aircra icing detecon technology - intelligent vision sys · ann arbor, mi...

Aircra&IcingDetec.onTechnology

March6,2016

NiltonO.RennoUniversityofMichigan

AnnArbor,MI

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•  Iceaccumula.ononairplanesisoneofthemajorcausesofweatherrelatedaccidents–  The“classic”icingcerBficaBonenvelopes(§25.1419IceProtecBon)coversat

mostonly99%oftheicingcondiBonsencounteredduringresearchflightsconductedmorethan50yearsago

–  OutsidethesecondiBonsicecanaccumulaterapidlyandcauselossofcontrolinminutes

–  IceingesBonbyturbinescancauseseverepowerlosswithinminutes(e.g.,AirBridge747-8F)

–  InordertomiBgatetheseproblems,SupercooledLargeDropIcingCondi.ons(SLD)wasaddedto14CFR25as§25.1420in2014

•  TechnologiesoriginallydevelopedforspaceapplicaBonscanbeusedtodetectwhenanairplaneisflyingoutsidetheicingcer.fica.onenvelopes–  Thenewtechnologiesthatwehavebeenmaturingcontainonlynon-intrusive

sensors

Background

ConfidenBal

BasicCloudPhysics

•  Condensation of pure water vapor requires supersaturation of several hundred percent –  Since condensation nuclei are common in the atmosphere, supersaturation

(of more than 1%) is rare –  The number of cloud condensation nuclei usually determines the number of

droplets in a cloud –  Fixing the liquid water content (LWC), clouds forming in clean air have

larger droplets than clouds forming in polluted air

•  Pure liquid water can be cooled to about - 40 °C without freezing –  Since ice nuclei are rare in the atmosphere, supercooled liquid water is

ubiquitous –  Supercooled liquid water droplets freeze when contacting a solid (contact

nucleation), causing icing

ConfidenBal

(Williams et al., 2002)

MariBme

ConBnental

ConfidenBal

Cloud Droplets: The Aerosol Hypothesis

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•  IceProtec.onSystems(IPS)aredesignedtomi.gateproblemswhenanairplaneisexposedtoicingcondi.onslikelytobeencounteredduringopera.on

•  Thedesignandtestoficingprotec.onsystemsinvolvesconsidera.onof–  ThemeteorologicalcondiBonsof14CFRpart25,AppendicesCandO–  TheoperaBonalcondiBonswhichwouldaffecttheaccumulaBonoficeon

protectedandunprotectedsurfacesofanairplaneanditspowersystem(s)–  Theabilityofanairplanetoeitherdetect-and-exitSLDicingcondi.onssafely,or

operatesafelyinthemwasaddedto14CFRpart25in2014

•  Impingementrateisafunc.onofdropletsizeandconcentra.on–  AMeanEffecBveDiameter(MED)of20μmisusuallyusedtodeterminethewater

catchrateandanMEDof40-50μmtodeterminetheimpingementlimits(AC20-73)

–  NewcerBficaBonrequirementsaredescribedin14CFRpart25andAC25-28

Cer.fica.on

ConfidenBal

•  Icingcon.nuestobeachallenge–  Sta.s.cally,the“classic”icingcer.fica.onenvelopes(14CFRpart25,

AppendixC)donotcoverthecondi.onsencounteredinatleast1ofeach100icingencounters

–  IcingdecreasesCD,decreasesCLandcancauselossofcontrol–  AutomaBcflightcontrolsystemscanmasktheeffectsoficeaccumulaBon–  EarlydetecBonoficeaccumulaBoniscriBcaltoflightsafely—evenfor

airplanesequippedwithcurrenticingprotecBonsystems

•  Icingcondi.onscanbedetectedimmediatelywithnewtechnologies–  Inflight,intheairspacearoundanairplane(includingicecrystals)–  Beforetakeoff,intheairframe,belowsnowaccumulatedaberdeicing

•  Immediatedetec.oncan–  Alertpilotswhenflyingincondi.onsoutsidetheicingcer.fica.on

envelopes–  Complywithnewrequirementsof14CFRpart25

ConfidenBal

Today’sSitua.on

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>1.2 SevereorHeavy

OriginalIcingIntensityScale

Lewis(1951)BasedonstaBcsfrommeasurementsinMt.Washington(RichardK.Jeck,2001)

ConfidenBal

SupercooledLWC(g/m3)0 IcingIntensity

0-0.25 Level1(Trace)

0.25-0.5 Level2(Light)

0.5-1.0 Level3(Moderate)

1-2 Level4(Heavy)

RosemountModel871FN/512AGIcingRateSystem,ProductDataSheet2517(1998)

ConfidenBal

RosemountIcingIntensityScale

Jeck(2001)

IceAccre.onRate•  Dependscri.callyonthevalueofthreeparameters

–  CloudLiquidWaterContent(LWC),dropletdiameter,andtemperature(JonesandLewis,1949)

•  ForaspecificsupercooledLWC,clouddropletsizedistribu.on,andoutsideairtemperature(OAT)–  DifferentairfoilshavedifferentaccreBonrates–  TheaccreBonratesdependonairspeed,geometry,alBtudeandangleofakack

•  Numericalmodels

–  SuchasLEWICEareusuallyusedtocalculateaccreBonrates(Wright,1995)–  AreusedtocalculatetheamountoficeaccumulatedinagivenBmeinterval

ConfidenBal

IcingCer.fica.onEnvelope•  SpecifiedinAppendicesCandOof14CFRpart25

–  AppendixCisbasedondatacollectedduring252icingencountersbyresearchairplanesinthe1940s(LewisandBergrum,1952)

