CASE Project

Air Quality Management in Bangladesh

Swapan K. Biswas Clean Air and Sustainable Environment

Department Of Environment Dhaka, Bangladesh

CASE Project 2

Air Quality Scenario in Bangladesh

• Air Pollution levels are high especially in major cities

• Particulate matter (PM) is most the significant pollutant of concern, especially during the winter season when rain fall in minimal and wind speed is low

• Known sources of pollution:

– Older, smoke-emitting diesel buses and trucks

– Dense, congested traffic that is growing worst.

– Industrial emission sources including brick kilns (uncontrolled)

– Many area sources of open burning, Agricultural waste burning, dust construction and unpaved road) and small industries

– Diesel generators, Locomotive, Marine

– Long range Transport

26 December 2012

CASE Project

Air Quality Management Instruments

Main laws and regulations on air quality, transport, energy and climate change

• The Environment Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977

• Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995

• The Environment Conservation Rule, 1997

• Brick Burning Act, 1989

• Bangladesh Environment Court Act. 2000

• The Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983

Main policies and plans on air quality, transport, energy and climate change

• Environment Policy, 1992

• National Land Transport Policy 2004

• Strategic Transport Plan 2005

• Bangladesh Climate Change Action Plan 2009

Department of Environment (DoE) is responsible for overall management of environmental pollution

national levels. DoE currently has offices at divisional levels. With the growing concern of

environmental pollution DoE is planning to expand it activity at district levels.

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CASE Project 4

Historical Government Initiatives

Fuel switching

Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation started a project to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in vehicles instead of gasoline.

Air Quality Management Project (AQMP)

The DoE has undertaken a project on Air Quality Management, funded by the World Bank. The project has the following two components:

Component-1: Enforcement, Standards, and Pilot Control Programs

Component-2: Air Quality Monitoring and Evaluation

Dhaka Urban Transport Project- DUTP

Dhaka City Corporation has initiated a project for improvement of the city traffic (Dhaka). One component of the project aiming at the reduction of air pollution problem at Dhaka. The major components are:

Traffic signals

Introduction of one-way roads

Improving parking facilities

Coordination of different vehicular modes

Separate lanes for different speed traffic

CASE Project 5

Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE)

Component-1: Environment Component

Capacity building for AQM

Air Quality Cell (AQC)

Air quality monitoring, data analysis and reporting

Standards, Enforcement and Control for Emissions Reduction

Brick Kilns Emissions Management

Institutional, legal and regulatory aspects

Introducing cleaner technologies & practices

Communication Campaigns

Government Initiatives

CASE Project 6

Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE)

Component-2: Transport component

Physical improvement of traffic flow and pedestrian mobility

Campaigns for clean and safe mobility

Sidewalks and ancillary road improvements

NMV/MV lane separation & One way streets

Traffic signaling, intersection improvements and related initiatives

Foot over bridges (FOBs)

Bus Route Network Rationalization and Franchising

BRT Feasibility Study &BRT Design Study

Public Transport Network Study

Institutional Strengthening and Regulatory Review

Government Initiatives

CASE Project 7

Policy Initiatives On July 1999, the Government of Bangladesh executed the landmark

decision of providing only unleaded gasoline.

Banning import of two-stroke engines.

Phase-wise plan to take two-stroke engine vehicles and old vehicles off the roads.

Promulgation of new laws and modification of old laws.

Imposing extensive penalties on polluters and industries.

Motivating the public through promotional activities.

Increasing the number of public vehicles on the streets.

Improvement of city traffic management.

Improving the mass-transport system within the urban areas, and increasing parking facility.

Regular monitoring of the ambient air quality and vehicular emissions.

Public awareness campaigns.

CASE Project

Air Quality Monitoring

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CASE Project

Objectives Air Quality Monitoring

Monitor the Criteria pollutants (For Public exposure assessment and Compliance)

Chemical Characterization of the Pollutants (Mainly PM)

Time series analysis

Correlation analysis

Source Identification and Apportionment (Local as well as regional)

Long Range Transport Studies

CASE Project 10

Criteria pollutants and potential sources

Pollutants Sources

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Fossil Fuel combustion

Ozone (O3) Photochemical reactions

(Secondary pollutant)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Fuel burning

Carbon monoxide (CO) Fuel burning

Lead (Pb) Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing,

Pb Smelting, lead based paint

Particulate Matters (Both

PM10 & PM2.5)

Biomass burning, Vehicular

emissions, Combustion of fossil

fuels, etc.

CASE Project

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Objective Averaging time

Carbon Moxide (CO) 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 8-hour

40 mg/m3 (35 ppm) 1-hour

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 100 µg/m3 (0.053 ppm) Annual

Ozone (O3) 157 µg/m3 (0.08 ppm) 8-hour

235 µg/m3 (0.12 ppm) 1-hour

Sulpher Dioxide (SO2) 365 µg/m3 (0.14 ppm) 24-hour

80 µg/m3 (0.03 ppm) Annual

PM10 150 µg/m3 24-hour

50 µg/m3 Annual

PM2.5 65 µg/m3 24-hour

15 µg/m3 Annual

Lead (Pb) 0.5 µg/m3 Annual

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CASE Project

Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS)

Monitoring Capability: • Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

• Ozone (O3)

• Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)

• Methane and Non-methane Hydrocarbon (NM & M-HC)

• Meteorological Parameters

and

• Particulate Sampler (PM10 and PM2.5)

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CASE Project

Working Principles of Different analyzer

Name of Analyzer Method

PM10 & PM2.5 Beta Gauge

SO2 Ultra Violet Fluorescence Photometry

O3 Ultra Violet Absorption Photometry

NOx Chemiluminescence Photometry

CO Infrared Radiation Photometry

VOC Gas Chromatography (FID)

* Meteorological parameters are measured using suitable sensors

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CASE Project 14

Location of CAMS sites in Bangladesh

(6 New Stations and 5 Old Stations)

Rajshahi (1) Dhaka(3)

Chittagong (2)

Barisal (1)

Khulna (1)

Sylhet (1)

Narayangonj (1)

Gazipur (1)

CASE Project

Monitoring sites in Dhaka Spatial distribution of PM10 and PM 2.5 in Dhaka city

BAEC-PM2.5BAEC-PM10

DoE-PM2.5DoE-PM10

BITAC-PM2.5BITAC-PM10

0

100

200

300

400

500

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n (

g/m

3)

Months

DoE Site

BITAC Site

BAEC Site

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CASE Project 16

Average monthly (Pb/EC)% ratios versus time for the Period July 1997 – December 2000

Impact of Policy Intervention

Ref. Swapan K. Biswas, S.A. Tarafdar, A. Islam, and M. Khaliquzzaman, H. Tervahattu, K.

Kupiainen, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 53:(2003) 1355–1362.

CASE Project 17

Effect of banning two-stroke baby taxi on air quality of Dhaka city

(A – Data from CAMS, DoE; B – Data from Farmgate, BAEC)

Impact of Policy Intervention

Ref. Bilkis A. Begum, Swapan K. Biswas and Hopke, P.K., J. Air and Waste Management Association, 2006, 56, 2006, 85-89

CASE Project

Variation of concentration with time

PM10

Year

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Con

cen

trat

ion

(

g/m

3 )

0

100

200

300

400

500PM

2.5

Year

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Con

cen

trat

ion

(

g/m

3 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

BC

Year

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Con

cen

trat

ion

(

g/m

3 )

0

20

40

60

80

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Data Source: Bilkis A. Begum, Bangladesh Atomic energy Commission

CASE Project

Thank you.

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