alcatel umts introduction

© Alcatel University - 8AS 90171 0004 VT ZZA Ed.03

UMTS/UTRAN

Introduction


Introduction to UMTS

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Services Provided

3. UMTS system description

4. WCDMA for UMTS

5. UTRAN (Release 1999)

Appendix

Related Documentation

Abbreviations and acronyms


1.

Introduction


1.Introduction

Definition

Universal

Mobile

Telecommunication

System

“UMTS is one of the major new third generation mobile

communications systems being developed within the

framework which has been defined by the ITU and known as

IMT-2000”

UMTS Forum


1. Introduction

1.1 Context

1.2 Standardization

1.3 UMTS goals

1.4 UMTS technical overview


1.Introduction/1.1 Context

Past mobile systems (1)

First Generation (1G)

In the early 80‟s, analog systems

e.g Radiocom 2000, C-Netz…

Service:

speech

Limitations of 1G:

•poor spectrum efficiency

•expensive and heavy user equipment

•mobility only in a small area

•no security of communications



Past mobile systems (2)

Second Generation (2G)

In the early 90‟s, digital systems

Europe : GSM

US : IS-95 (also called cdmaOne), IS-136 (TDMA system)

Japan : PDC

Services: Speech and low data rate

Limitations of 2G:

• Congestion

more than 300 million wireless subscribers worldwide -->need to increase system

capacity

• Limited mobility around the world -->need for a global standardisation

• Limited offer of services

more than 200 million internet users--> Need for new multimedia services and

applications (video telephony, e-commerce...)



Technical solutions

Two types of solutions were possible :

• enhancement of 2G system --> 2,5G

low cost but short term

e.g.: HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE for GSM evolution

• design of a complete new standard --> 3G

high cost, long term, but great amount of new potential services

e.g: UMTS



GSM evolution (1)

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data)

Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time

slots on a circuit-switched basis.

Performance: up to 115,2 kbps

Already implemented but not all operators/manufacturers have made this

choice.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Principle: to enhance channel coding scheme and to bundle GSM time

slots on a packet-switched basis (the allocation of time slots is performed

dynamically at the initialisation and during the connection)

Performance: up to 171,2 kbps

1999/2000 : deployment phase

2002 : service offers for most operators



GSM evolution (2)

EDGE (Enhancement Data rates for GSM evolution)

Principle: new modulation scheme (8PSK instead of GMSK)

Performance: up to 384 kbps

Implementation is yet to come (foreseen for 2003)

EDGE might be a good alternative to 3G systems in certain areas or for

operators who do not have 3G licences, although the 3G brings more in

terms of new multimedia services.



Let’s take some examples!

A 2 1/2 minutes MP3 music

file (2.4 MBytes)

GSM 34 mn

GPRS 7 mn

EDGE 128 s

UMTS 10 s

Audio and Video

streaming

Streaming with all

technologies

except with GSM

Downloading a map (50

KBytes)

GSM 42 s

GPRS 8 s

EDGE 3 s

UMTS 0.2 s

Downloading a Word document

(500 KBytes)

GSM 7 mn

GPRS 82 s

EDGE 27 s

UMTS 2 s


1.Introduction

1.1 Context

1.2 Standardization

1.3 UMTS Goals



1.Introduction/1.2 Standardization

IMT-2000: definition

IMT-2000 is a framework for third generation mobile systems (3G) which is

scheduled to start service worldwide around the year 2000 subject to

market considerations.

IMT-2000 should use the frequencies around 2 GHz all over the world.

IMT-2000 is defined by a set of interdependent ITU Recommendations*.

IMT-2000 main requirements are :

- wide range of high quality services

- capability for multimedia applications

- worldwide roaming capability

- compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks



IMT-2000: main participants

Europe: ETSI

Japan: ARIB

USA: TIA, T1

South Korea: TTA

China: CWTS

ITU: International

Telecommunication Union



IMT-2000: terrestrial radio interfaces

IMT-TC (Time Code)

TD-CDMA

UMTS TDD

IMT-DS (Direct Spread)

W-CDMA

UMTS FDD

IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)

CDMA2000

FDD MC

IMT-SC (Single Carrier)

TDMA Single Carrier

UWC-136

EDGE/ERAN

IMT-FT (Frequency Time)

TDMA Multi-Carrier

DECT

Radio/Network

Connection

Evolved IS-41

Core Network

Evolved GSM

Core Network



2G terrestrial radio interfaces

1999 Market Share:

GSM 48 %

CDMA 28 %

TDMA 15 %

PDC 9 %

Western Europe:

Japan:

Rest of the World :

US & Canada :

GSM(100%)

GSM(87%)

CDMA(13%)

PDC(64%) CDMA

(36%)

GSM(12%)

CDMA(49%)

TDMA(39%)

GSM(41%) CDMA

(35%) TDMA(24%)

China :


1999 Market Share:

GSM 48 %

CDMA 28 %

TDMA 15 %

PDC 9 %

UMTSCDM

A

2000

EDG

E

IMT2000


3G terrestrial radio interfaces

Western Europe:

Japan:

Rest of the World :

US & Canada :

GSM(100%)

GSM(87%)

CDMA(13%)

PDC(64%) CDMA

(36%)

GSM(12%)

CDMA(49%)

TDMA(39%)

GSM(41%) CDMA

(35%) TDMA(24%)

CDM

A

2000

UMTS

UMTS

UMTS

UMTS

EDG

E

EDG

E

CDM

A

2000

CDM

A

2000UMTS

UMTS

CDM

A

2000EDG

E

China :



3GPP: joint organization for UMTS standardization

Affiliated organizations:

ETSI (Europe) ARIB/TTC (Japan)

T1 (USA) TTA (South Korea)

CWTS (China)

Other members involved: manufacturers and operators

System Specification:

Access Network

WCDMA (UTRA FDD)

TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)

Core Network

Evolved GSM

All-IP

Releases defined for the system specifications:

- Release 99 (called R3 as well)

- Release R4 and R5 (previously known as Release 2000 or R‟00)

In the following material we will only speak about UMTS R99.



3GPP organization

WG1

Mobility Management,Call Control,

Session Management

WG2

CAMEL & MAP

WG3

Interworking withExternal Networks

TSG

Core Network

WG1

Radio layer 1 specifications

WG2

Radio layer 2,Radio layer 3 RR specification

WG3

Iux specifications,UTRAN & O&M requirements

SMG2 ARC

WG4

Radio performance/protocols,Base Station conformance

Ad Hoc

ITU internal coordination

TSG Radio Access Network

WG1

Services

SMG1

WG2

Architecture

SMG12

WG3

Security

WG4

CODEC

WG5

Telecom Management

TSG Service and

System Architecture

WG1

Mobile TerminalConformance Testing

WG2

Mobile terminalservices & capabilities

WG3

USIM

TSG

Terminals

WG4

MAP/GTP /BCH/SS

WG5

OSA

TSG

GERAN

GSM/EDGE*

* created in mid 2000



3GPP specifications

Series_Id Series_description

21. Requirements

22. Service Aspects

23. Technical Realization

24. Signaling Protocols (UE to network)

25. UTRA aspects

26. CODECs

27. Data

28. (reserved)

29. Signaling Protocols (intra-fixed network)

30. Program management

31. User Identity Module

32. O&M

33. Security Aspects

34. Test specification

35. Security algorithms



UMTS Roadmap

EDGE

Commercial

introduction

UMTS R4/R5

UMTS R99

Field Trials

2000 2001 20032002

GPRS

implementation

UMTS R99

commercial

System


1.Introduction

1.1 Context

1.2 Standardization

1.3 UMTS Goals



1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals

Why UMTS?

“UMTS will be a mobile communication system that offers significant user

benefits including high-quality wireless multimedia services to a convergent

network of fixed, cellular and satellite components.”

It will deliver information directly to users and provide them with access to

new and innovative services and applications.

It will offer mobile personalized communications to the mass market

regardless of location, network and terminal used.”

UMTS Forum 1997


1.Introduction/1.3 UMTS goals

UMTS vision

Satellite

Macro-CellMicro-Cell

Zone 2: Urban

Zone 1: In-Building

Pico-Cell

Zone 4: Global

Zone 3: Suburban

UTRA/TDDUTRA/FDDMSS

GSM


1.Introduction

1.1 Context

1.2 Standardization

1.3 UMTS Goals



1.Introduction/1.4 UMTS technical overview

UMTS general architecture

Core network (CN)

it provides support for the network

features and telecommunication

services. It is connected to external

CS networks or PS networks.

Radio Access network (RAN)

it comprises roughly the functions

specific to the access technique.

3 different RANs are foreseen:

•UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial RAN)

•MSS (Mobile Satellite component)

•BRAN (Broadband RAN)

User Equipment (UE)

It is the mobile phone.

Iu

RAN

UE

Uu

CN Core NetworkRAN Radio Access NetworkUE User Equipment

CN

CS networks (PSTN, ISDN..)

PS networks(Internet…)



UMTS Cellular System

UMTS consists of a set of hierarchical cells, but the multiple access

technique is completely different from GSM.

GSM

Users are separated in frequency

(FDMA) and in time (TDMA)

UMTS

Users are separated with codes

(CDMA)



UMTS duplex modes

Downlink

UplinkFDD mode

Code and Frequency

orthogonality

f1

f2

5 MHz channel

15TS

5 MHz channel

TDD mode

Code and Time

orthogonality

Uplink & Downlink ......



UMTS Frequency allocations

TDD FDD MSS TDD

1900 1980 2010 20251920

MSSFDD

2110 2170 2200

FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

TDD: Time Division Duplex

MSS: Mobile Satellite System

Uplink Downlink


1.Introduction

QUIZ! (1)

Mark the following answers to the questions A to E by True or False.

A. What are the limits of 2G systems like GSM?

1/ No security of communications

2/ No dynamical allocation of radio resources

3/ Mobility only in a small area

4/ Heavy mobile phones

5/ Limited offer of data services

B. EDGE...

1/ is an evolution of GSM

2/ is sometimes considered as a 3G system

3/ is based on a new modulation scheme

4/ is supposed to reach a bit rate about 40 times greater than the GSM one


1.Introduction

QUIZ! (2)

C. Which of these radio interfaces belongs to IMT-2000?

1/ CDMA One 2/ UMTS FDD 3/ UMTS TDD 4/ CDMA 2000 5/ EDGE

D. What is the organisation responsible for UMTS standardization?

1/ 3GPP 2/ 3GPP2 3/ ETSI 4/ ARIB 5/ CWTS

E. What is the bandwidth of a CDMA carrier in UMTS?

1/ 200 kHz 2/ 1 MHz 3/ 5 MHz

F. Are the following statements about UTMS duplex modes True or False?

1/ FDD is similar to the GSM duplex mode

2/ TDD use the same frequencies as FDD

3/ FDD is better suited for asymmetric traffic

4/ TDD will come later


2.

