alan brinkley, american history 12/e

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Alan Brinkley, Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/eAMERICAN HISTORY 12/e

Chapter Ten: Chapter Ten:

America’s Economic America’s Economic RevolutionRevolution


IntroductionIntroduction The Market Revolution – between The Market Revolution – between

1820-1860 America experienced the 1820-1860 America experienced the first stages of its industrial revolutionfirst stages of its industrial revolution

Boott Mill Museum


IntroductionIntroduction The Market RevolutionThe Market Revolution Regional Divergence – in South, Regional Divergence – in South,

cotton farming flourishedcotton farming flourished South less economically developedSouth less economically developed South more resolute in defense of South more resolute in defense of

slaveryslavery


Population Growth 1620-1860

Immigration 1820-1840

The Changing American The Changing American PopulationPopulation– The American Population, 1820-The American Population, 1820-

18401840 Reasons for Population IncreaseReasons for Population Increase

• American Population 1820-1840Three trends:

Population increased rapidlyMoving from the country to citiesExpanding westward as well

• 1790 – 4 million• 1840 – 17 million

High birth rate – women had an average of 6.14 childrenMore children lived to adulthood



American Population Density, 1820

American Population Density, 1860

The Changing American PopulationThe Changing American Population– Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-

18601860 Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization


Immigration, 1840-1860


18601860 Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization

Rise of NYC dramatic:Rise of NYC dramatic:

1860 – 805, 000 people1860 – 805, 000 people Surging ImmigrationSurging Immigration

Between 1840-1850 Between 1840-1850

more than 1.5 million more than 1.5 million

Europeans moved to Europeans moved to

AmericaAmerica


Sources of Immigration, 1820-40 and 1840-60


18601860 Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization Surging ImmigrationSurging Immigration German and German and

Irish ImmigrantsIrish Immigrants


The Changing American PopulationThe Changing American Population– The Rise of Nativism – hostility toward The Rise of Nativism – hostility toward

foreign-born foreign-born Sources of Nativism:Sources of Nativism:

-Simple racism-Simple racism

-Extreme poverty of some immigrants-Extreme poverty of some immigrants

-Stealing jobs from native work force-Stealing jobs from native work force

-Irish Catholics gaining a foothold in Am. -Irish Catholics gaining a foothold in Am. gov’tgov’t

-Many immigrants voted Democratic-Many immigrants voted Democratic


The Changing American PopulationThe Changing American Population– The Rise of NativismThe Rise of Nativism

Sources of NativismSources of Nativism Native American Party – 1845 held a Native American Party – 1845 held a

convention in Philadelphiaconvention in Philadelphia


The Changing American PopulationThe Changing American Population– The Rise of NativismThe Rise of Nativism

Sources of NativismSources of Nativism Native American PartyNative American Party The Know-Nothings – 1852 createdThe Know-Nothings – 1852 created

a new political organization calleda new political organization called

The American Party – contributed to The American Party – contributed to

the collapse of the existing party the collapse of the existing party

systemsystem


Transportations, Communications, Transportations, Communications, and Technologyand Technology– The Canal AgeThe Canal Age

SteamboatsSteamboats

Carried corn, Carried corn,

wheat, cotton,wheat, cotton,

and tobacco upand tobacco up

and down Ohio,and down Ohio,

Mississippi RiversMississippi Rivers

Canals in the NE, 1823-1860



SteamboatsSteamboats Economic Economic

Advantages Advantages

of Canalsof Canals




SteamboatsSteamboats Economic Economic

Advantages Advantages

of Canalsof Canals The Erie CanalThe Erie Canal

Began in 1817Began in 1817



Transportations, Communications, Transportations, Communications, and Technologyand Technology– The Early RailroadsThe Early Railroads

Technological Basis Technological Basis

of the Railroads: tracks,of the Railroads: tracks,

steam-powered locomotives,steam-powered locomotives,

rail cars that could serve torail cars that could serve to

carry people and freight.carry people and freight.

