energy paper iit bombay

8/6/2019 Energy Paper IIT Bombay

1/75

Renewable Energy in India:Status and future Potential

Rangan Banerjee

Energy Systems Engineering

IIT Bombay, India


2/75

Primary Energy Production inIndia (2003-2004)

Wind

0.2%

Oil

20.7%

Biomass32.9%

Coal

36.8%

Nat Gas6.5%

Nuclear

1.3%

Hydro

1.7%

Total 19800 PJ


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Issues

#1 Sustainability Demand- Supply

Fossil fuel ReservesEmissions

#2 Access to Rural Poor

Equity/Affordability#3 Attractive for Investors ?

#4 Mainstreaming of renewables andefficiency

#5 Technology Development / CostReduction


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India - Fossil Fuel reserves

Fuel Reserves Prodn2003-4 R/Pratio

Coal +Lignite(Million Tonnes)

34000 414 ~83 (P)

140 P+IOil(Million Tonnes)

760 33

(117)

23 (7)

N.GasBillion m3

920 32 29

UraniumTonnes

61000 PHWR ~50

10GWData Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006

#1 Sustainability


5/75

#1 Sustainability

Present consumption pattern

predominantly -fossil fuel

Supply unable to meet demand

Limited fossil reservesAdverse environmental impacts

UnsustainableNeed for transition to renewable

energy systems, nuclear, efficiency


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Renewable Energy Options

Renewable Energy

Solar Wind Biomass GeothermalSmallHydro

Solar

Thermal

Solar

Photovoltaic

Tidal Wave Ocean

Thermal


8/75

Power Generation Options

Pow er Generation

CentralisedGrid Connected

Cogeneration/Trigeneration

DecentralisedDistributed Generation

Isolated

Demand Side Management(Solar Water Heater,

Passive Solar)


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Renewables in Power

Power generation 6500 PJ -46% of CommEnergy, 33% of total

Installed Capacity 130,000 MW (2004),Nuclear 2720 MW(2004)

Renewables 7855(2006)

Gross Generation 633000GWh (2003-4)

Nuclear 17780 GWh(2003-4), ~19000GWh

Renewables 19950 GWh (2006)

Renewables ~ 6% of Capacity and 2-3% ofgeneration

Geothermal


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Geothermal/Wind

Geothermal

Wind (wind speed > 5.6 m/s

Solar(Annual global radiation > 2100kWh/m2/year)Geothermal + WInd

Geothermal + Solar

Wind + Solar

Geothermal + Wind +Solar


11/75

Wind Power

5000 MW installed

Single machine upto 2.1MW

Average capacity factor14%

Capital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if

site CF >20%) India 45000 /13000 MW

potential estimated

32% / year (5 year

growth rate) 05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

A

nnualLoadFac

tor(%

Satara, Maharashtra

T d f i d d l t


12/75

Trend of w ind energy development

in India

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Till

03/92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

2005

-06

Till

09/

06

Year

Installed

Capacity(M


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Generation from w ind

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Till

03/92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

Year

PowerGenerate

dAnnualy(GWh)..


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Variation in Capacity Factor

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

Till

03/92

1992

-93

1993

-94

1994

-95

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-200

0

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

Year

Capacityfactorforwin

Cost of Generation of Electricity


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Cost of Generation of Electricityfrom Wind

Cost of GenerationCapitalcost/MW

(Million INR)

Annualisedcapital cost

(Million INR)

Annual O&M

(Million INR)

ALCC

(Million INR) CUF=14% CUF=30%

40 4.70 0.80 5.50 4.48 2.09

50 5.87 1.00 6.87 5.60 2.62

With incentive of 80% accelerated depreciation in the first year

40 3.57 0.80 4.37 3.56 1.66

50 4.46 1.00 5.46 4.45 2.08

Values assumed for calculation of cost of generationLife of system = 20 years

Discount Rate = 10%Income tax = 33%Maintenance = 2% of capital cost


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Macro Level Diffusion Models

Logistic

or S curve

Exponential

growth

Limit LVariableBeing

Forecast

Time t

Growth curves (Linstone and Sahal, 1976)

Diffusion Curves for w ind


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Diffusion Curves for w indenergy