Services provided


2. Services provided

2.1 UMTS service principles

2.2 UMTS Bearer services

2.3 Tele-services

2.4 UMTS Terminals


2. Services provided/2.1 UMTS service principles

What is a service?

E.g speech,

file transfer,

emails...

E.g data

transfer at

9,6 kbps, in

transparent

mode,

with turbocode

...

UTRAN CN CNGateway

TE

UMTS Bearer Service External BearerService

UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

(RAB)CN Bearer

Service

BackboneBearer Service

Iu BearerService

Radio BearerService

Radio Physical

Bearer Service

PhysicalBearer Service

Uu Iu

Teleservice

... ...

TE/MTNode



Tele-services and Bearer services

Teleservices

Speech, emergency calls

SMS

Email

Internet Access

Mobile e-commerce

Video Postcards

Information and location

based services

New applications

UMTS Bearer services

Large toolkit for all kinds of services

“Instinctive” service

Basic services

Enhanced services

New services to be provided

by service providers (third party)



Third party: service provider

Tele-services will not be standardised so as to differentiate between

operators and providers of applications.

UMTS offer new opportunity for content and service providers

Today‟s 1:1 customer-operator relationship

Tomorrow‟s situation?

OperatorContracted Content providers

Contracted Service providers

Contracted Service providers

Operator



Virtual Home Environment (VHE)

The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a portability concept of the PSE

(Personal Service Environment):

• VHE enables the users to carry along its PSE whilst roaming

between networks

• VHE shall be independent of terminal used (in fact the service

configuration is adapted to the terminal capacities)

• "same look and feel" wherever you are

PSE : the user has access to a range of services in its Home Environment.



Service Architecture

VHE concept is based on the standard mechanisms of Service Capability

Servers which allow Service Capability Features. The latter are carried

through standard interfaces in order to support Tele-services adapted to the

Service Capabilities of the network and user equipment.

Service Layer

Service Capability Features

SATCAMEL MExEService Capability Servers GSM/GPRS/UMTS

Standardizedinterfaces

Network Layer

Tele-services(terminal equipment functions,

Operator transmission capabilities)

Bearer Services

Fixed



Let’s Look for the nearest restaurant

Choose your preferences:

- type of restaurant: French

- type of payment: credit card

...

This service is built from the following service capability features:

call set-up & authorisation (CAMEL for services in roaming after

authentication phase with SAT),

Map display on the phone : SAT and MExE

Call the restaurant by Push Service : MExE

Reservation with VISA card number : secured transaction with MExE

Billing of the service : CAMEL

Restaurant Paul Bocuse69660 Collonges-au-Mont-d'or





2.3 Tele-services

2.4 UMTS Terminals


2. Services provided/2.2 UMTS Bearer Services

Bearer services characterization

Bearer services are characterized by a set of end-to-end characteristics

with requirements on QoS, always considered point-to-point.

Bearer services provide the capability for information transfer between

access points and involve only low layer functions.

Each bearer service is characterized by its requirements:

• transfer information: connection oriented or connectionless, traffic

type (guaranteed/constant bit rate, non guaranteed/variable…), traffic

characteristics (uni-directional, bi-directional, multicast…), priority

• quality characteristics: maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit

error ratio, data rate.

This set of requirements are called QoS parameters.

Example : several active radio bearer services can be handled

simultaneously by the same terminal equipment.



Bearer QoS requirements

• negotiable: QoS offer on demand

• provide a wide range of QoS levels

• dynamic behaviour: It shall be possible to negotiate (re-negotiate) the

characteristics of a bearer service at session or connection establishment

(during an on going session or connection).

• support of asymmetric nature between uplink and downlink

• supply of bearer services without wasting resources on the radio and

network interfaces.



Bearer Supported bit rates

The only limiting factor for satisfying application requirements shall be the

cumulative bit rate per mobile termination at a given instant in each radio

environment:

At least 144 kbits/s in rural outdoor radio environment (with a

maximum speed of 500 km/h)

At least 384 kbits/s in urban or suburban outdoor radio

environments (with a maximum speed of 120 km/h)

•At least 2048 kbits/s in indoor or low range outdoor radio

environment (with a maximum speed of 10 km/h)

Theses performances decrease:

- when the speed of the user increases

- when the load of the network increases





2.3 Tele-services

2.4 UMTS Terminals


2. Services provided/2.3 Tele-services

Typology

Location services• Traffic Conditions• Itineraries• Nearest Restaurant,

Cinema, Chemist, Parking;, ATM ...

Fun• Games (Hangman, Poker, Quiz, …)• Screen Saver• Ring Tone• Horoscope• Biorhythm

MediaAlways-on

M-commerce

Mobile Office• Voice (!)• E-mail• Agenda• IntraNet/InterNet• Corporate Applications• Database Access

Transportation• Flight/train Schedule

• reservation

Vertical application

• Traffic Management

• Automation

• Mobile branches

• Health

Music• Downloading of

music files orvideo clips

News(general/specific)• International/National News• Local News• Sport News• Weather• Lottery Results• Finance News• Stock Quotes• Exchange Rates

Physical• on-line shopping• on-line food

Non physical• on-line Banking• Ticketing• Auction• Gambling• Best Price• e-Book

Directories• Yellow/White Pages• International Directories• Operator Services



QoS classes

4 classes have been identified:

conversational

AMR speech service

Video telephony

– CS: H324

– PS: H323

streaming

interactive

Web-browsing

location based services

background

e-mail delivery

SMS ...

Delay

sensitive

+

-

Data

Integrity

sensitive

-

+



Performance

QoS of teleservices depends not only on UMTS network, but also on

applications, terminals and external networks.

From a user‟s perspective it is more relevant to speak of delay rather than

bit rate:

Errortolerant

Errorintolerant

Conversational

delay <<1 sec

Interactive

delay<1 sec

Streaming

delay <10 sec

Backgrounddelay >10 sec

Conversationalvoice and video

Streaming audioand video

Fax

E-mail arrival

notificationE-commerce,

WWW browsingTelnet,

interactive games

FTP, still image,paging

Voice messaging



Defining charging principles

• How will billing be performed: by time? by volume? by number of

connections?

• If billing is performed by volume, what will be an easy way to explain to

the customer what a “1 Mbyte of data” is?

• What will happen in case of handover between GSM and UMTS?

• What about roaming? Prepaid services?

• QoS depends directly on the load of the network. A trade-off must be

found between users. Customers who pay more might have higher priority

or better QoS (depending of the operator‟s strategies). Billing for a given

service might depend on the QoS.


2. Services provided/2.3 Teleservices

Location based services

Teleservices will depend on the strategy and on the imagination of

operators and content providers.

The key point is likely to be a fast access to information and an appropriate

filtering of the user location data.

the UMTS killer application is likely be a location based service

Example of location based services : look for an hotel, consult yellow

pages, get local traffic situation or weather report,...

Limitation: location information could be a risk for privacy.





2.3 Tele-services

2.4 UMTS Terminals


2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals

User Equipement (UE)

User Equipment (UE)

Cu interface

Mobile

Equipment

(ME)Mobile

Equipment

(ME)

UICC

USIM

USIM 2

1

GSM

access

SIM

GSM

terminal


2. Services provided/2.4 UMTS terminals

Range of terminals

There will be a wide range of terminals depending of the type of application

(speech, video, games, dual...), the mode (UMTS/GSM, UMTS/DECT...)

Consumer Electronics

Games AudioImage

Automotive / Telematics

New int

erf

ace

s

Data / IT

E-Commerce

Domestic

Integrated approach:1 handset able to perform all

functions. Most of the concept

phones today.

Distributed approach:1 handset for voice & WAP, or voice only

and a Bluetooth connection to other

devices (headset, camera...).



QUIZ!

A. True or False? The tele-services...

1/ are used for example to make a call, to access yellow pages, on-line banking...

2/ are mapped on bearer services

3/ will be standardized by 3GPP

B. True of False? The VHE...

1/ is a portability concept of 3G mobile systems

2/ will enable to keep the same environment when roaming between mobile and fixed networks

3/ will be adapted to the terminal capabilities

4/ will use proprietary interfaces



QUIZ!

C. True or False? A bearer service can support for one user:

1/ 2 Mbps at a speed of 120 km/h

2/ 2 Mbps in a high loaded cell

3/ 2 Mbps at 3 km away from the base station

4/ Asymmetric traffic

5/ Variable traffic

D. True or False? Location based services...

1/ are services only available in some areas (city centers...)

2/ are services related to the location of the user

3/ can locate the mobile phone with an accuracy of about 50 m



QUIZ!

E. True or False? A UICC (UMTS integrated Circuit Card)...

1/ has the same size as a GSM SIM card

2/ can not be used in a GSM terminal

3/ can be used in an UMTS terminal and provide access to GSM network

4/ is linked with the UMTS terminal via a proprietary interface

5/ may provide access to UMTS networks of different operators

F. UMTS services have been announced to come later than initially scheduled because of

non availability of UMTS terminals in volume: can you find some reasons which makes it

quite complex to design UMTS terminals?


3.

UMTS System Description


3. UMTS System Description

3 views of the system

Entities

Bearers

Protocol

stacks

Logical architecture Protocol architecture

Call scenario



3.1 Logical architecture

3.2 Protocol architecture

3.3 Call scenario

Entities

Bearers

Protocol

stacks


3. UMTS System Descript./3.1 UMTS logical

architecture

UMTS logical Architecture

RNS

RNC

RNS

RNC

Core Network

Node B

Iu-CS Iu-PS

Iur

Iub IubIub Iub

CS-Service

Domain

PS-Service

Domain

Iu-reference

point

Iu-PS Iu-CS

Node_B Node B Node B Node B

UU

CN

IU

UTRA

N

UE

Uu-reference

point



architecture

CN logical architecture

UMTS Core Network for Release 99

PLMN

PSTN / ISDN

External

IP Network2G/3G

SGSN

HLR VHE

GSM BSS

BSC

Iu (PS)

Iu (CS)

2G/3G

MSC

RNCIP Backbone 2G/3G

GGSN

A

Gb

UTRAN

2G/3G

GMSC

EIR AuC



architecture UTRAN logical Architecture

RNC

It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN:

- radio resource management (code allocation, congestion control, admission

control)

- radio mobility management

- macro-diversity handling (soft HO)

- control of Node-Bs

Node-B

A Node-B can be composed of several cells and performs:

- radio transmission handling

- macro-diversity handling (softer HO)

RNS

RNC

RNS

RNC

Node B

Iur

Iub IubIub Iub

Node_B Node B Node B Node B


5

DS

6

S

21


architecture Soft Handover (1)

Core Network

IubIub

Iu

Iub

Iur

Iu

Iub

RNC1 RNC2

NodeB1 NodeB2 NodeB3 NodeB4

3 4

S D



architecture Soft Handover (2)

The role of an RNC (Serving or Drift) is on a per connection basis between

a UE and the UTRAN:

Serving RNC: provide Iu UE-CN connection

Drift RNC: supports Serving RNC by providing radio resources

The recombination of the signal is performed in Serving RNC (in Node B for

softer HO) and in UE using a RAKE receiver.