The Dewitt Clinton, 1831 (Library of Congress)


Transportations, Communications, Transportations, Communications, and Technologyand Technology– The Early RailroadsThe Early Railroads

Technological Basis of the RailroadsTechnological Basis of the Railroads Competition between Railroads and Competition between Railroads and

Canals – Canals –

Railroads eventually won!Railroads eventually won!


Railroad Growth, 1850-1860

Transportations, Communications, Transportations, Communications, and Technologyand Technology– The Triumph The Triumph

of the Railsof the Rails ConsolidationConsolidation

short linesshort lines

into longer into longer

lines calledlines called

““trunk” linestrunk” lines


Samuel Morse (Portrait Gallery)

Transportations, Communications, and Transportations, Communications, and TechnologyTechnology– Innovations in Communications Innovations in Communications

and Journalismand Journalism The Telegraph – 1844 – SamuelThe Telegraph – 1844 – Samuel

Morse successfully transmittedMorse successfully transmitted

From Baltimore to WashingtonFrom Baltimore to Washington

James Polk’s nomination for James Polk’s nomination for

President.President.



and Journalismand Journalism The TelegraphThe Telegraph The Associated Press – 1846 – Richard Hoe The Associated Press – 1846 – Richard Hoe

invented the rotary press. Also 1846 – invented the rotary press. Also 1846 – newspaper publishers formed the AP to share newspaper publishers formed the AP to share news by wire.news by wire.



and Journalismand Journalism The TelegraphThe Telegraph The Associated PressThe Associated Press Fueling Sectional Discord – newspapers in Fueling Sectional Discord – newspapers in

North had bigger budgets than Southern North had bigger budgets than Southern papers. Southern papers tended to report papers. Southern papers tended to report local newslocal news


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry Impact of the Market Economy – the emerging Impact of the Market Economy – the emerging

economy changed the face of the nation, but economy changed the face of the nation, but not everyone equallynot everyone equally


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840

Advantages of the Corporation – allowed for Advantages of the Corporation – allowed for much greater amount of capitalmuch greater amount of capital


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840

Advantages of the CorporationAdvantages of the Corporation Inadequate Credit – only gov’t could issue Inadequate Credit – only gov’t could issue

official currencyofficial currency Many banks issued unofficial currency – not Many banks issued unofficial currency – not

stable in value.stable in value. Many banks failed and bank deposits were Many banks failed and bank deposits were

insecure.insecure.


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– The Emergence of the FactoryThe Emergence of the Factory

Transformation of the Shoe Industry – 1820sTransformation of the Shoe Industry – 1820s

-Shoes still largely made by hand.-Shoes still largely made by hand.

-Manufacturers started to hire-Manufacturers started to hire

workers who were specialized in oneworkers who were specialized in one

particular task of the processparticular task of the process

-Shoe production took off.-Shoe production took off.


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– The Emergence of the FactoryThe Emergence of the Factory

Transformation of the Shoe IndustryTransformation of the Shoe Industry The Industrial NortheastThe Industrial Northeast

of 140,000 manufacturing facilities inof 140,000 manufacturing facilities in

country, 74,000 were in Northeast.country, 74,000 were in Northeast.• Produced 2/3 of nation’s goods.Produced 2/3 of nation’s goods.


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology

Interchangeable Parts – 1Interchangeable Parts – 1stst introduced by introduced by

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney• Idea made its way into manufacturingIdea made its way into manufacturing


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts Technological Innovations – patents rose Technological Innovations – patents rose

sharplysharply 1830 – 544 patents1830 – 544 patents 1860 – 4,778 patents1860 – 4,778 patents 1839 – Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber1839 – Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber 1846 – Howe-Singer sewing machine1846 – Howe-Singer sewing machine


Commerce and IndustryCommerce and Industry– Innovations in Corporate OrganizationInnovations in Corporate Organization

Decline of Merchant Capitalism – merchants Decline of Merchant Capitalism – merchants discovered that there was more profit in discovered that there was more profit in manufacturing than in trade.manufacturing than in trade.