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Year

InstalledCapacity(M

W

Actual InstallationDiffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNRE

Potential = 45000MW

a1

a2

a

am

Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%Year Projection byMNRE

Projection bydiffusion curve

Lower limit Higher limit

2007 7000 8700 2000 24800

2012 17500 23000 5800 39600

2022 40000 42900 27400 44800


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Small Hydro Power

Classification - Capacity

-Micro less than 100 kWMini 100 kW - 3 MWSmall 3 MW - 15 MW

Micro and Mini - usually

isolated,Small grid connected

Heads as low as 3 m viable

Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW,

Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh

1846 MW (7%/year)

200 kW Chizami vi llage,Nagaland

Aleo (3MW ) Himachal Pradesh

#4 Mainstreaming of renewables and efficiency

T d f I t ll d C it S ll


19/75

Trend of Installed Capacity SmallHydro Power Projects in India

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

InstalledCapacity(MW

Installed Capacity

Capacity Addition

Diffusion Curves for Small


20/75

Diffusion Curves for SmallHydro Power Projects

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110 2130Year

In

stalledCapacity(M

Actual Installation

Diffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainity

Lower limit of uncertainity

Forecast Values by MNRE

Diffusion curve (accelerated growth rate =9%)

Potential =15000MW

Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%Year Projection by MNRE

Projection by diffusioncurve Lower limit Higher limit

2007 1960 1970 1860 2080

2012 3360 2550 2370 2740

2022 6500 4100 3710 4520

Cost of Generation for Small


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Cost of Generation for SmallHydro Power P lants

Run of River Dam Canal

Life 40 years 40 years 40 years

Capacity of plant considered (kW) 3000 2000 1000

Capital Cost (lakhs) 1429.38 740.87 593.65

Average Capital cost (lakhs/kW) 0.60 0.15 0.74

Annual O&M in lakhs 42.88 22.23 17.81

Generation cost(Rs./kWh)Load factor = 40 % 1.80 1.40 2.24

Values assumed for calculation of cost of generationLife of system = 40 yearsDiscount Rate = 10%

Maintenance = 3% of capital cost

Cost of Electricity


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Cost of ElectricityGeneration(Small Hydro)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Capacity Utilisation Factor

UnitCostofElectricityGeneration(Rs./kWh Run of River

Run of River (with capital subsidy)

Dam

Dam (with capital subsidy)

Canal

Canal (with capital subsidy)


23/75

Biomass Power

Higher Capacity factors

than other renewablesFuelwood, agricultural

residues, animal waste

Atmospheric gasificationwith dual fuel engine -

500 kW gasifier - largest

installationCombustion 5-7.5 MW

Rs 2.50-4/kWh

Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW

100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland


24/75

Biogas

45-70% CH4 rest CO2

Calorific value 16-25MJ/m

3

Digestor- well containing animal wasteslurry

Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas

holder

Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser

Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action

Family size plants 2m3/day

Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day

Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit

Cooking, Electricity, running engine

Pura, Karnataka


25/75

Bagasse Cogeneration

Incremental Capital Cost

(Rs/kW)

30000

Life 20 years

Boiler Efficiency 70%Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kg

Discount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh

2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kWh

Load factor 0.4 0.5 0.6

Rs/kWh 2.60 2.40 2.27

5 8 T / h2 2 t


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0 . 5 T / h r

F e e d w a t e r

P r o c e s s

P r o c e s s

2 a t a

~

S T E A M

T U R B I N E

2 .5 M W

6 a t a

B A G A S S E

5 8 T / h r2 2 a t a

3 3 0o

C

4 . 5 T / h r2 7 T / h r

2 6 T / h r

S c h e m a t i c o f t y p i c a l 2 5 0 0 t c d S u g a r f a c to r y

F l a s h e d

C o n d e n s a t e

P R D S

P R D S

M I L L I N G

0 . 5 T / h r

F E E D

W A T E R

B O I L E R


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F e e d w a te r

C

ondenser

2 a ta

P R O C E S S

7 5 T P H , 6 5

a t a , 4 8 0O

C

4 .5 T P H

~

6 a ta

B A G A S S E( A lt e r n a t e f u e l )

2 a ta

B F P

1 3 M W

B O I L E R

1 .0 M W

M ill

d r i v e s

9 .5 M W

P o w e r e x p o r t

2 .5 M W

C a p t i v e

l o a d

P R O C E S S

P R O P O S E D P L A N T C O N F I G U R A T I O N : O P T I O N 2

S T E A M

T U R B I N E

C O N D E N S E R


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Solar PV

India -2740 kW

Grid connectedsystems

(25-239 kW) Array efficiency in

field 12-15%

Cost Rs 26cr/MW

Rs 15-20 /kWh

Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO(2001) BHEL

Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West BengalRenewable Energy Agency (2003 )

Technology Options for Solar


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Solar Flat PlateCollectors

Technology Options for Solarpower

PVThermal

Low Temp.