Soft HO is highly recommended in UMTS system: about 30 to 40% of

mobiles are in macro-diversity mode in IS-95.



architecture UMTS logical Interfaces

Open Interfaces

The functional split for the UMTS components (UE, Node-B, RNC...) are

clearly specified, but the internal architecture and implementation issues

are left open (it is up to the manufacturer).

However all the interfaces (Cu, Uu, Iub, Iur, Iu-CS, Iu-Ps) have been

defined in such a detailed level that the equipment at the endpoints can be

from different manufacturers.

“Open Interfaces” aim at motivating competition between manufacturers.

Physical implementation of Iu interfaces

Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using

any transport technology.

ATM will be provided in the R99 release and IP is foreseen in further

releases





3.3 Call scenario

Entities

Bearers

Protocol

stacks


3. UMTS System Descri./3.2 UMTS protocol

architecture Access stratum andNon Access Stratum

Interchanges between entities is applied on a peer-to-peer principle.

Each entity provides services to entities of upper layers through Service

Access Points (SAP).

SAP

UTRAN CN

Access Stratum

(AS)

Non-Access Stratum (NAS)

Uu Iu

Iu

Protocols

(2)

Iu

Protocols

(2)

Radio

Protocols

(1)

UE

Radio

Protocols

(1)



architecture Non Access Stratum

CM/MM

Iu Protocols

Iu

Protocols

Radio

Protocols

CM/MM

Radio ProtocolsMSC

UE

Iu-

CS

Uu

NAS

AS

CS traffic

CS traffic

PS traffic

PS traffic

Iu Protocols

SGSN

Iu-PS

SM/GMMUTRAN

SM/GMM


MAC

RLC

PDCP BMC


architecture Access Stratum: radio protocols

Phys

MAC

RLC

Phys

Uu Iub

ACCESS STRATUM (AS)

UE Node B RNC

PDCP BMC

RRC

NON ACCESS STRATUM (NAS)

RRC

2. Web browsing (from/to Iu-PS)

2

4. User authentication (NAS signalling)

4

1. Speech (from/to Iu-CS)1

5. Initial access (RRC Connection Establishment)

3. Local

weather

forecast

(SMS

Cell Broadcast

)

3

Iu

protocols

Iu

protocols



architecture Access Stratum: Iu protocols

RNCNode-B

SGSN

MSC

NBAP

Iu-CS

Iu-PSRNC

Iur

Radio

Network

Layer

Transport

Network

Layer

Physical Layer

Signaling

Bearer(s)

Signaling

Bearer(s)

Data

Bearer(s)

ALCAP

Application

ProtocolData

Stream(s)

Transport Network

Control PlaneTransport Network

User Plane

Transport Network

User Plane

Control

PlaneUser PlaneThe same general

protocol model is applied

for all Iu interfaces:

Application Protocol:

- NBAP for Iub

- RNSAP for Iur

- RANAP for Iu-CS

and Iu-PS

Iub

RNSAP

RANAP





3.3 Call scenario

Entities

Bearers

Protocol

stacks


3. UMTS System Description/3.3 Call Scenario

Radio Access Bearer (RAB)

“The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data

between UE and CN with the appropriate QoS”.

UTRAN

UEUMTS Bearer

UMTS Bearers

RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers)

CN-CS

CN-PS

Radio Bearers Iu Bearers

UMTS Bearer

UMTS bearer

services



Establishment of a call

Inside the UTRAN

No more distinction between CS and PS part: all data are mapped on RAB.

But the RAB characteristics (delay, bit rate…) may not be the same for CS

and PS part.

UTRAN has the total freedom to configure the radio bearers according to

the required RAB attributes (ie QoS).


RANAP Phase


Example : CS call establishment

UE CN

Uu Iu

UTRAN

RRC Phase

Iu Bearer(s) allocation Radio Bearer(s) allocation

Authentication and ciphering

alert and connect (CS)

PDP context activated (PS)

RAB establishment



QUIZ!

A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below

... ... ...

...

...

... ... ... ...

......

...

... ...

CS networks

(PSTN, ISDN)

PS networks

(internet)...



Quiz!

B. Which of the following statements concerning the soft(er) handover is true of false?

1/ a soft(er) HO consists of two or more simultaneous radio links between the UE and the

UTRAN

2/ a soft HO is under the control of the Drift RNC

3/ a softer HO is performed by Node-B

C. Where is performed the radio mobility management?

1/ in the CN 2/ at the RNC 3/ at the Node-B

D. According to the norm, can the RNC from a given

manufacturer be compatible with:

1/ the CN of another manufacturer?

2/ the RNC of another manufacturer?

3/ the Node-B of another manufacturer?


4.

WCDMA for UMTS


4. WCDMA for UMTS

4.1 Context

4.2 Spread Spectrum modulation

4.3 Code Division Multiple Access

4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover

4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context

From military to civil modern radio-communications

Early 70’s

CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low

probability interception, interference rejection)

1996

CDMA commercial launch in the US

This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and

has reached 50 million subscribers worldwide

2000

IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces:

- WCDMA (UTRA FDD)

- TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD)

- CDMA 2000

In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.1 Context

Why CDMA?

CDMA is very attractive:

• Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems

• Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services

• Enhanced privacy

• Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)

BUT:

• Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage

• Unstable in case of congestion


4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover


4. WCDMA for UMTS


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation

A code as a shell against noise

The letter „A‟ represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface.

At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of „A‟ is spread, while a color (i.e

a code) is added to „A‟.

At the receiver „A‟ can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the

power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio

channel.

Radio channel

ReceiverTransmitter

Spreading

Noise

Despreading


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.2 Spread Spectrum

Modulation Spectrum spreading

At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the

signal over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of

spectrum).

At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the

received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the

noise level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not

correlated with the code.

The spectrum spreading permits transmission of a signal below the noise

level and makes the signal very hard to detect.

Spectrum spreading makes CDMA very secure.

f

P

f

P

f

P

f

P

Noise

level

Radio channel

Spreading De-spreading



Modulation Transmission Chain

Air Interface

The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it

is known as “chipping”.

The chip rate of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the

data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal.

At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to

retrieve the original data signal.

Modulator Demodulator

Code Sequence

Data Data

Code sequence

NB-Signal WB-Signal NB-SignalWB-Signal



Modulation Spreading factor

Signal 1 0 0 (bits)

Spreading 1111 0000 0000 (chips)

Code 0101 0101 0101

Tx signal 0101 1010 1010

Rx signal 0101 1010 1010

Code 0101 0101 0101

Despreading 1111 0000 0000

Signal 1 0 0

(In this case, each bit of the signal is spread over 4 chips. The spreading

factor is 4)

Spreading makes CDMA adequate for services with variable bit rates.

Radio channel



Modulation Processing Gain

The Processing Gain is the gain you have at the receiver by the

despreading of the signal (peak of correlation). It enables transmission of

the signal below the noise level.

A high bit rate signal needs more power to cross the noise level by

de-spreading.

f

P

W

Processing

Gain

Rb

De-spreading

bR

WLog1010Gain Processing


4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover


4. WCDMA for UMTS


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.3 Code Division Multiple

Access One-cell reuse

The area is divided into cells, but the entire

bandwidth is reused in each cell (frequency reuse

of one)

> Inter-cell interference

> Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes

The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the

same time

> Intra-cell interference

> User orthogonality is achieved by codes


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.3 Code Division Multiple

Access Multiple access (1)

All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and

interfere with each over.

At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi-)orthogonal

codes.

Transmitter 2

Spreading 1

Spreading1

Spreading 2 Receiver

Radio ChannelTransmitter 1

The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.3 Code Division Multiple Access

Multiple access (2)

If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the

receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal

codes)

CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.

Transmitter 2

Receiver

Radio ChannelTransmitter 1

The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.

Spreading 1

Spreading1

Spreading 2



Spreading: Channelization and scrambling

2chc

3chc

1chc

scramblingc

The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code

length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal.

The scrambling code is equipment-specific.

air

interface

Modulator



Channelization codes (spreading codes)

The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading

Factor) codes:

• their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match

variable bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis.

• orthogonality enables to separate physical channels:

Uplink: separation of physical channels from the same terminal

Downlink: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell

SF = 1

C ch,1,0 = (1)

C ch,2,0 = (1,1)

C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

SF = 4SF = 2 SF = 8

The code tree is shared by several

users (usually one code tree per

cell)



Scrambling codes

The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment:

• Uplink: separation of terminals

No need for code planning (millions of codes!)

There are 214 long and 214 short scrambling codes in uplink

• Downlink: separation of cells

Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task)

There are only long scrambling codes in downlink (512 to limit the code

identification during cell search procedure)

The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length.

Only one downlink scrambling code should be used within a cell.

Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary

(example : shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between

users will be degraded.


4. WCDMA for UMTS

4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover



4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.4 Rake Receiver

Rake Receiver principle (1)

In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals.

Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal

processing capacity.

A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the

so called “fingers” and to combine them in order to improve the quality of

the signal or to get several services at the same time.

A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations.

A Rake receiver can provide:

- multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying

the services)

- soft handover

- path diversity



Rake receiver principle (2)

The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each

in one “finger” of the Rake Receiver.

The outputs of the fingers:

• can provide independent data signals

• can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)

Delay 1Code Sequence 1

Code Sequence 2 or 3

Code Sequence 2Delay 2

Delay 3

Data 2

1st

Finger

2nd

Finger

3rd

Finger

Data 1

Multi-code

signal

Delay Adjustment



Rake receiver and multi-service

As a first approach, we can say:

One service, one code! (*)

Multimedia receiverTransmitter

Spreading 1 Despreading 1

Radio ChannelSpreading 2

Despreading 2

>> Which codes make it possible to

separate the two signals at the receiver?