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– Recruiting a Native Work ForceRecruiting a Native Work Force

Transformation of American Agriculture – new Transformation of American Agriculture – new farmland in Midwest, improvements in farmland in Midwest, improvements in transportation, and improved farm equipment transportation, and improved farm equipment caused increased food production.caused increased food production.



Transformation of American AgricultureTransformation of American Agriculture The Lowell The Lowell

System – System –

Relied on Relied on

unmarriedunmarried

women women

workersworkersLowell, Massachusetts, 1832



Transformation of American AgricultureTransformation of American Agriculture The Lowell SystemThe Lowell System Women Workers – unmarried womenWomen Workers – unmarried women

had few other optionshad few other options• Many suffered from loneliness andMany suffered from loneliness and

depression.depression.



Transformation of American AgricultureTransformation of American Agriculture The Lowell SystemThe Lowell System Women WorkersWomen Workers Decline of the Lowell System – difficult to Decline of the Lowell System – difficult to

maintain high living standards and good maintain high living standards and good working conditionsworking conditions

1834 – Factory Girls Association strike against 1834 – Factory Girls Association strike against wage cutwage cut


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– The Immigrant WorkforceThe Immigrant Workforce

Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor – Economic Advantages of Immigrant Labor – workers had less leverage than female workers had less leverage than female workersworkers

Large numbers of them new to country – no Large numbers of them new to country – no marketable skills and horrible living marketable skills and horrible living conditions.conditions.


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– The Immigrant WorkforceThe Immigrant Workforce

Economic Advantages of Immigrant LaborEconomic Advantages of Immigrant Labor Harsh Work Conditions – less pressure on Harsh Work Conditions – less pressure on

owners to keep good working conditionsowners to keep good working conditions Piece rates – being paid for how much work Piece rates – being paid for how much work

you producedyou produced Work day – 12-14 hoursWork day – 12-14 hours Wages – skilled $4-$10/week; unskilled $1-Wages – skilled $4-$10/week; unskilled $1-

$6/week$6/week


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– The Factory System and the Artisan The Factory System and the Artisan

TraditionTradition Deskilling – skilled artisans being replaced by Deskilling – skilled artisans being replaced by

mass production.mass production.


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– The Factory System and the Artisan The Factory System and the Artisan

TraditionTradition DeskillingDeskilling National Trade Unions – skilled craftsmen National Trade Unions – skilled craftsmen

formed these to battle laws working against formed these to battle laws working against themthem


Men and Women at WorkMen and Women at Work– Fighting for ControlFighting for Control

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842) Supreme (1842) Supreme Court declared labor union lawful Court declared labor union lawful organizations and strikes as lawful weapons.organizations and strikes as lawful weapons.



Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt Female Protective Unions – early craft unions Female Protective Unions – early craft unions

excluded womenexcluded women Formed own unions – but little power in Formed own unions – but little power in

dealing with employers.dealing with employers. Mutual aid society for women workersMutual aid society for women workers



Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt Female Protective UnionsFemale Protective Unions America’s Divided Working Class – America’s Divided Working Class –

manufacturers had little trouble replacing manufacturers had little trouble replacing disgruntled employees with new immigrants – disgruntled employees with new immigrants – willing to work for lower wages.willing to work for lower wages.


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– The Rich and the PoorThe Rich and the Poor

Increasing Inequality in WealthIncreasing Inequality in Wealth

1845 – 4% owned 65% of the wealth1845 – 4% owned 65% of the wealth

1860 – 1% owned more than ½ the wealth1860 – 1% owned more than ½ the wealth• During the Great Recession, from 2007 to During the Great Recession, from 2007 to

2009, average real income per family 2009, average real income per family declined dramatically by 17.4%, the largest declined dramatically by 17.4%, the largest two-year two-year

drop since the Great Depression.drop since the Great Depression.• 2012: The top 10 percent of US households

controlled 50.4 percent of total income



Increasing Inequality in WealthIncreasing Inequality in Wealth The Urban Poor – substantial numbers of The Urban Poor – substantial numbers of

people actually starved to death of died of people actually starved to death of died of exposure.exposure.



