akerreta 2010 journal of ethnopharmacology

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / j e t h p h a r m

Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)

S. Akerreta a, M.I. Calvo b, R.Y. Cavero a,

a Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spainb Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 15 February 2010Received in revised form 4 May 2010

Accepted 16 May 2010Available online 4 June 2010

Keywords:

EthnobotanyNavarraSpainMedicinal plantsEthnoveterinaryTraditional knowledge

a b s t r a c t

Aim of the study: To collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnoveterinary knowledge about medicinal plantsin a northern Iberian region (Navarra, 10,421km2, 620,377 inhabitants).Methodology:

Field work was conducted between 2003 and 2007, using semi-structured questionnaireandparticipantobservationas well astransectswalks in wild herbalplant collection areas.We performedsemi-structured interviews with 667 informants (mean age 72; 55.47% women, 44.53% men) in 265locations, identified the plant reported and analyzed the results, comparing them with those from otherterritories.Results: Out of 287 species reported to be used in the health field (human and veterinary medicine), 36are linked to veterinary medicine. 69.4% of these species are new or rarely reported in veterinarian uses.The most frequently used plants were Malva sylvestris, Juglans regia and Verbena officinalis. All differentplant parts were used; aerial part was exploited more frequently than other plant parts. Most remedieslisted used a single ingredient, typically soaked in water. The route of administration was primarily oralfollowed by topical applications. These remedies are mostly for cows, calves, sheep, pigs and horses, butcover almost all domestic animal species. The main ailments treated are digestive troubles, wounds anddermatological problems, and respiratory affections.Conclusions: Thefolkknowledgeaboutmedicinalplantuse isstillalivein thestudiedregion, anda numberof scarcely reported plant uses has been detected, some of them with promising phytotherapeuticalapplications.

2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Naturally derived substances of plant, animal and mineral ori-gins have provided a continuing source of medicines since theearliest times known to man (David and Anderson, 1969; Lev,2003), and their uses have been perpetuated through the use oftraditional medicines. Traditionalhuman populations have a broadnatural pharmacopoeia consisting of wild plant and animal species(Alves and Rosa, 2005, 2007).

Medicinal plants and animals have been used in virtually allculturesasasourceofmedicine(Yinegeretal.,2007). Theuseofbio-logical resources for medicinal purposes, however, is not restrictedto human diseases treatment, being also widely used for the treat-ment of animal diseases (Lans et al., 2006; Kunwar and Bussmann,2008).

Ethnoveterinary medicine, the scientific term for traditionalanimal health care, encompasses the knowledge, skills, methods,practices, and beliefs about animal health care found among the

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 48425600; fax: +34 48425649.E-mail address: [email protected](R.Y. Cavero).

members of a community (McCorkle, 1986). The knowledge of theuse of medicinal plants and their properties was transmitted fromgeneration to generation. But this knowledge and transmission, inindustrialised countries, such as those of Western Europe, is dis-appearing quickly because of the adoption (at least partially) ofa so-called modern culture to the detriment of a traditional one,whichisconsideredinferior( EmberandEmber,1997). Thisprocess,togetherwiththeincreasingdepopulationofruralzones,hasmeantthat the passing down of customs from generation to generation isnow in imminent danger of disappearing (Anyinam, 1995).

In the development countries, the farmers have a high spectrumin the treatment of common diseases such as diarrhoea, wounds,colds, worms, and reproductive disorders with medicinal plant.Very little of this traditional knowledge has been documented inmostofthecountries.Inrecentyears,however,increasingattentionhas been paid to ethnoveterinary knowledge and local veterinarypractice (Martin et al., 2001). There is a growing acceptance thatsome of these practices have therapeutic value, and that theyshould be documented before this knowledge is lost. Several stud-ies have been carried out, many reports written and numerousconferences and workshops held. These activities have saved eth-noveterinary knowledge from extinction: most knowledge resided

0378-8741/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.023
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370 S. Akerreta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378

with elderly community members and disappeared as they died(Bonet and Valls, 2007; Ngeh et al., 2007; Kon and Atindehou,2008; Grad et al., 2009).

Although agriculture and livestock-raising are still relevanthuman activities in Navarra (according to the official information,the number of animals registered in the most important produc-tions was 58,000 cows, 635,000 sheep, 4150 horses and, 67,000pigs, in 2005), it is clear that rural life and its associated traditionalculture have become rarer and will probably be residual in a fewyears, so that there is a real urgency in assembling all ethnobotan-ical information, both to preserve cultural patrimony and to makeavailabledatathat could lead tothe development ofnew medicines.As stated by Muhammad et al. (2005), ethnobotanical data providea basis for further validation of practices and plant uses in the con-text of a professional approach to ethnoveterinary (and we wouldadd simply to veterinary) medicine.