Rake Receiver and soft handover

Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same

frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to

decode both simultaneously.

Base Station 2

Spreading 1

Despreading 1&2

Spreading 2 Mobile phone

Radio ChannelBase station 1

>> Which codes make it possible to

separate the two signals at the

receiver?



Rake Receiver and path diversity (1)

Natural obstacles (buildings, hills…) cause reflections, diffractions and

scattering and consequently multipath propagation.

The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically:

• 1 µs (300 m) in urban areas

• 20 µs (6000 m) in hilly areas

The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 µs

(78 m) of the CDMA system.

If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath

components of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver.

In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.



Rake Receiver and path diversity (2)

Dispersion > Chip duration

The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.

ReceiverTransmitter

Spreading Despreading

Direct path

Reflected path

ReceiverTransmitter

Spreading Despreading

Direct path

Reflected path

Dispersion <Chip duration

The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity.>> Which codes make it

possible to separate the two

signals at the receiver?


4. WCDMA for UMTS

4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover



4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.5 Power Control

Why Power Control?

> Need for very efficient and very fast Power Control on UL

> Power Control is also used in DL to reduce interference and

consequently to increase the system capacity.

Node

B

MS2

MS1

Near-Far Problem

on the uplink way an overpowered mobile phone near the base station can

jam any other mobile phones far from the base station.



Open Loop

If UE receives a STRONG DL signal,

then UE will speak low.

Node

BNode

B

1

2

1

2

If UE receives a weak DL

signal,

then UE will speak LOUD.Problem:

fading is not correlated on UL and DL due to separation of UL and DL band.

Open loop Power Control is inaccurate.

Open loop power control



Closed Loop

The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a

SIR estimation (inner loop).

The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop).

This SIR estimation is performed each 0,66 ms (1500 Hz command rate).

Closed loop Power Control is very fast.

Node

B

Closed loop power control

...

”Power down”

”Power up”

”Power down”

”Power ...”

SIR estimation

SIR

estimation

SIR

estimation

SIR

estimationRNC

SIR

target


4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover


4. WCDMA for UMTS


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.6 Soft Handover

Soft Handover (1)

Node

B

Node

B

Soft

HO

Softer HO

RNC

Node

B



Soft Handover (2)

Why do we need soft HO?

Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell:

> it may cause near-far problem

> hard HO is not a good solution, because of the need for the hysteresis

mechanism

Additional resources due to soft HO:

- Additional rake receiver in Node-B

- Additional Rake Fingers in UE

- Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs

Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires

more network resource.



Soft Handover (3)

Soft Handover execution:

Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures

Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add);

Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop);

Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.

The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information forwarded by the RNC:

Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, …)

UE ID and uplink scrambling code,

Timing information from UE

The UE needs to get the following information

Channelization & scrambling codes to be used

Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH synchro)


4. WCDMA for UMTS

4.1 Context



4.4 Rake Receiver

4.5 Power Control

4.6 Soft Handover



4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity

values

Radio dimensioning process: What’s new?

Market perspective

Mobile data market forecast

Marketing inputs

Multi-service environment

Voice+data

Variable bit rate

Different QoS

Asymmetric traffic

New radio technology

W-CDMA Capacity

Coverage Quality


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity

values

Concentric coverage

Service Speech

12 kbit/s

Packet data

144 kbit/s

Packet data

384 kbit/s

Cell radius

(uplink limited)

The coverage is determined by the uplink range, because the transmission

power of the terminal is much lower than that of the base station.

UE Transmit Power

21 dBm (126 mW)

24 dBm (251 mW)

3 km 2 km 1,5 km

in suburban area


4. WCDMA for UMTS/ 4.7 Typical coverage and capacity values

Ways of improving coverage

AMR speech Codec

it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell

coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage.

Multipath diversity

it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections,

diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver.

Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA.

Soft(er) handover

the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations.

Receive antenna diversity

the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be

obtained by space or polarization diversity.

Base stations algorithms

e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process



Soft capacity

The capacity is determined by the downlink direction, because:

- better receiver techniques can be used in the base station than in the

mobile station (but requiring more CPU power).

- the downlink capacity is expected to be more important than the uplink

capacity because of asymmetric traffic.

The downlink capacity has two limitations:

- the amount of interference in the air interface

Adjacent cells share part of the same interference: there is an additional

capacity in a cell, if the number of users in the neighboring cells is smaller.

- the loss of code orthogonality

The downlink codes originate from a single point and can be synchronized.

But, after transmission over multipath channel, part of orthogonality is lost.

It is a soft capacity, because it is not limited by the hardware equipment.



Parameters influencing capacity

The capacity depends on:

- the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor)

- the terminal speeds

- the distribution of the terminals

- the load of the cell: trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells)

High loaded cell

High DL interference level

DL data throughput 660 kbps

(per carrier per sector)

High loaded cell

Low DL interference level

DL data throughput 1440 kbps

(per carrier per sector)


4. WCDMA for UMTS

QUIZ!

A. True or False? Spreading...

1/ consists of increasing the power while decreasing the frequency bandwidth

2/ allows to transmit a signal with a S/N (Signal-to-Noise ratio) smaller than one

3/ enables to retrieve the coded signal at the receiver by using the same code in phase

4/ is used in FDMA system

B. Signal 1 has a bit rate of 12 kbps and a coding rate of 1/3, signal 2 has a bit rate of 384

kbps and a coding rate of 1/2:

1/ Which spreading factor should be chosen for each of these signals?

2/ What is the processing gain for each of these signals?


4. WCDMA for UMTS

QUIZ!

C. True of false? WCDMA...

1/ is also called UMTS FDD or UTRA FDD

2/ uses a 1 MHz bandwidth carrier

3/ has a chip rate of 3,84 Mchips/s

D. How many carriers are there per operator for WCDMA?

1/ 124 carriers 2/ 62 carriers 3/ 1 to 3 according to the country

E. True or false? A Rake Receiver

1/ can separate simultaneously two signals only if their codes are perfectly orthogonal

2/ can separate simultaneously several signals of 2 different WCDMA carriers

3/ can take advantage of multipath propagation


4. WCDMA for UMTS

QUIZ!

F. True or false? In WCDMA, power control

1/ is used in uplink and in downlink

2/ is crucial in downlink because of near-far problem

3/ is composed of the open loop and the closed loop

4/ may be performed each WCDMA time slot (1500 Hz command rate)

G. True or false? Soft handover...

1/ is highly desirable in WCDMA

2/ require use of more frequencies

3/ require use of more power in uplink

4/ require additional signal processing equipment such as Rake Receiver

5/ require additional transmission links


5.

UMTS Terrestrial

Radio Access Network

(FDD mode, Release 1999)


5. UTRAN

UTRAN role and principles

• To transfer traffic and control channels between UE and CN

- Common handling of packet-switched and circuit-switched data

- Protection of the user data on the air interface (providing of ciphering)

- Independence from the applied transport technology on the Iu interface

• To manage the radio mobility of the user

Full control of UE radio mobility with the use of the Iur interface which makes it

possible to perform soft HO even with 2 cells/Node-Bs belonging to different RNCs.

• To make efficient use of limited radio resources

Support of WCDMA specific Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms.

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1

UE RNCNode BUu Iub

CN


5. UTRAN

5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels

5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols

5.4 UE identifiers and UE states

5.5 Signalling procedures

5.6 The Physical Layer (on the air interface)

5.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM)

5.8 Mobility management

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5. UTRAN/5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport channels

Situation

UTRAN CN CNGateway

UE

UMTS Bearer Service External BearerService

UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

(RAB)CN Bearer

Service

BackboneBearer Service

Iu BearerService

Radio BearerService

Radio Physical

Bearer Service

PhysicalBearer Service

Uu Iu

Teleservice

... ...

UENode



Radio Bearers, logical and transport channels

Control plane User plane

Transport Channels(Iur)/Iub/Uu

Control

Logical

Channel

s

User plane

Radio

Bearers

RRC

RLC

MAC MAC

Phys. Phys.

PDCP BMC

Traffic

Logical

Channels

Signalling

Radio

Bearers

NAS signallingTelephony

speech

Web browsing

SMS Cell

Broadcast

RRC

connection

establishment

Transport Channels

...

UTRAN UE



Radio Bearers

Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB)

SRBs can carry:

- layer 3 signalling (e.g. RRC connection establishment)

- NAS signalling (e.g location update)

There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC

connection when connected to the UTRAN).

User Plane Radio Bearers

RABs are mapped on user plane RBs.

One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on

one user plane RB.

e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each

sub-flow can have its own channel coding.



Logical Channels (1)

Control Channels (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Traffic Channels (TCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

UTRAN


5. UTRAN/5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport

channels Logical Channels (2)

UL ( )

/

DL ( )

What type of information?

BCCH System control information

e.g cell identity, uplink interference level

PCCH Paging information

e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the

location cell of the UE

CCCH Control information

e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update

DCCH Control information (but the UE must have a RRC connection)

e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO

DTCH Traffic information dedicated to one UE

e.g speech, fax, web browsing

CTCH Traffic information to all or a group of UEs

e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast


5. UTRAN/5.1 From Radio Bearers to transport

channels Why Transport Channels?

A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any

service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical

channel:

• it provides flexibility in traffic variation

• it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel

Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio

resource management.



Structure of a Transport Channel (1)

168

168

168

168

168

360

360 bits

10 ms

Time Transmission

Interval (TTI): periodicity

at which a Transport Block

Set is transferred by the

physical layer on the radio

interface

10 ms

Transport Block: basic

unit exchanged over

transport channels.

Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI.

Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS) of

the transport channel

168

168

>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the

physical layer every TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the

transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?

10 ms 10 ms



Structure of a Transport Channel (2)

Transport Format (TF)

• Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process)

Transmission Time Interval (TTI),

Coding scheme...

• Dynamic part (may be changed easily)

Size of transport block,

Number of transport blocks per TTI

Transport Format Set (TFS)

It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is

assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity.

MAC chooses TF among TFS.

MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC

protocol (fast radio resource control).



Example

576

576

576

576

576

576

576 bits

576

576

40 ms

3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel?

4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?

Static Part

TTI ?

Coding scheme Turbo coding, coding rate= 1/ 3

CRC 16 bits

Dynamic Part

Transport Block Size ?

Transport Block Size Set 576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)

1. Complete the table

2. What is the delivery

bit rate of the transport

blocks to the physical

layer during the first

TTI?



Transport Channels

Common Channels

Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Dedicated Channels

Paging Channel (PCH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

UTRAN



Common Transport Channels (1)

BCH: Broadcast Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is

always transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit

rate.

>> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no

flexibility). Can you explain why?

PCH: Paging Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always

transmitted over the entire cell.

>> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?




FACH: Forward Access Channel

A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also

carry short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only

a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power

control (slow power control).

>> In which case is it interesting to use beam-forming antennas? would it also be

relevant to implement this feature for PCH?

RACH: Random Access Channel

An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile

especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is

always received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field,

a collision risk and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control).

>> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data

field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?




DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel

A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated

control or user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an

associated DCH, which provides power control.

CPCH: Common Packet Channel

An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and

control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is

always associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which

provides power control.

Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis



Dedicated Transport Channels

DCH: Dedicated Channel

A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control

information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a

frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and

support of soft HO.

>> Two features are only applied on DCH: can you guess which?



Mapping LogicalTransport Channels

Control Logical Channels

BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH

Traffic Logical Channels

DTCH CTCH

BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH

Common Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport

Channels



Mapping Logical Transport Channels

Control Logical Channels

BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH

Traffic Logical Channels

DTCH CTCH

BCH PCH RACH FACH DSCH CPCH DCH

Common Transport Channels Dedicated

Transport

Channels



Complete the gaps!

(1) … channels

are defined by what type of information (e.g user data, signalling, system

information...) is transported over the radio interface.

(2) … channels

are defined by how and with what characteristics (e.g type of coding,

required transfer delay, required BER... ) data are transferred over the radio

interface.

(3) … channels

are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...)

with which the data are transferred over the physical resources of the air-

interface.



Complete the table!

Traffic

class

Logical

Channel

Transport

Channel

Signalling

1. … - BCCH BCH, FACH

2. … - PCCH PCH

3. … - CCCH UL: RACH, DL: FACH

4. … - DCCH RACH, DCH

User information

5. … Conversational3

DTCHs

UL: 3 coordinated DCHs

DL: 3 coordinated DCHs

6. … Interactive DTCH UL: RACH, DL: FACH

7. … Interactive DTCHUL: CPCH, DCH

DL: DSCH,DCH

8. … Streaming DTCHUL: CPCH, DCH

DL: DSCH,DCH

9. … Background DTCHUL: CPCH, DCH

DL: DSCH,DCH

10. … Background CTCH FACH


5. UTRAN

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols







5. UTRAN/5.2 Radio Protocols

Radio protocol stack

Layer 3

Control plane User plane

Layer 2/MAC

Layer 1

Transport Channels

Bearers (called

RAB in user plane)Access Stratum

SAP

Non Access Stratumco

ntr

ol

co

ntr

ol c

on

tro

l

PHY

MAC

RRC

Logical Channels

Layer 2/RLC

Radio Bearers

RLC RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLCRLC

PDCPPDCP

BMCcontr

ol

control

Layer 2/PDCP

Layer 2/BMC



Radio Resource Control (RRC)co

ntr

ol

contr

ol

contr

ol

PHY

MAC

RRC

RLC

BearersCall management

Radio mobility management

Measurement control and reporting

Outer loop power controlRadio Bearers

(control plane)

RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.

Layer 3

con

trol

contr

ol

PDCP

BMC



PDCP and BMC protocols

PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)

- in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain

- it contains compression methods

In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507).

Why is header compression valuable?

e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP

voice service header can be about 20 bytes or less.

BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services)

- in the user plane

- to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface

In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service

(directly taken from GSM).



Radio Link Control (RLC)

Traffic

Logical

Channels

Radio Bearers

(user plane)Radio Bearers

(control plane)

RLC RLCRLC

RLCRLC

RLCRLCRLC

Control

Logical

Channels

Segmentation

Buffering

Data transfer with 3

configuration modes:

- Transparent (TM)

- Unacknowledged (UM)

- Acknowledged (AM)

Ciphering

RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.

Layer 2/

upper part



Medium Access Control (MAC)

Transport

Channels

(common and

dedicated)

Basic data transfer

Multiplexing of logical channels

Priority handling/Scheduling

(TFC selection)

Reporting of measurements

Ciphering

MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate

is required (on request of L3-level).

MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate…) of each transport

channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level.

MAC provides flexible data transfer.

Traffic

Logical

Channels

Control

Logical

Channels

MACLayer 2/

lower part



TFC selection in MAC protocol

Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to

be multiplexed on a CCTrCH before mapping on one

physical channel (or more if necessary).

e.g. DCH1 = {244}

DCH2 = {0 ; 148}

DCH3 = {0 ; 148}

TFCS = { {244 ; 0 ; 0} , {244 ; 148 ; 0} , {244 ; 0 ; 148} }

MAC selects TFC inside TFCS.

There is one TFCS per CCTrCH.

>> Why is the combination {244 ; 148 ; 148} not possible?

TrCH multiplexing

DCH1 DCH2 DCH3

CCTrCH

Physical channel

Mapping

Physical Channel(s)

MAC

L1

TFC selectionTransport Format (TF)

Transport Format Set (TFS)

Transport Format Combination (TFC)

Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS)



The Physical Layer

Dedicated

Physical

Channels

Multiplexing of transport ch.

Spreading/modulation

RF processing

Power control

Measurements

Physical layer

Dedicated

Transport

Channels

The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency

processing with a CDMA method.

Air Interface

Common

Transport

Channels

Common

Physical

Channels

Layer 1


CCCHPCCH BCCH CTCH DTCHDCCH DTCH


Exercise: MAC protocol (1)

BCCH

FACH RACH DSCH

Iur or local

DCH DCH

MAC-d

MAC-c/sh

CPCHFACHPCH

MAC

Control

DSCH

Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages.

MAC-b

BCH




1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped:

- system information broadcasting

- paging

- telephony speech

- internet browsing at a high bit rate

- internet browsing at a low bit rate

Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time?

2. Guess the meaning of “MAC-b” “MAC-c/sh” and “MAC-d”.

3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN

side?

4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for?

5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol?

6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false?




7. RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) is an UE identity assigned by UTRAN, when the

UE is connected to the UTRAN . The parameter RNTI is included in the header of each

transport blocks in MAC-c/sh, but not in MAC-d : can you explain the reason?

8. The system can also multiplex transport channels: where does that take place?

9. What is the name of the channel on which several time-coordinated transport channels can

be multiplexed?

10. Which entity is responsible for TFC selection? TFCS allocation?

11. Is it possible to multiplex 2 FACHs (or more)? 2 DCHs (or more)? a FACH and a DCH?

12. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor)

when MAC selects a new TFC inside TFCS?

13. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?


5. UTRAN

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols


5.5 Signaling procedures





5. UTRAN/ 5.3 Iu protocols

General model

The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:

Application Protocols:

Radio

Network

Layer

Transport

Network

Layer

Physical Layer

Signaling

Bearer(s)

Signaling

Bearer(s)

Data

Bearer(s)

ALCAP

Application

ProtocolData

Stream(s)

Transport Network

Control PlaneTransport Network

User Plane

Transport Network

User Plane

Control

PlaneUser Plane

- NBAP for Iub interface

- RNSAP for Iur interface

- RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces

1. What is the

purpose of the

separation between

the Radio Network

Layer and the

Transport Network

Layer?

2. Why is ALCAP

protocol

necessary?



Iub protocols

ATM

Radio

Network

Layer

Transport

Network

Layer

Physical Layer

AAL5 AAL2

ALCAP

NBAPFrame

Protocols

(IubFP)

Control Plane User Plane

RNC

Node B

AAL5

RRC Connection

Establishment*

Radio Link

Establishment RABs*NAS signalling*

* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on

transport channels by MAC protocol

Transport Network

Control Plane

Transport Network

User Plane

Transport Network User

Plane



Iur protocols

ATM

Radio

Network

Layer

Transport

Network

Layer

Physical Layer

...

AAL5 AAL2

ALCAP

RNSAPFrame

Protocols

(Iur FP)

Control Plane User Plane

SRNC

DRNC

AAL5

RRC Connection

Establishment*

Establishment of

an additional radio

link to an UE

(for soft HO)

RABs*NAS signalling*

* at this stage these data streams have been mapped on

transport channels by MAC protocol

Transport Network

Control Plane

Transport Network

User Plane

Transport Network User

Plane



UTRAN protocols: general recap

AAL5 AAL5 AAL5AAL5

ATM/Physical layer

... ...

NBAP ALCAP

... ...

ALCAPRNSAP

MAC

RLC

RRC PDCPBMC

AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5AAL5AAL5 AAL5 AAL2Phy.

(air)

Phy.

(air) ATM/Physical layer ATM/Physical layer

... ...

NBAP ALCAP

... ...

NBAP ALCAP

Soft combining

... ...

ALCAPRNSAPIub-FP Iur-FP

MAC

RLC

RRC PDCPBMC

Soft(er) combining

MAC

RLC

RRC PDCPBMC

UE Node-B

SRNC

DRNC

Softer

combining

Iub

Iur

Iub-FP

Iub-FP Iur-FP

AAL2 AAL2

Uu

Radio Protocols

Iu Protocols (Radio Network Layer)

Iu protocols (Transport Network Layer)



5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols






5. UTRAN

?

?


5. UTRAN/5.4 UE identifiers and UE states

UE identifiers

2 types of UE identification on the radio interface:

• NAS identifiers

- IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity

- TMSI: Temporary Mobile Station Identity

They are used in the initial access CCCH message

• UTRAN identifier

- RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identity

This is allocated by the UTRAN for each UE in connected mode and used

for inband identification in common transport channels (e.g FACH). The

RNTI is not used outside the UTRAN.



UE states (1)

UE

detached

UE

in idle mode

UE

in connected

mode

RRC Connection Release

RRC Connection Establishment

out of coverage

“just after switch on” process

Including Cell search procedure

Why is the idle mode necessary?



UE states (2)

RRC Connection Establishment procedure

RNCCCCH

RNC

CCCH

DCCH

RNCDCCH

1 - UE in idle mode,

- a Common Control Channel (CCCH) is

used to initiate the procedure

2 - Setup of a Dedicated Control Channel

(DCCH)

3 - UE in connected mode

- The DCCH is used during the whole

time of the RRC connection to carry

signalling dedicated to this particular UEWhich type of transport channel are used

to carry CCCH? DCCH?

