aircraft - iit bombay
TRANSCRIPT
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
AircraftComponent Nomenclature
Source : www.news.mrud.ir
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
At the outset ….
A list of components
covered in this
presentation >
(1) Wing(2) Fuselage
(3) Empennage
(4) Miscellaneous
Dangerous word
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Axes of Control
Video Courtesy : Flight Club 1 min 30 s
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Lets start with the
Wing
Source : www.PhotographyLife.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Looks familiar ?
which edge ?
What were the
moving parts ?
Missed
something ?
Source: www.PhotoBlogger.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Knowing the wing
The wing has 2 edges namely –
Leading edge Trailing edge
Trailing Edge
Leading Edge
and
Source: www.KaolinSys.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Leading edge Trailing edge
The wing has 2 edges namely –
Knowing the wing
Source: www.Corbis.com Source: www.Corbis.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The wings have specialized aerodynamic devices called
flight control surfaces
Of these, the High lift devices are those which are
used to increase Lift
Lift ↑ = Better Take off & landing performance
Source: www.RockwellCollins.com Source: www.Kuwaityiat.net
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Flight Control Surfaces
on the Wing
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Aileron
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
AileronsLocation
Outer trailing
edge
Function
Roll Control
Down going Aileron >> ↑ Lift
Up going Aileron >> ↓ Lift= Rolling moment
Source: Air Team Images
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Flaps
Location
Trailing edge, inboard to Ailerons
Function
higher Lift at lower speeds
Hence steepen Landing
approach angle
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Flaps
Outboard Flaps (1)
1
2
Based on the relative location along the trailing edge,
flaps are of 2 kinds -
Inboard Flaps (2)
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The Various
Types of Flaps
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Simple Hinged Flaps (Plain)
common on smaller aircraft
≈20 % of the inboard section of Trailing edge is
simply hinged
Source: www..BoldMethod.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Split Flaps
Splitting the last 20 % of the wing forms this type of flap
Top surface → Stationary
Lower surface → Lowers
Source: www.BoldMethod.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Fowler Flaps
Highly sophisticated ; uses complex mechanism
Rear section of the wing not only changes angle but also
moves aft.
The Result = Wing area ↑ + Camber ↑
Source: Rexxxtube Cadman
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Slotted Flaps
Operates like fowler flaps
Slot diverts Higher energy, lower surface air to the top of the
flap
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ailerons
Flaps
Roll Control
Lift improvement
Aileron + Flap = ??
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ailerons
Flaps
Roll Control
Lift improvement
Aileron + Flap = Flaperon
Source: www.GettyImages.com Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Aileron + Flap = Flaperon
Multifunctional
motion more prominent than aileron
Source: www.GettyImages.com Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Spoilers
Drag ↑ , Lift ↓
Enable swift descent without
speed increase
Fully deployed on Landing
Spoilers ≠ Airbrakes
Source: www.IndianaFlight.com
Sou
rce
: ww
w.K
uw
aiti
at.n
et
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Leading Edge Devices
The leading edge of the wing also carries important lift
improving devices
Such as …
Source: www.InternetModeler.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Slats (Fixed Type)Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
Source: www.StolSpeedAerodynamics.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Slats (Retractable)
During cruise,
Slats are retracted →→ Reduced Drag
Source: www.Matronics.com Source: www.StolSpeedAerodynamics.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Krueger Flaps
A portion of the lower wing is rotated out in front of the
wing leading edge
found between the fuselage and closest engine, where
the wing is thickest
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ever noticed
these bodies
under a wing ?
Flap Track Fairings
Kuchemann Carrots
Antishock bodies
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
Source: www.GettyImages.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Houses flap deployment mechanism
Flap deployment mechanism
Video Courtesy : RexxTube 40 s
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Putting it together . . .
Copyright © : www.TheSun.co.uk
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Acc iden ta l Damage ?
Source : AviationStackExchange
Take a close look …
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Air Brakes deployed on
a
BAe 146
Used to ↑ Drag
Source : www.Airliners.net
Modern airliners have combined spoiler and airbrake controls
Sourc
e : W
ikim
edia
Nope !
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
BAe 146-300
17 s
Speed Brake Deployment
NEXT BACK
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Other variants involve -
Many Fighter aircraft have airbrakes just behind the cockpit
McDonnell Douglas F-15 ‘Eagle’
Sukhoi Su-27
Source :ARC Forums Source :ScaleCAD
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The FuselageAnd
Various parts found on it
Source: www.Corbis.comSource: Wikipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Types of Fuselage
C o n ve n t i o n a l Tw i n B o o m
Twin Fuselage B W B
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Twin Boom Fuselage
de Havilland Vampire Cessna O-2 Skymaster
Source: www.FlyingBulls.com
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Twin Fuselage
XP-82 Twin Mustang White Knight II
Source: www.SkyLiberation.in Source: VirginGalactic
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Blended Wing Body (BWB)
X-47 Pegasus RQ-170 Sentinel
Source: Rexxxtube Cadman Source: www.FlyingBulls.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ever heard this sound while boarding a plane ?
A P UAuxiliary
Power
Unit
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Location
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
Source: www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Role of APU
Gas turbine engines ;
provide power for
ground operations
Run accessories and
systems when
engines are shutdown
Provide power to start main
engines
Source: www.LOUDmouth.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Now consider this scenario …
Main engines fail
APU fail
Air Canada Flight 143 found itself in an identical situation
on July 23, 1983
(in mid-flight)
Outcome =catastrophe
Safe landing
?
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The Boeing 767 lands safely with all
passengers and crew unscathed
A rather “less famous” component had greatly
contributed to the successful landing
RAT ?