As a result of ethnobotanical study of the Navarra (Akerreta etal., 2007a,b; Akerreta, 2009) and following this research line, theaims of the present study were to document the remedies usedto treat the known livestock diseases and other animal husbandryindications, highlighting their preparation, processing and admin-istration. In addition, the obtained results can use fornew scientificstudies.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Study area

Navarra is an autonomous community (10,421km2) in thenorthern Iberian Peninsula in the western sector of the PyreneesMountains which is divided into seven agricultural regions (Fig. 1and Table 1). Starting at the limestone Pyrenean foothills reachingheights of 2428m which tower over steep-sided valleys composedof flysch (Gobierno de Navarra, 1997), the landscape then softensinto a geomorphology based on marls and limestone marls. In themiddle zone, characterized by its transitional nature, marls and

limestone blend with sandstones, gradually yielding to gypsum,gravel, sand and mud which predominate in broad, windsweptplains that have been eroded over the course of time.

According to Lpez et al. (2005), Navarra includes two macro-bioclimates,Temperateand Mediterranean,separated by a dividingchain of mountains. The oceanic temperate bioclimate appears inthe northern part of the territory, and is characterized by mildtemperatures and high precipitation throughout the year. Moreto the south, as precipitation decrease the oceanic temperate bio-climate changes to the sub-Mediterranean variant and finally tothe seasonal-rainfall Mediterranean bioclimate, characterized byseasonal drought (favoring species that are specifically Mediter-ranean). The latter bioclimate occupies most of the territory to thesouth, although there is also a small island of xeric Mediterranean

in an area that is now a Biosphere Reserve due to its ecologicalimportance (Bardenas Reales) (Martin and Floristn, 1997). Owingto its geological, geomorphological and bioclimatic variability, ithas a rich flora (2650 vascular plants) (Gil et al., 2004).

All these climatic factors, along with the geomorphologic andedaphological ones, which changesharply in a relatively small area,provide a great diversity of plant communities, such as the forestsof elm trees, both basophilic and acidophilic, the groves ofQuercusroburL. oak and Quercus humilis Miller, as well as holm oak, ever-green oak, gall oak, and Pyrenean pastures rich in the Alpine andsub-Alpine plant series, among others (Loidi and Bscones, 1995;Lorda, 2001).

The area was inhabited by the Basques until the arrival ofthe Romans. It was later populated by the Visigoths. Nowa-

days, only 10% of the population of Navarra speaks Euskera (in

the northwest, mainly) the language of the Basque ethnic group(Etniker-Euskalerria, 2004), which has a direct influence on the useand names of the plants.

2.2. Data collection and analysis

Field and laboratory work began on 2003 and lasted untilSeptember 2007. During that time we interviewed 667 informantsin 265 locations (Fig. 1). The total informants by regions (676) donot correspond withthat given to the general results (667). The dif-ference (9) corresponds to the informants who have migrated fromtheir place of origin to another locality of a region different fromyours. In this new region apply knowledge of their place of origin,usually (and accordingto the informant), do notbelongin your newdestination where they learn traditional uses. These informantswere considered dual reporting andare counted twice,since theyprovide information in two different regions.

I/P index (number of interview/inhabitant, in percentage) hadbeencalculatedinordertoknowifthenumberofinformantsissuit-able to the scientific validity of results obtained (Muntan, 2005).This author indicates that the minimal number of surveys for aterritory of Europes south is 0.10%. In our study, the population

interviewed overcomes this minimum (Table 1, I/P= 0.11%). Thehighest value appears in the region 2 (I/P= 0.75). The regions 3 and7 present I/Ps values


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S. Akerreta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378 371

Fig. 1. Distribution of localities and informants as agricultural regions. C1: Region 1; C2: Region 2; C3: Region 3; C4: Region 4; C5: Region 5; C6: Region 6; C7: Region 7; L:number of localities where ethnobotany information has been obtained; I: number of informants; () Situation of the localities.

In the field work we notedfor each species thelocal name, placeand collection method, drying and preservation system, parts ororgansusedandmethodofpreparation,dosageandadministration.

Plant vouchers were collected, mostly when accompanied

with the informants and authenticated according to Flora Iber-ica (Castroviejo et al., 19862005) and Flora of the Basque Country(Aizpuru et al., 2003). These species were deposited in the PAMPHerbarium at the School of Science (University of Navarra).