UE

detached

UE

in idle mode

UE

in connected

mode

RRC Connection Release

RRC Connection Establishment

out of coverage

“just after switch on” process



UE states (3)

Cell DCH

Cell FACH

URA PCH

Cell PCH

UE

in idle

mode

UE in connected

mode

Cell_DCH state

Signalling and traffic data

dedicated to the UE (mapped

on DCCH and DTCH

respectively) are carried on

DCH transport channel

Cell_FACH state

Signalling and traffic data

dedicated to the UE (mapped

on DCCH and DTCH

respectively) are carried on

RACH (uplink) and FACH

(downlink) transport channels

Cell_DCH Cell_FACH

No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 1

Cell_FACH Cell_DCH

Traffic volume UL/DL too large



UE states (4)

Cell DCH

Cell FACH

URA PCH

Cell PCH

UE

in idle

mode

UE in connected

mode

Cell_PCH state

No transmission of signalling and

traffic data dedicated to the UE (no

DCCH and no DTCH)

But the RRC connection is still

active (UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE)

and UE location at a cell level.

- a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH)

can be reestablished very quickly

(this procedure is initiated by

sending a paging signal PCH)

URA_PCH state

Very similar to cell_PCH state

UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at

the URA level (set of UMTS cells)

Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH

Too many cell reselections

Cell_FACH Cell_PCH

No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 2

Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH

Incoming DL or UL traffic



UE identifiers and UE states:complete the table!

CN UTRANUE States

UE Identifiers UE Location UE Identifier UE Location

idle mode IMSI, TMSI LA, RA

cell_DCH

cell_FACH

cell_PCH

connected

mode

URA_PCH



5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols


5.5 Signaling procedures




5. UTRAN

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5. UTRAN/5.5 Signaling procedures

List of basic signaling procedures

A. Broadcast of system information

B. Paging

B1. Paging Type 1 (in idle mode or in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states)

B2. Paging Type 2 (in cell_FACH or cell_DCH states)

C. RRC Connection

C1. RRC Connection Establishment (to cell_FACH and to cell_DCH states)

C2. RRC Connection Release (in cell_DCH states)

D. Radio Link establishment

E. Direct Transfer

F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport Channel and Physical Channel

F1. RAB Establishment

F2. Physical Channel Reconfiguration

G. Soft HO (Radio Link Addition)



How to read call scenario diagrams

Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability

UE RNC

1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)RRC RRC

Name of the message

Logical channel

Transport channel

Parameters of the message

Protocol entity

Network entity



A. System Information Broadcasting (1)

The broadcast system information:

- may come from CN, RNC or Node-B.

- contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and

dynamic parameters (UL interference level...).

- is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together

elements of the same nature.

- can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently over the entire

cell.

>> Do you think the UE needs to read all the SIBs each time a broadcast is

repeated?



A. System Information Broadcasting (2)

System Information Update Request

Master/Segment Info Block(s), BCCH modification time

Master/Segment Info Block(s)

System Information (BCCH:BCH)

UE Node-B RNC

RRC RRC

NBAP

CN


System Information (BCCH:BCH)RRC RRC


System Information (BCCH:BCH)RRC RRC

System Information Update Response

NBAP NBAP

>> Why does RRC protocol

terminate at Node-B for BCH

(not at RNC)?

NBAP



B. Paging

Paging is typically used at core network-originated call.

UE in idle mode

The network will page the UE in LA (CS domain) or RA (PS domain)

UE is in connected mode

The network will page the UE:

- in the cell (in cell_PCH, cell_FACH, cell_DCH states)

- in the URA (in URA_PCH state)

Paging Type 1: mapped on PCCH/PCH

Paging Type 2: mapped on DCCH/FACH or DCCH/DCH

>> Can you guess which Paging Type will be use in idle mode? in cell_PCH

state? in cell_FACH state? in cell_DCH state? in URA_PCH state?



B1. Paging Type 1

UE 1 Node-B

1

CNRNC 1 RNC 2Node-B

2

RRC RRC2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)

RRC RRC2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)

RANAP RANAP1. Paging

CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause


Idem

UE 2



B2. Paging Type 2

UE CNSRNC Node-B


CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause

RRC RRC2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or DCH)



C. RRC connection

RRC connection is established at the initial access

(after cell search procedure when the UE is camping on a cell).

After RRC connection establishment:

- UE will switch from idle mode to cell_FACH or cell_DCH states.

- UE will have a signalling link with UTRAN (on DCCH)

UE needs to establish a RRC connection prior to making :

- voice call

- location update

- measurement reporting

...



C1. RRC Connection Establishment

Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability

1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)

UE Node-B RNC

RRC RRC

3. Radio Link Establishment (see Procedure D)

Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL

scrambling code, power control info

4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)RRC RRC

Integrity information, ciphering information

5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)RRC RRC

2. Allocate RNTI, Select

Level 1 and Level 2

parameters (e.g. TFCS,

scrambling code)

>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?



C2. RRC Connection Release(in cell_DCH state)

UE Node-B

of DRNC

CNDRNC SRNCNode-B

of SRNC

RRC RRC4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )

Cause

RANAP RANAP

1. Iu Release

Command

Cause

RANAP RANAP

2. Iu Release

Complete

-

3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release

RRC RRC5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-

6. Radio Link Deletion





D. Radio Link (RL) Establishment for a DCH

Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling code, power control info

Node-B RNC

Radio Link Setup RequestNBAP NBAP

Signalling link termination, transport layer addressing info

Radio Link Setup ResponseNBAP NBAP

Downlink synchronisationIub-FP Iub-FP

Uplink synchronisationIub-FP Iub-FP

Start RX

Start TX

ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport bearers on Iub?



E. Direct Transfer

The mechanism to transfer signalling from higher layers (NAS signaling)

through messages of RRC protocol is called Direct Transfer.

UE CNSRNC Node-B

RANAP RANAP1. Direct Transfer

CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU

RRC RRC

2. Downlink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:FACH or DCH)

NAS message

RANAP RANAP2‟. Direct Transfer

CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU

RRC RRC

1’. Uplink Direct Transfer

(DCCH:RACH or DCH)

CN node indicator, NAS message

>> Can you mention some

examples of use of

Direct Transfer?



F. Control of RAB, RB, Transport and Physical Channels

These procedures take place after RRC connection establishment: the UE

is either on cell_FACH or cell_DCH state.

A RAB is mapped on one or more RB(s).

A RB establishment consists of:

- performing admission control (see RRM: Radio Resource Management)

- setting parameters describing RB processing in layer 2 (e.g TFS, TFCS)

and in layer 1 (codes, power control)

RAB and RB can be reconfigured during an active connection.

The transport channels and physical channels parameters are included in

the RB but can also be reconfigured separately with transport and physical

channel dedicated procedures (Transport Channel Reconfiguration and

Physical Channel Reconfiguration).



F1. RAB Establishment

UE CNRNC Node-B

RANAP RANAP

1. RAB Assignment

Request

RAB parameters, User plane mode, Transport Address, Iu

Transport association

2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup

3. Radio Link Establishment

(see Procedure D)

RRC RRC4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )

TFS, TFCS...

RRC RRC5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH )

-

RANAP RANAP

6. RAB Assignment

Response

-

>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage?



F2. Physical Channel Reconfiguration

UE Node-B

of DRNC

DRNC SRNC

RRC RRC6. Physical Channel Reconfiguration (DCCH:DCH )

DL scrambling code

NBAP NBAP1. RL Reconfig. Prepare

DL scrambling code

RNSAP RNSAP3.

DL scrambling code

RRC RRC7. Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-

NBAP NBAP2. RL Reconfig. Ready

-

NBAP NBAP5. RL Reconfig. Commit

RNSAP RNSAP4.

>> What is the difference between NBAP and RNSAP?



G. Soft HO(Radio Link Addition)

UE Node-B

of DRNC

DRNC SRNC

RRC RRC6. Active Set Update (DCCH:DCH )

-

RNSAP RNSAP2. RL Setup Request

-

RRC RRC7. Active Set Update Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-

RNSAP RNSAP5. RL Setup Response

-

1. Decision to setup

new RL

3. Radio Link Establishment

(see Procedure D)

4. ALCAP Iur Data Transport Bearer Setup



EXERCICE

Please complete the procedure diagrams on the following slides by using the elementary procedure previously described

Duration :10 minutes


5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures

Location UpdateFind the missing procedure names!

UE CNRNC Node-B

1. ...

2. ...MM: Location Updating Request

MM: Authentication RequestMM: Authentication Response

3. Security procedures

5. ...

4. ...MM: Location Updating Accept

0. “Just after switch on” process

UE in idle mode

UE detached

UE in connected mode

UE in idle mode


5. UTRAN/5.5 Signalling procedures

Mobile terminated callFind the missing procedure names!

UE CNRNC Node-B

1. ...

2. ...

3. ...RR: Paging Response

MM: Authentication RequestMM: Authentication Response

4. Security procedures

6. ... 7. ...

CC: AlertingCC: Connect

CC: Connect Acknowledge

5. ...CC: Setup

CC: Call Confirm

0. “Just after switch on” process



5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols




5.7 Radio Resource management (RRM)


5. UTRAN

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5. UTRAN/5.6 The Physical Layer

Physical Layer Process

Convolutional coding,

Turbo coding

10 ms frame duration

15 time slots

CCtrCH

DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH...

Channelization codes

Scrambling codes

QPSK

Channel Coding

Radio Frame Segmentation

Transport Channel Multiplexing

Physical Channel Mapping

Spreading

Modulation

Transport Channels

Physical Channels

spread over 5 MHz bandwidth

Layer 1



Radio Frame Structure

The bit rate may be changed for each frame (10 ms).

Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (0,666 ms).

= N bits (according to the bit rate after channel coding)

= M chips (M is equal to the spreading factor)

= 15 Time Slots…

10ms

….

0.6666 ms

..

1 Radio Frame :

1 Time slot :

1 Bit :




Two transport channels can be mapped onto the same physical channel

(for one user).

DCH 1 DCH 2


Physical Channel Mapping

One Physical Channel (or more if necessary)

Channel Coding Channel Coding

CCTrCH



Physical channels

Physical channels

are defined by the mechanisms (e.g frequency, code, power, framing...) with which

the data are transferred over the physical resources of the air-interface.

• Physical channels are defined mainly by:

- a specific carrier frequency

- a scrambling code

- a channelization code

- start & stop instants (giving a time duration, measured in integer multiples

of chips)

• Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start

and stop instants.

• Physical channels are separated by means of quasi-orthogonal codes (2

physical channels shall not have the same channelization code / scrambling

code combination).



Uplink Physical Channels

Common Channels

Dedicated Channels

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Mapped on Transport

Channels

Mapped on Transport

Channels

NOT mapped on

Transport Channels

Node

B



e.g. Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

T

f

= 10 ms

1 Radio Frame

DPDCH carries the dedicated data generated at layer 2 (ie the Dedicated

Transport Channel DCH).