Sou
rce
: ww
w.P
inIn
tere
st.c
om
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
RATRam
Air
Turbine generates power from the ram pressure of airstream
RAT powers flight critical instruments in emergencies.
Usual Location of RATSo
urc
e : w
ww
.Avi
atio
nSt
ackE
xch
ange
.co
m
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Tail Skid Device
Protects the rear fuselage from
damage due to tail scrape
Over-rotation → Tail strike
Video Courtesy : Discovery channel
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Radome ( Radar Dome)
Weather-proof
antenna enclosure
Minimal attenuation
Rotating antenna
concealed
Source:www.TheAviationWeek.com
Source:www.Pinterest.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal Stabilizers
Maintains aircraft in longitudinal balance
Many aircraft have Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizers
Source:www.BoldMethod.comSource: Wikipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Airbus A320 with Adjustable Horizontal Stabilizer
Video Courtesy : FlightSimulationMania
13 sNext
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Airbus A319Source:www.FLickr.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Embraer EMB 170
Source:www.Wikipedia.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal Stabilizer configurations
Conventional
Image - Airbus A330 with conventional configuration
Small Tailplane located at rear of Aircraft
Source:www.AviationStackExchange.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal Stabilizer configurations
Canard Configuration
Small wing (canard) located in front of the main wing
Source:OnlineFlightMuseumSource:www.Crazy4planes.net
Gyroflug SC-01 B160 Saab 37 ‘Viggen’
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal Stabilizer configurations
Conventional Tailplane + Foreplane ( Canard surface)
Three Surface configuration
Source:WIkipediaSource:www.FlyCorporate.com
Piaggio P180 ‘Avanti’
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Elevators
Movable control
surfaces hinged to
Horizontal
Stabilizers
Control Pitch
angle
Motion controlled
by yokeSource:WIkipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Elevator
over an
elevator ?
Source:www.TheBoldMethod.com
Source:WIkipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Trim Tab
Reduces force on
Control Yoke
Easier for maintaining
desired attitude
Source:WIkipedia
Source:www.TheBoldMethod.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Vertical Stabilizer
Source:www.AviationNews.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Functions
Provide Directional stability
Movable Rudder controls yaw
Source:AlamyImagesSource:www.Pinterest.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal stabilizer is directly mounted to empennage
Most common configuration
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
Single Conventional
Source:www.Airliners.net Source:www.Airliners.net
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Horizontal stabilizer mounted at the top of vertical fin
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
T Tail Configuration
Source:www.FlyCorporate.com Source:Wikipedia
Piaggio P180 Antonov An-72
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Tail fins mounted towards end of horizontal stabilizer
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
Twin tail Configuration
Source:www.PinsDaddy.com
Beechcraft Model 18
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Rear airframe consists of two separate fuselages
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
Twin tail Configuration (Twin Boom)
Source : www.TheAviationZone.com
Fairchild C-82
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Beechcraft Model 35 Lockheed F-117
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
V Tail Configuration
Source:Pinterest Source:www.MegaFlug.com
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Three equidistant vertical stabilizers; two at the end of
horizontal stabilizer
Vertical Stabilizer configurations
Triple Tail Configuration
Source:www.AviationNews.net
Lockheed Constellation
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
MiG 23 with Ventral Fin
Ventral Fin
when a tail isn't enough
Source:AviationStackExchange
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Purpose of Ventral fins
Fin located at rear underside of fuselage
Improves responsiveness towards rolling
Improves directional stability
Source:Wikipedia Source:Wikipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Jet engine inside a pod
Pod is known as a nacelle
Podded Engines
Source:Wikipedia
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Variants of Podded Engines
Engine attached to undersurface of wing
Most common in commercial aircraft
Pylons used for attachment
Underwing mounted
Source:AviationWeek Source:Airliners.net
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Engine placed clearly above wings using pylons
Overwing mounted (with pylon)
Variants of Podded Engines
Source:FlightAltair Source:FlyingMagazine
VFW-Fokker 614 Softex Aero V24L
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Overwing mounted (without pylon)
Engine placed very close to the wings
Variants of Podded Engines
Source:Airliners.net Source:Wikipedia
Antonov An-72 Boeing YC-14
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Engine located to the rear of the Fuselage
Suited for small jet airplanes (Why ??)
Fuselage mounted
Variants of Podded Engines
Source:PlaneSenseAviation
Source:PlaneSenseAvaition
Cessna Citation
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Over-Fuselage mounted
Variants of Podded Engines
Source:AviationHistoryOnlineMuseum Source:GeneralAviationNews
Heinkel He 162 Cirrus Vision SF50
Engines receive good airflow
safe from the ground
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ejection
Seats
A pilot ejecting from
a blazing RAF Sea
Harrier
A pilot’s last savior
from martyrdom ….
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ejection Seats in Action
Video Courtesy : Top 10 Everything 1 min 35 s
Next
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The inspiring story of a legend …
Marium Mukhtiar
1992 - 2015
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Tuesday 24 November 2015
An ill-fated FT-7PG aircraft
Took off with
Saqib AbbasiSquadron Leader
MariumMukhtiarFlyingOfficer
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
The plane crashes near Kundian, Punjab
Abbasi survives after ejecting,
but Marium Mukhtiar becomes a Martyr
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
A lesson to learn ….
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Guess what ??
Homework
Time
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Elevator and Pitch Control
Video Courtesy : ExpertVillage 37 s
Back
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Elevator Trim Tab
Video Courtesy : Mr XYZ 35 s
Back
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Ailerons and Roll control
Video Courtesy : ExpertVillage 36 s
Back
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
Rudder and Yaw control
Video Courtesy : ExpertVillage 26 s
Back
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Capsule 01 Lecture 02
APU Location and Purpose
Video Courtesy : Destination Tips 50 s
Back