Theresults have beenstructured in a plantscatalogue(287 taxa)that considers the following items: plants mentioned (includingscientific and vernacular names); botanical families which theseplantsbelong to; herbarium voucher number, biologicaland choro-logical spectrums, habitat, regional and use distributions, indexesof frequency-dominance, chemical composition; informants whohave cited these plants; medicinal, edible and non-edible uses sep-arated by the part of the plant employed, andalso other utilizationsthat can have ethnobotanical interest. Pharmaceutical methods ofpreparing the remedies are also part of the catalogue, as well as if

the plant referred can be part of a mixture (Akerreta, 2009).To assess the degree of originality and novelty of the usesclaimed by the informants, these were compared with those

reported in more than 189 works in relation with human and/oranimal medicine (ethnobotany,economic botany, medicinal plantsand phytotherapy, mainly). The complete references are given inAkerreta (2009). We considered as very scarcely reported those not

found in these papers, or appearing only in a maximum of threeof them. Informant consensus factor (FIC) which is the quotientbetween the number of use-reports minus the number of used taxaand the number of use-reports minus one was calculated (Trotterand Logan, 1986) in order to assess reliability and consistency ofmedicinal plant use, to select the most promising taxa for furtherchemical or pharmacological research in view of new drug devel-opment (Parada et al., 2009). The maximum value of this factor is 1,which means that informants show high knowledge andcoherenceabout medicinal plants uses.

3. Results and discussion

We recorded 3770use-reportsof the287 medicinal plantscited.Most uses (97.93%) concern human medicine, whereas very few(2.07%) are linked to veterinary medicine (Table 1). The greatestnumber of uses and taxa correspond to the regions C1, C5, C2

Table 1

Characteristics of each region, I/P, number of uses, taxa and FIC.

Region Situationa,b Extension (km2)a Altitude maxmin;range (m)a

Population (hab.)a I/P(%) No. uses (%) No taxa (%) FIC

General Navarra 10,421 242818; 2410 620,377 0.11 78 (2.07) 36 (12.54) 0.55C1 Northwest Navarra:

Humid CantabrianValleys and SouthernHumid Valleys

1920.9 101918; 1001 56,218 0.25 28 (2.65) 17 (11.72) 0.41

C2 Valleys of the Pyreneesand pre-Pyrenean

2321.9 2428245; 2183 14,851 0.75 14 (2.09) 9 (8.41) 0.38

C3 Pamplona Basin,Valdizarbe and part ofthe Val de Maneru

778.2 1155330; 825 334,368 0.02 4 (1.31) 4 (4.88) 0.00

C4 West, from the Urbasaand Andia the North tothe river in theextreme South

1541.9 1493340; 1553 37,688 0.33 9 (1.55) 8 (6.15) 0.13

C5 Middle Eastern Navarra 1302.1 1300300; 1000 32,578 0.25 17 (2.99) 7 (5.22) 0.63C6 Estella Riverside and

Northern part of theRiverside

1225.5 660260; 400 58,401 0.16 3 (0.89) 2 (2.99) 0.50

C7 The most part of Tudela Riverside

1328.9 740235; 505 86,273 0.06 3 (1.19) 3 (4.92) 0.00

I/P= number of the interview/number inhabitant (in percentage).a C1, Elseguiand Prez (1982) and Institutode Estadstica de Navarra (2008). C2, Lorda(2001) and Institutode Estadstica de Navarra (2008). C3, Peralta (2000). C4, Peralta

and Olano (2000). C5, Peralta (1996). C6, Peralta (1997). C7, Peralta (2002).b

Ardaiz (1980).


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and C4, respectively. These regions are directly related (C1C4,C2C5), due to the annual movement of the sheep of the win-ter pastures to the summer pastures, Transhumancia acrossthe Canadas reales. Transhumancia allowed exchanging experi-ences and knowledge between shepherds of the different areas ofNavarra.

The informant consensus factor (FIC) in each region is less thanthe value obtained for the area in general (0.55). Only region C5has a value greater than the general (0.63), due to the widespreaduse ofAchillea millefolium ssp. millefolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursiand Malva sylvestris. These data would be able to justify the lownumber of medicinaltaxa employees in Navarra, as if certain plantsareeffective,weneednotgolookingformore(Mesa-Jimnez,1996;Heinrich et al., 1998).

3.1. Species most often reported and with the most varied uses

Of the 36 plant species traditionally used in Navarra for eth-noveterinary purposes (Table 2 ), the most frequently used plantswere Malva sylvestris (15 different uses), Juglans regia (7) and Ver-bena officinalis (5). Malvasylvestris isalsothe most relevant inotherareas studied (Bonet and Valls, 2007). These species are common,

frequent and abundants according to frequency-abundance index(Gobierno de Navarra, 1991).