DPCCH carries the dedicated signalling of the physical layer, which is

required to convey DPDCH. DPCCH is not visible above the physical layer,

it is not carried by any transport channels.

Under long scrambling code.

Pilot

Npilot

bits

TPC

NTPC

bits

Data

Ndata

bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2k

bits (k=0..6)

DPDCH

DPCCHFBI

N FBI bits

TFCI

NTFCI

bits



e.g. Uplink PRACH

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

5120 chips

radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms

Access slot #0 Random Access Transmission

Random Access Transmission



When attempting to access the network, the mobile has no dedicated code

yet and must choose randomly a code in a set of codes.

Collisions may occur between two mobiles.

The PRACH has a Random Access Transmission to limit risk of collision.

It is based on a Slotted ALOHA approach with fast acquisition indication.

A mobile can only begin to

transmit at a certain access slot

(slotted ALOHA).

15 access slots have been

defined (nothing to do with the

time slots of the radio frame!).

Access slot #1

Access slot #7

Access slot #8

Access slot #14



Downlink Physical Channels

Common Channels

Dedicated Channels

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Synchronisation Channel (SCH)

Page Indicator Channel (PICH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Mapped on Transport

Channels

NOT Mapped on

Transport Channels

Mapped on Transport

Channels

NOT mapped on

Transport Channels

Node

B



e.g. Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH

Similar to uplink, but DPDCH and DPCCH are time-multiplexed.

The SF may range from 256 to 8.

One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

TPC

N TPC bits


T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2k

bits (k=0..7)

Data2

N data2 bits

DPDCH

TFCI

N TFCI bits

Pilot

N pilot bitsData1

N data1 bits

DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH



e.g. Downlink PCCPCH

The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cell-

specific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes)

The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) DL physical channel, which

provide a timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly

for UL).

CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.

Data

18 bits


Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

( Tx OFF)

256 chips



e.g. CPICH (pilot)

CPICH (or Pilot or Beacon)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate (SF=256).

It is a reference:

- to aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference)

- to perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power

reference)

Pre-defined symbol sequence


Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols

1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms



e.g SCH and the cell search procedure

SCH (Synchronisation Channel)

It can be detected by the UE just after switch on, as the SCH consist of a

256 modulated code sequence which is the same for every cell in the

system.

It is used by the UE in the cell search procedure to get the (downlink)

scrambling code of the cell.

After cell search procedure, the terminal can read system and cell- specific

BCH information.

PrimarySCH

SecondarySCH

256 chips

2560 chips

One 10 ms SCH radio frame

acsi,0

acp

acsi,1

acp

acsi,14

acp

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14



Mapping TransportPhysical Channels

BCH

PCH

FACH

RACH

CPCH

DSCH

DCH

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

S-CCPH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

Physical channels not mapped on transport channels:

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink and downlink)

SCH Synchronisation Channel

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

PICH Page Indicator Channel

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel



Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (1)

In this example, a RB (Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on DTCH which is

mapped (in MAC) on DCH.

The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):

This example can be applied for ISDN service.

640 640#1 640

40 ms

Transport block size 640 bits

Transport block set size 4*640 bits

CRC 16 bits

Coding Turbo coding, coding rate = 1/3

TTI 40 ms

640 640#2 640

640 640#3 640

640 640#4 640

640

640

640

640



Example 1: UL 64 kbps data (2)

What is the radio

frame length? Can you

deduce the spreading

factor (SF)?

640 16

2624

640 16

7884

Tail

12

#1

1971+NRM1

#4

To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)

#1 #4

1971 1971

#1

#1

CRC640#4

#4

CRC640

Turbo coding R=1/3

Rate matching

1st interleaving

Tail bit attachment

Radio frame segmentation

Transport block

CRC attachment

TrBk concatenation

1971+NRM4

7872

7872

Extracted from 3GPP 25.944



Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data (1)

In this example, a SRB (Signalling Radio Bearer) is mapped (in RLC) on

DCCH which is mapped (in MAC) on DCH.

The DCH has the TFS (Transport Format Set):

Transport block size 148 bits

Transport block set size 0, 148 bits

CRC 16 bits

Coding CC, coding rate = 1/3

TTI 40 ms

>> Assuming that RLC and MAC overhead in a transport block is 12 bits,

can you determine the bit rate of this SRB?

148 148148

40 ms



Example 2: UL 3,4 kbps data (2)

What is the radio

frame length? Can

you deduce the

spreading factor?

Tail

8*B

#1

To TrCh Multiplexing (see further)

#2 #3 #4129*B +NRM1

#2 #3 #4129*B

#1

Transport block

CRC148

16

516*B

164*B

148

516*B

129*B 129*B 129*B

129*B +NRM2 129*B +NRM3 129*B +NRM4

TrBks (B =0,1)

164

Tail bit attachment

Convolutional Coding,

CR = 1/3

Rate matching

1st interleaving

Radio frame Segmentation

CRC attachment

TrBks concatenation

Extracted from 3GPP 25.944



UL TrCH multiplexing of 64 kbps and 3,4 kbps data

>> On which physical channel are the UL 64 kbps data and the UL 3,4 kbps

data? what is the spreading factor mapped? what is the DPDCH bit rate?

>> What is carried on DPCCH ?

#1#1 #2 #3 #4

UL 64 kbps data UL 3,4 kbps data

#2 #3 #4

?? kbps DPDCH

#1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #4 #4

2nd interleaving

Physical channel mapping

CFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3

TrCH multiplexing

15 kbps DPCCHCFN=4N CFN=4N+1 CFN=4N+2 CFN=4N+3



5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols





5.8 Mobility Management

5. UTRAN

no

yes


5. UTRAN/5.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM)

RRM purposes

RRM is a set of algorithms to manage radio resources:

• Maximise the amount of radio resources available

Power control algorithms

Handover algorithms

• Allocation of radio resources

Which type of transport channel, transport format should be chosen

to meet QoS requirements?

• Admission Control

In which conditions can a new user be admitted?

• Load Control (congestion control)

What should be done to avoid congestion?

In RRM all layers are involved under RRC control.



RRM functions

UE dedicated functions, implemented in SRNC and Node B:

Selection of radio bearer parameters according to RAB requirements

Closed loop power control

Handover control

RRC states management according to UE traffic volume

DL dynamic scheduling on DCH

UTRAN dedicated functions, implemented in CRNC:

Radio admission control

Code allocation

Radio load control

Open loop power control



Transport channel allocation strategies

RACH / FACH

low setup time, but continuous transmission not

maintained

no soft HO and no fast PC

CPCH / DSCH

no guarantee of delay

no soft HO, but fast PC

DCH / DCH

bit rate can be changed during transmission (TFS)

soft HO and fast PC

UL / DL

Short packets

Bursty traffic to be sent immediately

Medium packets

Bursty and delay-insensitive traffic

Long packets

Constant and variable bit rate traffic with low

delay requirement (LCD)

High bit rate

Common

channels

Shared

channels

Dedicated

channels



Admission and Load Control

Both procedures are handled by CRNC. They are estimated separately for

uplink and downlink directions.

Admission Control

This algorithm is executed when a radio bearer is to be setup or modified. It is

based on:

•Power transmission criteria (noise increase in UL, transmit capacity in DL)

•Number of active users in the frequency band (code management)

And performed according to:

•The type of required QoS

•The current system load

Load Control (Congestion Control)

This algorithm ensures that the system is not overloaded and remains stable.

In case of congestion some actions can be taken.

But overload situations should normally be exceptional.



5.2 Radio Protocols

5.3 Iu Protocols






5. UTRAN

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1UE RNCNode B


5. UTRAN/5.8 Mobility management

General description (1/2)

The mobility management enables a user to have access to the subscribed

services on the whole coverage of the usual network and possibly visited

networks. It is performed as long as the UE remains switched on. It needs a

lot of radio and network resources.

• UE in idle mode (network mobility)Wherever the UE is located in the network coverage:

- the UE should have an access point to the network in the uplink

>> Cell reselection mechanisms

- the network should be able to reach the UE in the downlink (paging)

>> Location Area (LA) / Routing Area (RA) update mechanisms

• UE in connected mode (radio mobility management)A connection to the UTRAN (RRC connection) has been established: this

connection should remain, when the UE moves from one cell to another.

>> Handover (HO) or cell update mechanisms



General description (2/2)

• UE in idle modeThis mode is entered after “just after

switch on” process.

The UE location is:

- known by the CN at LA or RA level

- not known by the UTRAN

UE

Uu

UTRAN

Idle

mode

Connected

mode

• UE in connected modeThis mode is entered after RRC

connection establishment.

The UE location is:

- known by the CN at a LA or RA level

(furthermore the MSC or the SGSN

knows the SRNC of the UE)

- known by the UTRAN at a cell or

URA level.

“Just after switch on” process

Detached

RRC connection establishment



UE in idle mode (1/2)

The cell reselection is performed autonomously by the UE, but the network

can influence it by changing the radio parameters used in radio criteria.

These radio parameters are transmitted in the Broadcast Channel (BCH).

?

When moving across the network,

the UE may have to perform a cell

reselection, if the initial cell on which

it is camped is no longer available or

is no longer the best suited.

The cell reselection consists of a

selection of candidate cells and a

ranking of these cells according to

radio criteria.



UE in idle mode (2/2)

When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA.

When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is

stored in VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network.

LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).

HLRSGSNVLR

Location Area

(LA)

Routing Area

(RA)

VLR ... SGSN...



UE in connected mode (1/3)

MM mechanisms

Effect during the call

hard HO very short cut

Cell_DCH soft HO no cut

hard HO very short cut

Cell_FACH cell update suspended

Cell_PCH

cell update suspended

URA_PCH

URA update suspended

Cell update (URA update) consists of updating the MS location information

stored in the SRNC.

A UTRA originated paging message will therefore be sent only in this cell

(this URA) and not in a whole LA or RA.




Soft HO

•inter-cell (softer HO, managed by Node-B)

•inter Node-B

•inter-RNC (SRNS relocation)

Hard HO

•intra CDMA-carrier

not recommended for dedicated channels,

but necessary for common channels for which soft HO is not applied

•inter CDMA-carrier

one operator can have two CDMA carriers or more

between two different operators

•inter-mode

FDD-TDD (not provided in R99)

•inter-system

UMTS-GSM: necessary to provide continuous coverage

UMTS-CDMA2000 (in the US?)

Cell reselection

•Inter-system : UMTS/GPRS (inter/intra carrier, inter/intra RNC)

cell 1 cell 2




A hard handover consists of forwarding a call on another channel which is

running on a different carrier.