400C

Medium Temp. Up to

400 C Line FocusingParabolic Collectors

Solar

Pond

Solar

Chimney

Parabolic Dish

Material

Single Crystal Sil icon

Production Process

Central Tower

Amorphous Sil icon

Wafer

CdTe/ GAAs

Polycrystall ine Sil icon

Thin Film

Solar Power

Growth in Production of


30/75

Photovoltaic Modules in India

Solar PV Modules Production

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year

AnnualP

VModuleProduciton(MW)

Cost of Generation (Rs./kWh)Capitalcost/MW

(Million INR)

Annualisedcapital cost

(Million INR)

Annual O&M

(Million INR)

ALCC(Million

INR) CUF=10% CUF=20% CUF=25%

300.60 35.30 6.00 41.30 47.17 23.58 18.87

Cost of power generation using solar PV


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Solar PV-Breakup of Module

Export

45%

Telecom

14%

Home light

8%

Pump

6%

Lantern

4%Others

15%

Electrification

2%

Street Light

3% Power Plant

3%


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Household Cooking fuels

Kerosene2.7%

Others

2.8%

Dung

10.7%LPG

5.0%

Fuelwood76.1%

No cooking

0.7%

Biogas

0.3%Coal

1.6%

Data Source:NSSO,2002

1999-2000

Rural

Household


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34/75

Technology options

Improved Chulha

Solar Cooker flatplate box type

Scheffler cookerBiogas Cooking

Biomass Gasifier

SchefflerCooker

Kitchen

End Uses and Technologies for


35/75

Use of Solar Thermal Energy

SolarThermal

Low Temperature

(


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Power Generation Technologies

Technology Efficiency Indian Experience Status

Solar Flat Plate Collectors 2% 10 kW exptl unit at IITM D

Solar Chimney 1% No experience

50 kW Spain

D

Solar Pond 1-2% Experience for hot waterBhuj (Israel 5 MW power)

D

Line focussing Parabolic Peak 20%

Average 11-14%

50 kW system in SEC installed

Planned 35MW solar in 140 MWISCC at Mathania

C

Paraboloid Dish 29% peak12-18%

Demo unit 20 kW near Hyderabad10 kW Vellore

D

Central Tower 23% peak7-14%

No experience D

D- DemonstrationC- Commercially available technology

Details of worlds largest solarki


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steam cooking system

1. Location of worlds largest solarsteam cooking system

Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh (2002)

2. Capacity 15,000 people (two meals/day)

3. Cost of system including back upboiler, utensils and AMC for 5 years

Rs. 10.9 million

4. Generation 4000 kg. of steam/day at 180C and 10 kg.cm2

5. No. of concentrators 106 automatic tracked parabolic concentratorsof 9.2 m2 reflector area

6. Savings around 1,18,000 diesel per year

S l C ki


38/75

Solar Cooking

Tirumala(Tirupati) 4 T/day of

steam food for 15000 people

Solar parabolic Concentrators

Solar cooking Suitable forInstitutions/ Community kitche

Armymess,Ladakh

Households-difficult changein cooking habits

Fuel


39/75

b- bar

75.5 MW103 b,371

oC

Steam

turbine

~

WHRB

Heat exchanger

Solar Heat

Exchanger

Solar Radiation

Condenser

~

Air

GTG-2 sets of35.2

Aux. Firing

Feed water

Steam, 103 b,500oC

Steam, 103 b,500 oC

Flue gas from G T

BFP

To WHRB

Heat Transfer

oil, 291

o

C

391

o

C

Gas Turbine sets

Heat exchanger

GTG 2sets of 35 MW each

Proposed

ISCC

Bi C i R t


40/75

BIOMASS

THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL

COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS

RANKINECYCLE

PRODUCER GAS

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED

FERMENTATIONDIGESTION

BIOGAS ETHANOL

Duel FuelSIPGE

Gas Turbines

Biomass Conversion Routes


41/75

Solar Water Heating System

COLLECTOR

STORAGE

TANK

FROM

OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE

POINT

AUXILIARYHEATER

STORAGE

TANK

COLLECTOR

PUMP

FROM

OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE

POINT

Schematic of solar water heating system

AUXILIARY

HEATER

Solar Water Heating Systems in India

Installed Capacity = 1.5 million sq. m. (0.8% of estimated potential)