3.2. Botanical families

The 287 species of Navarrass folk medicine belong to 72 fami-lies, with the following being the main ones: Compositae (14.29%),Labiatae (10.47%) and Rosaceae (8.01%). If we take the 36 speciesused to treat cattle illnesses, the degree of agreement is consid-erable: these taxa belong to 26 families, the main ones beingCompositae (6 species), Labiatae (3), Malvaceae (3) and Urticaceae(2). It is worth mentioning that, although the number of speciesused in veterinary medicine is less than 13% of the total number ofmedicinal plants, the number of families reaches 36.1%. The same

familiesarealsothemostrelevantinotherareasstudied(BonetandValls, 2007 and references therein). This corroborates the argu-ment of numerous authors that, the more common a plant (speciesor family) is in an area, the more likely it is that it is used (Johns etal.,1990;Bonetetal.,1992,1999;Gonzlez-Tejeroetal.,1995;Raja,1995; Vzquez et al., 1997; Agelet, 1999; Fernndez-Ocana, 2000;Bonet, 2001; Novais et al., 2004; Maca et al., 2005; Scherrer et al.,2005; De la Cruz et al., 2007; Rigat et al., 2007). In addition, mostof the families mentioned are very big and very rich in medicinalplants.

3.3. Parts of plant used in the composition of veterinary remedies

The most frequently used parts of plants are the aerial part(54.7%), floral structures (17%) leaves (13.2%) and whole plant(7.5%). In low proportion used bark, oil, bulb and root (1.9% eachone).Theseproportionsaresimilar inotherareas(AgeletandValls,1999; Bonet and Valls, 2007) and are consistent with the per-centages of parts of plants used in Navarra for human medicine(Akerreta, 2009). Numerous studies establish a relation betweenthe pharmacological activity of the plants and the used organ. Theleaves are more exposed to environmental damages and there-fore its synthesize as mechanisms of defense active compoundsof therapeutic interest (McCune and Johns, 2007). For this reasonthis organ is the most employed in traditional medicine. Never-theless, other parts of the plant like as flowers, fruits or cone alsocontain compounds of pharmacologicalactivity but on having beenavailable during less time a year their use is low.

3.4. Methods of preparation and administration

Plants used in traditional remedies are prepared and adminis-tered in different forms and the administration of these medicinesincludes oral absorption, poultice application, inhalation, or othermeans. The percentage of internal uses (64.06%) is significantlyhigher than that if external uses (29.69%), 6.25% are Rites. Coldwater extraction was by far the most common preparation used,infusions and decoctions (34.37%, each one), both with fresh plant(68.75%), dry plant (20.31%) and only a 10.93% without distinction.

Forinternaluse,tisanes(moreinfusions 51.22%thandecoction34.14%) are far followed by direct administration or comestible(9.76%), vapours andsmoke inhalation or sahumerios(2.44%eachone).

The most important forms of preparation for external uses aredecoctions (42.10%) and poultices (31.58%), both used for treat-ments of wounds. In minor proportion, preparations in olive oil(maceration), direct administration, infusion, vapours and smokeinhalation or sahumerios are also encountered (5.26% each one).We have not found differences in the forms of preparation andadministration with human medicine (Vanaclocha and Canigueral,2003).

It is difficult to establish a quantitative formulation of reme-

dies, because dosages arenot alwaysknown(or only approximatelygiven, almost never in units such as grams).

3.5. Main affections treated

The most treated illnesses or troubles we grouped in sevenpathological groups (Table 3). We found 19 remedies to treatdigestive problems (carminative, colic, diarrhoea, evil tripe,gastroenteritis, laxative, purgative, stomach ache, to reactivaterumination, to the bloating andvomiting);18 remedies to cure der-matologicalproblems (scabies, skin spots,skin diseases, ringworm,and wounds); 10 remedies for respiratory tract infections (bron-chitis, sore-throat, cold, distemper in dogs and cats and catarrh); 5remedies to cure problems of the reproductive systems (mastitis,

for the expulsion of the placenta and clean the animal, and contra-ceptive); 3 remedies are used to urinary systems (for the kidneys).Lesser numbers of remedies are used to cardiovascular conditions(hypertension, anti-inflammatory) and depurative. At the end ofTable 3 we indicate a group namely Various due to, in general,the use-reports are used if the animals are sick, without specifyingthe type of disease or condition. It is frequent that the informantsindicate exactly the animal: for the disease of pigs (7 uses); forthe disease of chickens (4 uses) and for the disease of sheep (1use).

We found a high degree of coincidence between the plantsused in human and veterinary medicine because people use cer-tain plants to take care of both themselves and their domesticanimals, which are so important in their daily lives (Satrstegui,

1976; Bonet, 2001; Bonet and Valls, 2006). All reported species(36) are medicinal plants in human. For 44% of them (16) do notexist bibliographical references to the uses compiled, and for 25%,(9) only one reference has been found in veterinary (Table 4).

Most of the plants (26 out of 36 species recorded, 77.22%) areused to treat only one ailment. Malva sylvestris is the most usedplant for different diseases and regions: dermatology affections (4uses, C1, C2 and C7), digestive alterations (3 uses, C1, C3 and C6)and respiratory problems (5 uses, C5 and C6).