•  Con.nuousmaximumcondi.onsrepresenticingcondiBonsinstraBformclouds(importantforthedesignofthermaliceprotecBonsystemsforlargeairplanes)

•  Intermiaentmaximumcondi.onsrepresenticingcondiBonsinconvecBveclouds(importantforthedesignofengineiceprotecBon)

–  AppendixOisbasedonmorerecentdata.ItincludesSLD,freezingdrizzle,andfreezingrain

•  TheAppendixCandOicingenvelopescontainthethreemostimportantparametersforthedesignofairplanesiceprotec.onsystems–  AppendixCrepresentstheprobablemaximum(99%)valueofcloudliquidwater

content(LWC)anddropletsizeexpectedinrandomicingencountersof“standard”extent

–  AppendixOrepresentslesslikelybutmorehazardousSLDencounters

ConfidenBal

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IntermiaentMaximumEnvelope

14CFRpart25AppendixC

Typicallyextendinghorizontally2.6nm.

ConfidenBal

FreezingDrizzleFreezingRain

14CFRPart25AppendixO

DMax=400μm

400μm

DMax=2mm

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•  Icingisaseriousproblemevenforairplanescer.fiedtoflyinit–  StaBsBcallymorethan1in100icingencountersareoutsidethe“classic”(14CFR

part25,AppendixC)icingcer.fica.onenvelope–  Hotairsystemsmaynotfullyevaporateallimpingingwaterdrops,resulBngin

runbackice–  Tappingairfromtheenginetoan.-icesystemsreducestheavailablethrust–  AutomaBonsystemscanmaskeffectsoficeaccumulaBonandleadtostalls

•  Immediatedetec.oncan–  Alertpilotswhencondi.onsoutsidetheicingcer.fica.onenvelopeare

encountered–  HelppilotsmiBgatethenegaBveeffectsofautomaBon

•  Thetechnologydiscussednextcanalertpilots–  ImmediatelyaberanairplaneencountercondiBonsoutsidetheicingcerBficaBon

envelope–  Canreliablydetecticecrystals–  Increasefuelefficiencyandrangebydecreasingtheuseofbleedair ConfidenBal

Summary

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ASampleofCurrentTechnologies

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Theore.calTransmiaanceRa.os

CrossoverPoint (IRed/IBlue)Water (IRed/IBlue)Ice

Comment

0.6μm 0.83(1m) 0.95(1m) Waterisbluerthanice

1.6μm 0.50(1mm) 0.05(1mm) Waterisredderthanice

2.15μm 0.08(1mm) 0.008(1mm) Waterisredderthanice

At0.6μmand1.6μm,increasesinthelight-path-lengthincreasestherednessbecausearoundthesecrossoverpointsabsorpBonincreaseswithwavelength.Ataround2μm,theoppositebehaviorisobservedbecauseabsorpBondecreaseswithwavelength.

I=transmikedsignal,z=pathlength.IRed (z)IBlue(z)

=exp(− 4πκ Redz

λRed0)

exp(− 4πκ BluezλBlue0

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PbSDetectorSignal(V)HalogenBulb:LumenFlowReflector

1.Blue(V) 2.Maize(V) R1/R2

Dry 10.85 17.32 0.63

Wet 5.972 9.700 0.62

Water 2.167 3.543 0.61

FrostyConcrete 1.730 1.981 0.87

BlackIce–Smooth 1.349 1.202 1.12

400rpm1.2mfromtarget

IcyConcrete

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1.BlueChannel=0.624μm2.MaizeChannel=0.450μm

10V,1.57APlacedabout30°fromtheverBcal

Asexpectedwaterisbluerthanice.

06/19/15

FrostyConcrete

DryConcrete

WetConcrete

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BlackIce

ConfidenBal

DryConcrete

WetConcrete

Water

FrostyIce

SmoothIce

ConfidenBal



Dry Sat Sat ---

Wet 14.26 21.28 0.67

Water 5.045 6.991 0.72







06/19/15

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ConfidenBal

PbSDetectorSignal(V)HawkeyeIRLight:Si-217-p-1


Dry 3.599 5.816 0.61

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Water 0.710 0.797 0.89

WaterDrying 1.925 3.032 0.64







06/19/15

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DryConcrete

WetConcrete

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BlackIce

ConfidenBal



Dry 3.965 5.916 0.67

Wet 2.365 3.326 0.71

Water 0.896 0.562 1.59





Asexpectedwaterisredderthaniceataround1.6μm.

06/19/15

FrostyConcrete

DryConcrete

WetConcrete

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PbSDetectorSignal(V)HawkeyeIRLight:Si-217-p-1

MeasurementsmadeonJune22,2015





Dry 0.454 0.269 0.59

Wet 0.252 0.162 0.64

Water 0.174 0.564 3.24



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ConcludingRemarks•  Thenewtechnologiesthatwehavebeenmaturing

–  HavethepotenBaltodetectifanairplaneisflyingwithintheicingcerBficaBonenvelops

–  ComplywithregulaBons(14CFRpart25,AppendicesCandO)–  CouldleadtoreducinginfuelconsumpBon–  CouldincreasethrustavailableduringcriBcalflightphases

•  Immediateicingdetec.oncan–  Alertpilotswhencondi.onsoutsidetheicingcer.fica.onenvelopeare

encountered–  HelppilotsmiBgatethenegaBveeffectsofautomaBon

•  Whatisthebestwaytoworktogether?–  OntechnologymaturaBon–  Onprototypedevelopment(legacycompanieshaveexpressedinterestinthe

technology)

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Thanks!

aircra icing detecon technology - intelligent vision sys · ann arbor, mi...

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