Factors Affecting Diffusion Of


42/75

Factors Affecting Diffusion OfSWHS

Location- Insolation

Water Usage Pattern Cost of electricity

Capital Cost Reliability

Potential savings

Subsidies/ Financial Incentives

Micro Level Decision Model


43/75

(Parametric Analysis)

TRNSYS

INPUT DATA

Water usage pattern

Location(Monthly average hourly

temperature and radiation data)

Characteristics of SWHS Auxiliary heating requirement

(Monthly average hourly data)

Economic Analysis

MS EXCEL

Savings in Electricity Cost

Payback Period Analysis

Cost of electricity saved

Selection and sizing

of SWHS

TRNSYS (Transient System Simulation Program developed at SEL, University of Wisconsin)


44/75

Potential Of SWHS


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Potential Of SWHS

Technical potential Pi j for sub-class j in sector i is

where j denotes sub-class of end use points in sector i.

Psj is the simulation output for a single end use point

fj denotes fraction of the end uses

m is the total number of sub-classes.

fa jis fraction of roof area availability

Ni is the number of end uses points in sector i

Technical Potential for sector i is

where idenotes sector

Technical Potential of SWHS P(T) in the target area is

sjPiNajfjfijP =

=

=

m

1j

ijPiP

= iP)T(P


46/75

Payback Acceptance Schedule


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0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Payback period (years)

FractionMeeting

Economic

Criteria

MARKET POTENTIAL

fp,j

is fraction of potential adopters meeting economic criteria.

( ) ijPpjfijMP =

Input Data For Potential Estimation Of


48/75

SWHS in Pune

Target Area Pune

Area 138 sq.km

Total Number of households 5.17 lakhs

Number of households with more than three rooms 1.41 lakhs

Average number of persons in each household 5

Number of hospitals 394

Capacity range of hospitals 1-570 beds

Number of nursing homes 118Capacity range of nursing homes 1-50 beds

Number of hotels 298

Capacity range of hotels 10-414 inmates

Number of households residing in single ownership houses 352506 floors 1400

10 floors 880Number of buildings (4 flats in each floor)

11 floors 840

Residential 2.80Cost of electricity(Rs./kWh) Commercial 4.00

Hot Water Usage Patterns (Pune)


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(a) Residential (1) [Gadgil , 1987]

0

10

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h

Te mpe r a t ure = 4 0o

C

(b) Residential (2) [Narkhe de, 2001]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160180

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h

Te mpe r at ure = 4 0o

C

(c) Hospital (1 bed)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litr

es/h

Temperature = 50o

C

(d) Nursing Home (1 bed)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h

Temperature = 50 o C

(e) Hotel - 1 guest

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Time of day (Hour)

itres/h

Te mpe r a t ur e = 6 0 o C

Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area

T t


50/75

Target areaWeather data, area details

Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)

Residential (1) Hospital

(2)

Nursing

Homes (3)

Hotels

(4)

Others

(5)

POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA

Technical Potential (m2of collector area)

Economic Potential (m2of collector area)

Market Potential (m2of collector area)

Energy Savings Potential (kWh/year)Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for a monthly average day)

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Technical Potential

Economic Potential Market Potential

Potential for end use

sector (i = 1)

Potential

for i = 2

Potential

for i = 5

Potential

for i = 4

Potential

for i = 3

Single end use point

Micro simulation using TRNSYS


51/75

Base load

for heating

Electricity/ fuel savings

Economicviability

Price of electricity

Investment forSWHS

TechnicalPotential

SWHS

capacity

Constraint: roof

area availability

Capacity ofSWHS

(Collector area)

TargetAuxiliaryheating

Micro simulation using TRNSYS

Hot water

usage pattern

Weather

data

SIMULATION

Auxiliary heating requirement

No. of end

use points

Technical

Potential

Economic

Potential

Economic

Constraint

Market

Potential

Constraint:

market

acceptance

Potential for end use sector (i = 1)

* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of

solar water heating systems

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Single end use point

POTENTIAL

SECTOR (i)

Potential of Solar WaterHeating Systems for Pune


52/75

Heating Systems for Pune

Technical Potential=0.35 million m2 of

collector area

Electricity Savings = 225 GWh

Market Potential = 0.05 million m

2

ofcollector area

Electricity Savings = 43 GWh

Hot Water Usage Patterns (Pune)7 0

T e m p e r a t u re 4 0 o C200

T e m p e r a t u re 4 0o

C


53/75

(a) Res idential (1) [Gadgil , 1987]