Gastrointestinal troubles (Table 3) are one of the most commonhealth problems 24.36% of the uses tackled by popular phy-tomedicine in animals, as in humans. C5 show a high degree ofreliability of the used claimed (FIC = 0.50);Juglans regia andAchilleamillefolium are the most employed plants. A very frequent disease

is tympany (distension of the abdomen due to the accumulation


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Table 2

Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants in Navarra.

Family/scientific name Local names Part used Popular use(therapeutic category)

Preparation Aa Cb Rc

AquifoliaceaeIlex aquifolium L (PAMP22899)

Acebo Aerial part To cure scabies inanimals (Dm)

Rite (F) 1 C4

Aerial part To combat ringworm of cattle (Dm)

Rite (F) 1 C4

Colositos, Bolostios Aerial part To cure skin problemsin cows (Dm) Rite (F) 1 C2

AspleniaceaeAsplenium trichomanes L.subsp. trichomanes(PAMP 21116)

Hierba de las mujeres Whole plant For the expulsion of the placenta and cleanthe animal after havingpups (Rp)

Infusion Internal (F) 1 C4

BuxaceaeBuxus sempervirens L.(PAMP 18660)

Boj Leaf Purgative (Dg) Infusion Internal (I) 1 C4

CampanulaceaeCampanula trachelium L.(PAMP 21143)

Auxina hila Aerial part Pig diseases (Vr) Infusion (cold) Internal (I) 1 C1

CannabaceaeHumulus lupulus L.(PAMP 21144)

Lupibelarra Aerial part Pig diseases (Vr) Directapplication inincision

External (F) 2 C1

CaprifoliaceaeSambucus nigra L. ssp.nigra (PAMP 18663)

Saco Bark (internal) Mastitis (Rp) Poultice External (F) 1 C2

Flota Inflorescence For diseases of cowsand mules, mostly badbronchial (Rs)

Smoke inhalation External (D) 1 C3

CompositaeAchillea millefolium L. ssp.millefolium (PAMP21185)

Camomila Inflorescence Stomach ache (Dg) Infusion Internal (D) 2 C5

Sore-throat (Rs) Vapourinhalation

Internal (D) 1 C5

Anthemis arvensis L. ssp.arvensis (PAMP 18758)

Manzanilla para los animales Inflorescence Animal diseases (Vr) Infusion Internal (D) 1 C1

Chamaemelum nobile (L.)All. (PAMP 18762)

Manzanilla Inflorescence To the bloating of theewes in spring (Dg)

Infusion Internal (D) 1 C1

Animal diseases (Vr) Infusion (withTanacetum

parthenium)

Internal (D) 1 C1

Jasonia tuberosa (L.) DC.(PAMP 21275)

T Flowered aerial part Colic and bloatedfeeling in the stomach(Dg)

Decoction Internal (D) 1 C6

Santolina

chamaecyparissus L. ssp.squarrosa (DC.) Nyman(PAMP 18777)

Hierba para el mal de las gallinas Inflorescence Chicken diseases (Vr) Infusion Internal (D) 1 C1

Tanacetum parthenium

(L.) Schultz Bip. (PAMP21310)

Manzanilla del ganado Inflorescence Animal diseases (Vr) Infusion (withChamaemelum

nobile)

Internal (D) 1 C1

CupressaceaeJuniperus communis L.ssp. communis (PAMP21363)

Ginebro, orrea Trunk oil Sheep diseases (Vr) Comestible Internal (F) 1 C3

EricaceaeArctostaphylos uva-ursi

(L.) Spreng. (PAMP21407)

Bicharuelo Leaf For the kidneys (Ur) Decoction Internal (I) 3 C5

EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia amygdaloides

L. ssp. amygdaloides(PAMP 21500)

Auskurrumia Aerial part Contraceptive for cows(Rp)

Decoction Internal (F) 1 C1

GeraniaceaeGeranium robertianum L.(PAMP 21548)

Zaingorri Aerial part Diarrhoea (Dg) Infusion Internal (F) 1 C1

Hierba para diarrea de gorrines Aerial part Diarrhoea in calves andpiglets (Dg)

Decoction Internal (F) 1 C1

GramineaeAvena sativa L. (PAMP 2) Avena Aerial part To reactivate

rumination in steers,carminative (Dg)

Comestible Internal (I) 1 C4


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Table 2

(Continued. )



GuttiferaeHypericum perforatum L.(PAMP 21555)

Hiprico Flowered aerial part Wounds (Dm) Maceration (inolive oil)

External (F) 1 C7

JuglandaceaeJuglans regia L. (PAMP

22072)