Increasing Inequality in WealthIncreasing Inequality in Wealth The Urban PoorThe Urban Poor African-American Poverty – free blacks in African-American Poverty – free blacks in

North among poorest. North among poorest. Blacks could not vote, attend public school, or Blacks could not vote, attend public school, or

use any public services available to whitesuse any public services available to whites Even so, preferable to living as slavesEven so, preferable to living as slaves


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– Social MobilitySocial Mobility

Social Mobility – few workers managed to Social Mobility – few workers managed to move from poverty to richesmove from poverty to riches

Geographic mobility – areas of West available Geographic mobility – areas of West available – some people saved money and bought land– some people saved money and bought land

More working class men involved in politicsMore working class men involved in politics


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– Middle-Class LifeMiddle-Class Life

Rapidly Expanding Middle Class – most Rapidly Expanding Middle Class – most influential group in urban Americainfluential group in urban America

More middle-class families owned homesMore middle-class families owned homes Middle class women tended to stay home – Middle class women tended to stay home –

some could hire servantssome could hire servants



Rapidly Expanding Middle ClassRapidly Expanding Middle Class New Household Inventions – cast iron stove New Household Inventions – cast iron stove

improved cooking and heating in homesimproved cooking and heating in homes Wider variety of food availableWider variety of food available Iceboxes – allowed to keep fresh meat and Iceboxes – allowed to keep fresh meat and

dairydairy

most middle-class did NOT have these.most middle-class did NOT have these.



Rapidly Expanding Middle ClassRapidly Expanding Middle Class New Household InventionsNew Household Inventions Growing Class Distinctions – homes Growing Class Distinctions – homes

elaborately decorated: carpet, wallpaper, elaborately decorated: carpet, wallpaper, heavy furnishingsheavy furnishings

Middle-class homes became largerMiddle-class homes became larger 1850s – some homes had indoor plumbing1850s – some homes had indoor plumbing


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– The Changing FamilyThe Changing Family

Declining Economic Role of the Family – in Declining Economic Role of the Family – in urban areas jobs were more important than urban areas jobs were more important than landland

In country fathers used to control children’s In country fathers used to control children’s futures by distribution of landfutures by distribution of land

More sons and daughters left the family in More sons and daughters left the family in search of worksearch of work

Farmers had to hire workers instead of relying Farmers had to hire workers instead of relying on family to perform tasks.on family to perform tasks.


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– The Changing FamilyThe Changing Family

Declining Economic Role of the FamilyDeclining Economic Role of the Family Falling Birth Rates – some access to birth Falling Birth Rates – some access to birth

controlcontrol Abortion may have ended 20% of pregnanciesAbortion may have ended 20% of pregnancies More people practiced abstinence – More people practiced abstinence –

approached the family with more secular, approached the family with more secular, rational thoughts.rational thoughts.


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– Women and the “Cult of Domesticity”Women and the “Cult of Domesticity”

Female Education – most women stopped Female Education – most women stopped school after elementary school.school after elementary school.

Oberlin College was first to admit women in Oberlin College was first to admit women in 18371837

Mount Holyoke – 1837 - women’s college in Mount Holyoke – 1837 - women’s college in Mass.Mass.