0

10

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Hour of day

litres/h

T e m p e r a t u re = 4 0 o C

(b) Resi den tial (2) [Narkhede, 2001]

0

20

40

60

80

100120

140

160

180

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h

T e m p e r a t u re = 4 0 C

(c) Hospital (1 bed)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h


(d) Nursing Hom e (1 bed)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

litres/h


(e) Hotel - 1 guest

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Tim e of day (Hour)

itres/h

T e m p e r a t u re = 6 0o

C

Achievable Potential of SWHS for DifferentPayback Periods


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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Payback period (years)

Potentialasperc

entageoftechn

ical

potentialfor1

00%

replacement

100% replacement

85% replacement

50% replacement

Technical Potential = 1700 m2




55/75

Potential of SWHS for a state: Maharashtra


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Estimated potentialSelecteddistrict/ State

Population

(million)% urbanpopulation

Electricitysavings

(GWh)

Collector Area(million sq.

m.)

1 Maharashtra 96.9 42.4 1620 7.6

2 Mumbai 1.20 100 477 2.5

3 Pune 7.22 58.07 242 1.0

4.

Nagpur 4.05 64.36 129 0.6

Potential for Sample States


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Potential for Sample StatesPotential of SWHS

Electricity savings Collectorarea

(GWh) (million m2)

6 Maharashtra 1620 7.6

State

1 Tamil Nadu 920 4.7

2 Karnataka 780 3.63 Rajasthan 450 2.1

4 Haryana 300 1.3

5 Assam 30 0.1

India 12200 57.0

Growth of solar water heatingsystems in India


58/75

systems in India

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1989-90 1991-92 1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-00 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06

Year

InstalledCapacityofSolarWaterHeating

Systems(millionsq.m.)

Diffusion Curves for SolarWater Heating Systems


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Water Heating Systems

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1988 1998 2008 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068 2078

Year

InstalledCapacityofSoalrWaterHea

ting

Systems(millionsq.m.)

Actual installed (million sq. m.)Diffusion curveUpper limit of uncertainityLower limit of uncertainity Potential =60 mil lion s .m.

Solar Water Heater Potential


60/75

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

Year

SolarWa

terHeatingCap

acity(collectorareainmilli

m

2)..

Actual installed (million sq. m.)Potential 140 million sq. m.Potential 60 million sq. m.Potential 200 million sq. m.Extrapolated Potential (million sq.m.)

Potential = 60 million m2



Estimated Potential in

2092 = 199 million m2

Sustainability indicators


61/75

Indicator Parameter

Economic indicator (EcI) Life cycle cost

Environment indicator (EnvI) Life cycle greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions

Renewability indicator (RI) Net energy ratio (NER)*

Resource indicator (RsI) Resource constraint (Area,

material, land etc.)

Indicators used in the current analysis

*Net energy ratio = Energy Output/Fossil energy input

Net energy analysis


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All material and energy inputs to the process

are identified

Total energy required to extract, produce, anddeliver a given energy output or end use

Energy output delivered is compared with thetotal energy required

Functional unit 1 kWh electricity

generation.

Methodology to compute indicators


63/75

Inventory (process energy and material) to produce 1 oneunit of output

Classification of totalprimary energy intorenewable and non-renewable energy

RIEnvI

Total primary energy required to producerequired process energy and materials

Cost of equipmentsand materialrequired, discountrate, life of theequipments

EcI

Materials and other resources suchas water, land etc required to

produce 1 unit of output

RsIAmount of material andother resources required to

meet the current demand

Process flowcharts

Sizing of differentequipment required

Total GHG emissions inproducing processenergy and materials(using emission factors)


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RsI

Material supply constraint

Area

Material constraint

Other constraint

Annual requirement/Reserve

Area required/Available land area

Annual requirement/Reserve

No constraint

Technical constraint, water for

biomass based systems etc.


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Approx presentprice of GHGreduction


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Renewable CDM Projects


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( b) GH G S a v in g s E s t im a t e s o f C D M p ro je c t s

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

< 5 5-10 10-20 20 -

30

30 -

50

50 -

100

100 -

500Capacity (MW)

GHGSavingsEstimates

(milliontCO2).