Noguera Leaf Anticolic in horses (Dg) Decoction Internal (F) 4 C4, C5

Nogal Leaf Wounds (Dm) Decoction External (F) 2 C2Leaf buds Wounds (Dm) Decoction External (F) 1 C2

LabiataeLamium maculatum (L.) L.(PAMP 21574)

Auxina hila Aerial part Pig diseases (Vr) Infusion (cold) Internal (F) 1 C1

Marrubium vulgare L.(PAMP 21596)

Marruego Aerial part Animal diseases (Vr) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C5

Origanum vulgare L. ssp.vulgare (PAMP 21637)

Organo Flowered aerial part Cold (Rs) Infusion Internal (D) 1 C2

LiliaceaeAllium sativum L. (PAMP21718)

Ajo Bulb Distemper in dogs andcats (Rs)

Rite (F) 1 C2

LoranthaceaeViscum album L. ssp.album (PAMP 21819)

Murdago o mermasangre Aerial part Hypertension (Cd) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C2

For the expulsion of

the placenta (Rp)


LythraceaeLythrum salicaria L.(PAMP 18707)

Salicaria, makilbelarra Aerial part Diarrhoea, vomiting orgastroenteritis (Dg)

Infusion Internal (I) 1 C1

MalvaceaeAlthaea officinalis L.(PAMP 18805)

Malvavisco Root Sore-throat (Rs) Vapourinhalation

External (F) 1 C5

Stomach ache (Dg) Infusion External (F) 1 C5Malva neglecta Wallr.(PAMP 21824)

Malva Flower Wounds (Dm) Poultice External (F) 1 C2

Aerial part Laxative in horses (Dg) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C5Malva sylvestris L. (PAMP21836)

Malva Flower Cattle evil tripe (Dg) Infusion Internal (F) 1 C1

Aerial part Wounds (Dm) Poultice External (F) 2 C1, C2Catarrh (Rs) Smoke inhalation Internal (D) 4 C5Pig diseases (Vr) Infusion ms

harinaInternal (F) 1 C2

Respiratory problemsin horses (Rs) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C6Wounds in catle (Dm) Decoction External (F) 1 C1Colic in horses (Dg) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C6Anti-inflammatory (Vr) Decoction External (F) 1 C2To reactivaterumination,carminative (Dg)


Flowered aerial part Animal diseases (Vr) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C2Whole plant Horse wounds (Dm) Decoction External (F) 1 C7

OleaceaeFraxinus angustifolia Vahlssp. angustifolia (PAMP21846)

Fresno Leaf Depurative (Dp) Comestible Internal (F) 1 C4

OnagraceaeEpilobium parviflorum

Schreb. (PAMP 21856)Auxina hila Aerial part Pig diseases (Vr) Infusion (cold) Internal (I) 1 C1

PrimulaceaeAnagallis arvensis L.(PAMP 19649)

Pasmobelarra Aerial part Wounds disinfection(Dm)

Decoction (withVerbena

officinalis)

External (F) 2 C1

Whole plant Wounds disinfection(Dm)

Decoction External (I) 1 C1

RosaceaeCrataegus monogyna Jacq.(PAMP 21922)

Elorri zuria Flowered aerial part For snake venom forsheep (Vr)

Poultice External (F) 1 C1

For snake venom forsheep (Vr)


TiliaceaeTilia platyphyllos Scop.ssp. platyphyllos (PAMP18752)

Tilo Inflorescence Chicken diseases (Vr) Decoction Internal (D) 1 C4

Animal diseases (Vr) Infusion Internal (D) 1 C2


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Table 2

(Continued. )



UrticaceaeUrtica dioica L. (PAMP19658)

Auxina Leaf buds Pig diseases (Vr) Comestible Internal (F) 1 C1

Oxina Aerial part To the bloating of theewes in spring (Dg)


Urtica urens L. (PAMP21761) Ortiga Whole plant Spots on the skin of piglets (Dm) Decoction Internal (F) 1 C7

VerbenaceaeVerbena officinalis L.(PAMP 21792)

Berbenabelarra Flowered aerial part Chicken diseases (Vr) Infusion Internal (F) 2 C1

Kolpebelarra Aerial part Wounds (Dm) Decoction (WithAnagallis

arvensis)

External (F) 1 C1

Verbena Aerial part Wounds of cattle (Dm) Poultice con clarade huevo

External (F) 1 C4

For wounds andproblems in the uddersof cows mastitis (Rp)

Poultice con clarade huevo

External (F) 1 C3

Therapeutic category: Dg (Digestive); Dm (Dermatology); Rs (Respiratory); Rp (Reproductive); Ur (Urinary); Dp (Depurative); Cd (Cardiovascular); Vr (Various).a A: administration; F: fresh; D: dry; I: without distinction.b C: frequency of citation.c R: agricultural regions.

