Again the combustion in nuclear research centre ,also develops radioactive substances which pollute the atmosphere

Mining operationsMining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large qeuipments.

During the process dust chemicals are released in air causing massive air pollution.

This is one of the reason which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers and neardy residents,

Sources of air pollution

Effects of air pollutionGlobal warmingAcid rainSmogOzone deplition

DiseasesRespiratory problemsAsthamaHeart problem

Effects of air pollutionMortalityCardiovescularCystic fibrosisLungs diseasesCancerDificulty in breathingWheezling

Effects of air pollutionIrritation of eyes , noise , mouth , throat , CoughingBronchitisReduced energy level

Management

Difference between perfect combustion and typical engine combustionPerfect combustion Fuel + air CO2 + H2O unaffected nitrogenTypical engine combustionFuel + air unburned hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides (Nox) + carbon monoxide CO + CO2 + water

Air pollution managementAir pollution management aims at the elimination, or reduction to acceptable levels, of airborne gaseous pollutants, suspended particulate matter and physical and, to a certain extent, biological agents whose presence in the atmosphere can cause adverse effects on human healthOr To reduce or eliminate the air pollutants from air which is harmful for humans and other organisms is known as air pollution management

Air pollution management Typical measures in air quality management are control measures at the sourcefor example enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in vehicles or of emission standards in incinerators, land-use planning shut-down of factories or reduction of traffic during unfavorable weather conditions.

Air pollution managementimplementing a wide range of measures covering land and sea transportpower plants non-road mobile machinery to reduce air pollution.

electricity generation by fuel (minimum it)

Air pollution managementWays to Reduce Air PollutionWe make choices everyday that can help reduce air pollution. Below are a few ideas that you can take to help clean our air.

Air pollution managementAt HomeConserve energy - turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room.

Recycle paper, plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans. (This conserves energy and reduces production emissions.)

Air pollution managementBuy green electricity-produced by low-or even zero-pollution facilities.

Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting.

Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot.

Air pollution managementLower the thermostat on your water heater to 120F.

Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes, and paint strippers.

Test your home for radon-a dangerous, radioactive gas that is odorless and tasteless. If the test shows elevated levels of radon, the problem can be fixed cost effectively.

Air pollution managementChoose not to smoke in your home, especially if you have children. If you or your visitors must smoke, then smoke outside.

Air pollution managementBuy Smart

Buy ENERGY STAR products, including energy efficient lighting and appliances. They are environmentally friendly products.

Choose efficient, low-polluting models of vehicles.

Air pollution managementChoose products that have less packaging and are reusable.

Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.

Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently.

Air pollution managementDrive WisePlan your trips. Save gasoline and reduce air pollution.

Keep tires properly inflated and aligned.

In the summertime, fill gas tank during cooler evening hours to cut down on evaporation. Avoid spilling gas and don't "top off" the tank. Replace gas tank cap tightly.

Air pollution managementAvoid waiting in long drive-thru lines, for example, at fast-food restaurants or banks. Park your car and go in.

When possible, use public transportation, walk, or ride a bike.

Get regular engine tune ups and car maintenance checks (especially for the spark plugs).

Air pollution managementUse an energy-conserving (EC) grade motor oil.

Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency.

Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.

Assignment of : Ecology Submitted to : Dr. Ghani Submitted by : Mujahid hussain Roll No. : 127 Class : Bs botany 6th (S.S)

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA THANK YOU