Female EducationFemale Education New Roles for Women – entrusted with New Roles for Women – entrusted with

nurturing childrennurturing children Guardians of “domestic virtue”Guardians of “domestic virtue” Role as wives and mothers grew more Role as wives and mothers grew more

importantimportant



Female EducationFemale Education New Roles for WomenNew Roles for Women Women’s Separate Sphere – women began to Women’s Separate Sphere – women began to

develop their own culturedevelop their own culture Formed social networksFormed social networks Feminine literature emerged – romantic novel, Feminine literature emerged – romantic novel,

women’s magazineswomen’s magazines ““Cult of Domesticity” – women’s responsibility Cult of Domesticity” – women’s responsibility

to provide moral/religious instruction to to provide moral/religious instruction to children.children.



Female EducationFemale Education New Roles for WomenNew Roles for Women Women’s Separate SphereWomen’s Separate Sphere Benefits and Costs – placed greater value on Benefits and Costs – placed greater value on

role of women, but kept them detached from role of women, but kept them detached from the public world.the public world.



Female EducationFemale Education New Roles for WomenNew Roles for Women Women’s Separate SphereWomen’s Separate Sphere Benefits and CostsBenefits and Costs Working Class Women – lower class – worked Working Class Women – lower class – worked

in factories or as domestic servantsin factories or as domestic servants


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– Leisure ActivitiesLeisure Activities

Minstrel Shows – white actors mimicked and Minstrel Shows – white actors mimicked and ridiculed African-American cultureridiculed African-American culture


Patterns of Industrial SocietyPatterns of Industrial Society– Leisure ActivitiesLeisure Activities

Minstrel ShowsMinstrel Shows P.T. Barnum – opened American MuseumP.T. Barnum – opened American Museum

in NY in 1842in NY in 1842• Freak show with midgets,Freak show with midgets,

Siamese twins, etc.Siamese twins, etc.


The Agricultural NorthThe Agricultural North Rise of Commercial Agriculture – becoming Rise of Commercial Agriculture – becoming

more of a part of our capitalistic society.more of a part of our capitalistic society.


The Agricultural NorthThe Agricultural North– Northeastern AgricultureNortheastern Agriculture

Truck Farming Truck Farming

in the Northeast – farmersin the Northeast – farmers

raised vegetables andraised vegetables and

fruit and sold it to citiesfruit and sold it to cities

New England, 1823 (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)


The Agricultural NorthThe Agricultural North– The Old NorthwestThe Old Northwest

Industrialization in the Old NorthwestIndustrialization in the Old Northwest

Flourishing Flourishing

industrial areasindustrial areas

along Lake Erie,along Lake Erie,

Ohio River Valley, Ohio River Valley,

and Chicagoand Chicago

Chicago, 1868 (Royalty-Free /CORBIS)



Industrialization in the Old NorthwestIndustrialization in the Old Northwest Agricultural Specialization – growing a single Agricultural Specialization – growing a single

cropcrop

(corn, wheat, cattle, sheep, etc.) for market(corn, wheat, cattle, sheep, etc.) for market



Industrialization in the Old NorthwestIndustrialization in the Old Northwest Agricultural SpecializationAgricultural Specialization Growing Ties between Northeast and Growing Ties between Northeast and

Northwest –Northwest –

Northwest sold most of its products to Northwest sold most of its products to Northeast and visa versaNortheast and visa versa




NorthwestNorthwest New Agricultural Techniques – improved tools New Agricultural Techniques – improved tools

and farm machinesand farm machines




NorthwestNorthwest New Agricultural TechniquesNew Agricultural Techniques Deere Plow - 1847Deere Plow - 1847 McCormick Reaper – 1834 – crew of 6 harvest McCormick Reaper – 1834 – crew of 6 harvest

in a day as much wheat as 15 men could in a day as much wheat as 15 men could beforebefore


The Agricultural NorthThe Agricultural North– Rural LifeRural Life

Importance of Religion in Rural Communities – Importance of Religion in Rural Communities – town or village churches were meeting placestown or village churches were meeting places

Created a social network.Created a social network.


The Booths in Julius Caesar (Library of Congress)

Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:

Shakespeare in Shakespeare in

AmericaAmerica

alan brinkley, american history 12/e

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