Wind

SHP

(a) No. of CDM projects

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1416

18

< 5 5 - 10 10 -

20

20 -

30

30 -

50

50 -

100

100 -

500

Capacity (MW)

No.ofprojects

Wind

SHP

Status of Renewable EnergyTechnologies


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Technology

Estimated

Potential

Installed Capacity as

on December, 2006

{Estimated Annual

Generation (GWh)}

Annual

Growth

Rate

(2001-5)

Capacity

Installed in

2005-06

Growth

Rate in

2005-06

Power Generation

Wind 45000 MW 6270 MW {7690} 40% 1452 MW 49%

Small Hydro Projects 15000 MW 1861 MW{6521} 6% 53 MW 3%

Solar Photovoltaic (Gridconnected)

5000 MW 2.74 MW {3} 10% 0a 0%

Bio Power (Woody

Biomass)

52000 MW 500 MW 36% 87 MW 30%

Bagasse Cogeneration 5000 MW 708 MW 22% 54 MW 12%

Energy Recovery from

Waste

5000 MW 46 MW 28% 0b 0%

Status of Renewable EnergyTechnologies


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TechnologyInstalled

Capacity as on

December, 2006

AnnualGrowth Rate

(2001-5)

CapacityInstalled in

2005-06

GrowthRate in

2005-06

Decentralized Energy Systems

Biogas Plants 3.9 million 4% 0.02 million 1%

Improved Chulhas 35.2 million 1% 0 0%

Solar Photovoltaics

i.Solar Street Lighting System (March 31, 2006) 54795 nos. 4% 1023 nos. 2%

i.Solar Home Lighting Systems (March 31,

2006)

342607 nos. 11% 16530 nos.

5%

i.Solar Power Plants (Isolated) 1.86 MWp 3% 0.59 MWp 3%

Solar Thermal

i.Solar Water Heating Systems 1.65 million m2 26% 0.2 million m2 25%

i.Box solar cookers 0.6 million 4% 0.25 5%

i.Concentrating dish cookers 2000 nos. 98% 0 nos. 0%

i.Community cookers 12 nos. - 1 nos. 10%

Wind Pumps 1137 nos. 8% 62 nos. 7%

Aero-generator /Hybrid Systems 0.5 MW 38% 11 kW 3%

Solar Photovoltaic Pumps 7015 nos. 14% 366 nos. 6%

Summary of Power GenerationTechnologies Using Renewable Energy


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CDM Projects ApplicationsTechnology

Status ofTechnology

LargestInstallation

CapacityFactor

Cost ofGeneration(Rs./kWh)

No. ofprojects

MW Estimate ofGHGabatement

in milliontCO2 eq.

Geothermal D 50 25%

OTEC D 1 MWa -

Wave P 150 kW -Tide P 3.6 MWb 17%

Wind C 400 MW 14% 2.0-4.4 42 1186 20.5

Small Hydro C 25 MW 40% 1.0-4.5 37 317 8.4

Solar PV C 239 kW 15% 18.0-50.0 - - -

D - DemonstrationP - PrototypeC Commercial

a- Not operational till dateb being planned

Present Status, Targets and Projectionsof Renewable Energy Technologies


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Grid PowerWind Small Hydro SWHS

AnnualGeneration

(MU)

InstalledCapacity

(MW)

Installed Capacity

(MW)

Installed Capacity

(MW)

Installed Capacity

(million m2

)

as onDec,2006

659 [77] 132329 6290 1861 1.65

TARGETS AND PROJECTIONS

Targets (IEPC) Targets ProjectedTargets(MNRE )

Projected

(9%)aTargets(MNRE)

Projected

2012 1097 22000017500

(MNRE)23000 3360 3533 10 4

2022 2118 42500040000

(MNRE)42900 6500 6466 30 15

2032 3880 77900033341(IEPC)

44900 9462 50 35

aHigher growth rate expected than the past trends due to potential and cost effectiveness

Policy Interventions


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Independent Tracking of performance/ costs.

Renewable energy targets based on generation

Assess impacts of policies

Preferential Feed-in tariffs

Innovative cost recovery/ policy experiments for

Isolated Systems

Changes in Building Bye Laws SWH, Passive

Institutional Building e.g National Bio Power

Corporation Centres of Excellence

India as a global renewable energy hub

References


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Manish, Pillai, Banerjee, Sustainability analysis of renewables,

Energy for Sustainable Development , December 2006 World Energy Assessment Energy & the Challenge ofSustainability,UNDP, 2000,

IIASA- WEC Study //www.iiasa.ac.at AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio-

Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. MNES Annual Report, 2005-2006, March 2006 Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission, 2006 S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi,1997 Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy, 2006

End-Note


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The use of solar energy has not been

opened up because the oil industrydoes not own the sun

Ralph Nader US Consumer activist

Thank you

energy paper iit bombay

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