Table 3

Taxa most employed in each therapheutic category and region for veterinary disorders. No. of uses (U) and percentage (%), no. of taxa (T) and FIC.

Disorders U % T FIC Taxa (most used) %

DigestiveGeneral 19 24.36 12 0.39 Juglans regia 21.05C1 6 31.58 5 0.20 Geranium robertianum 33.33C3 1 5.26 1 0 Malva sylvestris 100C4 3 15.79 3 0 Buxus sempervirens; Juglans regia; Avena sativa 33.33C5 7 36.84 4 0.50 Juglans regia; Achillea millefolium 42.86C6 2 10.53 2 0 Malva sylvestris; Jasonia tuberosa 50.00

DermatologyGeneral 18 23.08 8 0.59 Malva sylvestris 22.22C1 6 33.33 3 0.60 Anagallis arvensis 50.00C2 6 33.33 4 0.40 Juglans regia 50.00C4 3 16.67 2 0.50 Ilex aquifolium 66.67

C7 3 16.67 3 0 Urtica urens; Hypericum perforatum; Malva sylvestris 33.33

RespiratoryGeneral 10 12.82 6 0.44 Malva sylvestris 50.00C2 2 20.00 2 0 Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare, Allium sativum 50.00C3 1 10.00 1 0 Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra 100C5 6 60.00 3 0.60 Malva sylvestris 66.67C6 1 10.00 1 0 Malva sylvestris 100

ReproductiveGeneral 5 6.41 5 0.00 Euphorbia amygdaloides, Viscum album, Sambucus nigra,

Verbena officinalis, Asplenium trichomanes

C1 2 40.00 2 0 Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. amygdaloides; Viscum albumssp. album

50.00

C2 1 20.00 1 0 Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra 100C3 1 20.00 1 0 Verbena officinalis 100C4 1 20.00 1 0 Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes 100

UrinaryGeneral 3 3.85 1 1.00 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 100C5 3 100 1 1.00

DepurativeGeneral 1 1.28 1 0 Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. angustifolia 100C4 1 100 1 0

CardiovascularGeneral 1 1.28 1 0 Viscum album ssp. album 100C2 1 100 1 0

VariousGeneral 21 26.92 16 0.25 Malva sylvestris 14.29C1 14 66.67 11 0.23 Verbena officinalis; Humulus lupulus; Crataegus monogyna 14.29C2 4 19.05 2 0.67 Malva sylvestris 75.00C3 1 4.76 1 0 Juniperus communis ssp. communis 100C4 1 4.76 1 0 Tilia platyphyllos ssp. platyphyllos 100C5 1 4.76 1 0 Marrubium vulgare 100


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Table 4

Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants in Navarra.

Therapeutic category Family/scientific name Veterinary references Human references

Digestive Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium Agelet and Valls (1999), Agelet et al. (2002)and Pinto (2005)

+3

Althaea officinalis Fernndez (1990) and Lans et al. (2007) +3Avena sativa Raja (1995) and Bonet and Valls (2007) +3Buxus sempervirens +3 +3Chamaemelum nobile Fernndez (1990) and Pardo de Santayana

(2004)

+3

Geranium robertianum 0 +3Jasonia tuberosa 0 +3Juglans regia Guarrera (1999) and Pardo de Santayana

(2004)+3

Lythrum salicaria Pardo de Santayana (2004) and Bonet andValls (2006, 2007)

+3

Malva neglecta Agelet and Valls (1999) and Pardo deSantayana (2004)

+3

Malva sylvestris +3 +3Urtica dioica Agelet et al. (2002), Pardo de Santayana (2004)

and Lans et al. (2007)+3

Dermatology Anagallis arvensis 0 +3Hypericum perforatum +3 +3Ilex aquifolium Verde (2002) Fernndez (1981, 1990) and Lakar and

Telletxea (2006)Juglans regia +3 +3Malva neglecta Blanco et al. (1999) +3Malva sylvestris +3 +3Urtica urens Galn (1993) +3Verbena officinalis Agelet et al. (2002) +3

Respiratory Achillea millefoliumssp. millefolium 0 +3Allium sativum +3 +3Althaea officinalis 0 +3Malva sylvestris Fernndez (1990) +3Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare 0 +3Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra 0 +3

Reproductive Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes 0 Pieroni and Quave (2005)Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. amygdaloides 0 0Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra Agelet (1999), Valls et al. (2004) and Bonet

and Valls (2006)+3

Verbena officinalis 0 Raja (1995)Viscum albumssp. album Pardo de Santayana (2004) San Miguel (2004) and Kltr (2007)

Urinary Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 0 +3Depurative Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. angustifolia 0 +3

Cardiovascular Viscum album ssp. album Villar et al. (1987), Fernndez (1990) andAgelet et al. (2002)

+3

Various Anthemis arvensis ssp. arvensis Galn (1993) and Pardo de Santayana (2004) +3Campanula trachelium 0 Rigat (2005) and Rigat et al. (2007)Chamaemelum nobile Pinto (2005) +3Crataegus monogyna 0 0Epilobium parviflorum 0 0Humulus lupulus 0 +3

Juniperus communis ssp. communis +3 +3Lamium maculatum 0 Villar et al. (1987), San Miguel (2004)

and Pinto (2005)Malva sylvestris +3 +3Marrubium vulgare +3 +3Santolina chamaecyparissus ssp. squarrosa +3 +3Tanacetum parthenium +3 +3Tilia platyphyllos ssp. platyphyllos Pardo de Santayana (2004) +3Urtica dioica +3 +3Verbena officinalis Agelet et al. (2000) +3

0: no references; +3: more than three references.

of air or gas in the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity par-ticularly affects ruminants bloat or ruminal tympany and canvery well cause collapse and death). This trouble is considered byour informants as to thebloating of the animals in spring and themost used species are Chamaemelum nobile, Urtica dioica, Malvasylvestris, administered in infusion y Avena sativa as edible plant(Table 2). As well, Agelet and Valls (1999) and Viegi et al. (2003)indicate a high number of plants used for the same purpose. Fortwo species, Geranium robertianum and Jasonia tuberosa, does not

exist bibliographic references in the scientific literature of the usein veterinary; nevertheless, both possess numerous references inhuman medicine for the same indications.

The wounds of the cattle are the most frequent affections(77.77% uses reports) in Dermatology. C1, C2 and C4 present highFIC(0.60,0.40 and0.50, respectively) dueto thefrequent useof cer-tain plants: Anagallis arvensis, for the disinfection of wounds in thehumid zone of the northwest (C1), it is important to indicate thatno reference has been found in the literature for this therapeutic


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indication;Juglans regia,inthevalleysofthepre-Pyrenean(C2);andIlex aquifolium a ritual plant (the plants hung on thecattle) in C4. InCastillaLaMancha, Ilex aquifolium isemployedforthesamepurpose(Verde, 2002). The treatment of dermatological affections is morefrequent in the C1 and C2 in both veterinary and human medicine(Akerreta, 2009). The humid climate of these regions increases theappearance of external infected wounds that heal slowly.

In C5 the most used species in respiratory affections is Malvasylvestris (FIC=0.60); 4 of 6 reported uses are due to this plant.The sahumerios ofSambucus nigra for the treatment of colds areused both in human beings and in animals. For 2/3 of the species(4) bibliographic references do not exist in veterinary; all of themhave been widely studied human medicine.

Placenta retention is the most frequent after labour in animals,Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes, Viscum album ssp. albumare the plants used for this purpose. We have found very few bibli-ographic references to both species in this therapeutic category (0and 1, respectively).

For the category Urinary, Depurative and Cardiovascular onlyone plant has been compiled for each group. It is important tohighlighting the use ofArctostaphylos uva-ursi (FIC= 1, C5) for thekidneys. For Crataegus monogyna and Epilobium parviflorum wehave not found bibliographic references for veterinary and human

uses.

4. Concluding remarks

The present study showed that a part of the pool of medicinalplants that constitutethe pharmaceutical ethnofloraof Navarra areused in veterinary medicine (36 species, 12.54% of medicinal uses).The remedies are mostly for cows, calves, sheep, pigs and horses,but cover almost all domestic animal species. The main ailmentstreated are digestive troubles and dermatological problems. Theconsistency and persistence of plant veterinary uses are relativelylow, and a considerable number (69.4%) of the uses found are newor very little documented to date.

Although agriculture and livestock-raising are still relevant

human activities, it is clear that rural life and its associated tra-ditional culture have become rarer and will probably be residual ina few years, so that there is a real urgency in assembling all eth-nobotanical information, both to preserve cultural patrimony andto make available data that could lead to the development of newmedicines.

In our study a number of scarcely reported plant uses hasbeen detected, some of them with promising phytotherapeuticalapplications. More specific actions could involve prioritising thislarge list and then conducting validation studies. We believe thatthere should be some studies of efficacy and safety of the listedspecies to foster wider acceptability and could start with Gera-nium robertianum against digestive affections, Anagallis arvensisfor dermatological troubles,Arctostaphylos uva-ursi against urinary

diseases. If further developed, it could add useful drugs to modernveterinary pharmacopoeia.

Acknowledgements

We thank all our informants, who were happy to share with ustheirknowledge.ThisstudyhasbeensubsidizedbyagrantfromtheNavarra Government, and the Foundation Universidad de Navarra.

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akerreta 2010 journal of ethnopharmacology

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