UTRA

cell GSM

cell

Downlink

10ms

frame

Idle

period

Compressed

frame

- Dual receiver

•simple handover operation, but expensive receiver

- Compressed mode (or slotted mode)

•simple receiver, but complicated handover operation

•the information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to

perform measurements on the other frequencies without losing data

The terminal must make measurements on other

frequencies (FFD, GSM or TDD frequencies) whilst

holding the on-going connection :



Exercise

The cell reselection is easier than the initial cell selection (performed just

after switch on): can you find the reason?

What is the difference between the cell reselection and the cell update

(performed in cell_PCH state)?

If there were no LA/RA update mechanisms, what would happen?

Is it better to have small or large LA?

Why is soft HO not provided in cell_FACH state?

In which case is it be better for the network to move a UE

to URA_PCH state rather than to cell_PCH state?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.


Appendix

• “Just after switch on” process

• AMR codec

•NBAP elementary procedures

•RANAP elementary procedures


Appendix/”Just after switch on” process

PLMN selection

PLMN selection

Cell selection

Attachment2

1 After switch on, the UE:

- scans the entire frequency bandwidths of UTRAN

FDD and GSM (cell search procedure for UTRAN

FDD )

- monitors the broadcast channels (BCCH for

UTRAN FDD) to get the PLMN identifiers.

Hence the UE can establish a list of PLMNs which

are available in its location.

List of

available

PLMNs

UE

switche

d on

1

In the list of available PLMNs, the UE selects:

- the HPLMN (Home PLMN) if it is available

- otherwise another PLMN (national or

international) according to priority rules possibly

stored in the USIM

Selected

PLMN2


Appendix/”Just after switch on” process

Attachment procedure

PLMN selection

Cell selection

Attachment

3

4

In the selected PLMN, the UE:

- selects the best cell according to radio criteria

- initiates attachment procedure on the selected cell

Attach-

ment

request

3

During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach

for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE

indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of

using services:

- authentication procedure

- storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR (or in the SGSN for PS domain)

- allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain)

Attach-

ment

result4

5

Indication of service

to the UE

The result of the procedure is notified to the UE:

- if successful, the UE can access services

- if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency calls

5


Appendix/AMR codec

AMR codec (for CS domain)

The AMR (Adaptative Multirate) speech codec:

- offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbits/s and 12,2 kbits/s

- is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC

- is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)

AMR mode Source coding bit- rateClass

A

Class

B

Class

C

AMR_12.20 12.20 kbit/ s (GSM EFR) 81 103 60

AMR_10.20 10.20 kbit/ s 65 99 40

AMR_7.95 7.95 kbit/ s 75 84 0

AMR_7.40 7.40 kbit/ s (IS-641) 61 87 0

AMR_6.70 6.70 kbit/ s (PDC-EFR) 58 76 0

AMR_5.90 5.90 kbit/ s 55 63 0

AMR_5.15 5.15 kbit/ s 49 54 0

AMR_4.75 4.75 kbit/ s 42 53 0


Appendix/NBAP elementary procedures

NBAP elementary procedures

•Cell Configuration Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the cell configuration information in a Node B.

•Common Transport Channel Management. This function gives the CRNC the possibility to manage the configuration of Common Transport Channels in a Node B.

•System Information Management. This function gives the CRNC the ability to manage the scheduling of System Information to be broadcast in a cell.

•Resource Event Management. This function gives the Node B the ability to inform the CRNC about the status of Node B resources.

•Configuration Alignment. This function gives the CRNC and the Node B the possibility to verify that both nodes has the same information on the configuration of the radio resources.

•Measurements on Common Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the Node B. The function also allows the Node B to report the result of the measurements.

•Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the CRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link.

•Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the CRNC to control the usage of compressed mode in a Node B.

•Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the CRNC to initiate measurements in the NodeB. The function also allows the NodeB to report the result of the measurements.

•DL Power Drifting Correction (FDD). This function allows the CRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more

Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links.

NBAP Functions (see 3GPP 25.433)


Appendix/RANAP elementary procedures

RANAP elementary procedures

•Relocating serving RNC. This function enables to change the serving RNC functionality as well as the related Iu

resources (RAB(s) and Signalling connection) from one RNC to another.

•Overall RAB management. This function is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing RABs.

•Release of all Iu connection resources. This function is used to explicitly release all resources related to one Iu

connection.

•SRNS context forwarding function. This function is responsible for transferring SRNS context from the RNC to

the CN for intersystem forward handover in case of packet forwarding.

•Controlling overload in the Iu interface. This function allows adjusting the load in the Iu interface.

•Sending the UE Common ID (permanent NAS UE identity) to the RNC. This function makes the RNC aware of

the UE's Common ID.

•Paging the user. This function provides the CN for capability to page the UE.

•Transport of NAS information between UE and CN. This function has three sub-classes:

•Controlling the security mode in the UTRAN. This function is used to send the security keys (ciphering and

integrity protection) to the UTRAN, and setting the operation mode for security functions.

•Controlling location reporting. This function allows the CN to operate the mode in which the UTRAN reports the

location of the UE.

•Data volume reporting function. This function is responsible for reporting unsuccessfully transmitted DL data

volume over UTRAN for specific RABs.

RANAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.413))


Appendix/RSNAP elementary procedures

RSNAP elementary procedures

•Radio Link Management. This function allows the SRNC to manage radio links using dedicated resources in a

DRNS;

•Physical Channel Reconfiguration. This function allows the DRNC to reallocate the physical channel resources

for a Radio Link;

•Radio Link Supervision. This function allows the DRNC to report failures and restorations of a Radio Link;

•Compressed Mode Control [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to control the usage of compressed mode within

a DRNS;

•Measurements on Dedicated Resources. This function allows the SRNC to initiate measurements on dedicated

resources in the DRNS. The function also allows the DRNC to report the result of the measurements;

•DL Power Drifting Correction [FDD]. This function allows the SRNC to adjust the DL power level of one or more

Radio Links in order to avoid DL power drifting between the Radio Links;

•CCCH Signalling Transfer. This function allows the SRNC and DRNC to pass information between the UE and the

SRNC on a CCCH controlled by the DRNS;

•Paging. This function allows the SRNC to page a UE in a URA or a cell in the DRNS;

•Common Transport Channel Resources Management. This function allows the SRNC to utilise Common

Transport Channel Resources within the DRNS (excluding DSCH resources for FDD);

•Relocation Execution. This function allows the SRNC to finalise a Relocation previously prepared via other

interfaces.

RSNAP Functions (some of them (see 3GPP 25.423))


Related Documentation

Abbreviations and Acronyms


Related documentation

English

- WCDMA for UMTS, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley 2000,

ISBN 0 471 72051 8

- UMTS Mobile communications for the future, Wiley 2001,

ISBN 0 471 49829 7

- Alcatel Telecommunications Review, 1st Quarter 2001 (“Find your way with 3G”)

- 3GPP specifications: ftp://ftp.3gpp.org/Specs/

Francais

- UMTS les réseaux mobiles de troisième génération, Editions Eyrolles 2001 (translation of

“WCDMA for UMTS” )

- UMTS les origines, l'architecture, la norme, Pierre Lescuyer, Editions Dunod 2001,

ISBN 2 10 005195 4

- Revue des Télécommunications d’Alcatel , 1er trimestre 2001 (entièrement consacrée à

la 3G)


Abbreviations and Acronyms (1)

AAL ATM Adaptation Layer

ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction

ADN Abbreviated Dialling Number

ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part

AMR Adaptive Multi Rate

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCH Broadcast Channel

BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts

BER Bit Error Rate

BLER Block Error Rate

BMC Broadcast / Multicast Control

BM-IWF Broadcast Multicast InterWorking

Function

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station (sub)System

BTS Base Transceiver Station

CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile

Enhanced Logic

CC Call Control

CCCH Common Control Channel

CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDR Call Detail Record

CN Core Network

CPCH Common Packet Channel

CRNC Controlling RNC

CS Circuit Switched

CTCH Common Traffic Channel

DCA Dynamic channel Allocation

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DCH Dedicated Channel

DHO Diversity HandOver

DHT Diversity HandOver Trunk

DRAC Dynamic Resource Allocation Control

DRNC Drift RNC

DS Direct Sequence

DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel



EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

ERAN EDGE Radio Access Network (all-IP)

FACH Forward Access Channel

FBI FeedBack Information

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDD-DS FDD-Direct Sequence (FDD1)

FDD-MC FDD-Multiple Carrier (FDD2)

FER Frame Error Rate

FP Frame Protocol

FTP File Transfer Protocol

GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

GSN GPRS Support Node (ie SGSN or GGSN)

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GTP-U GPRS Tunneling Protocol-User Plane

HO HandOver

HPLMN Home PLM

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IP Internet Protocol

IR Incremental Redundancy

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

L1,L2,L3 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3

LA Location Area

LCS Location Services

LLC Logical Link Control

LQC Link Quality Control

M3UA SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation layer

MAC Medium Access Control

MBS Multi-standard Base Station

MC Multiple Carrier

MExE Mobile Execution Environment

MM Mobility Management

MSC Mobile-services Switching Center

MSP Multiple Subscriber Profile



MTP3 Message Transfer Part (broadband)

MTP-3B Message Transfer Part level 3

NAS Non Access Stratum

NBAP Node-B Application Part

ODMA Opportunity Driven Multiple Access

OSA Open service Architecture

OTDOA-IPDL Observed Time Difference of Arrival

Idle Period Downlink

OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PCCH Paging Control Channel

PCH Paging Channel

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

PDC Personal Digital Cellular (2G Japan)

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PS Packet Switched

QOS Quality Of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RA Routing Area

RAB Radio Access Bearer

RACH Random Access Channel

RAN Radio Access Network

RANAP RAN Application Part

RB Radio Bearer

RL Radio Link

RLC Radio Link Control

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNS Radio Network Sub-System

RNSAP RNS Application Part

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRM Radio Resource Management



SAP Service Access Point

SAT SIM Application Toolkit

SDU Service Data Unit

SF Spreading Factor

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SHO Soft HandOver

SIR Signal to Interference Ratio

SMS Short Message Service

SPU Signaling Processing Unit

SRNC Serving RNC

SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented

Protocol

SSCP Signaling Connection Control Part

STM Synchronous Transfer Mode

TC Transcoder

TCP Transport Control Protocol

TD-CDMA Time Division & CDMA

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TF Transport Format

TFC Transport Format Combination

TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator

TFCS Transport Format Combination Set

TFS Transport Format Set

TMSI Temporary Mobile Station Identity

TPC Transmission Power Control

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UICC UMTS Integrated Circuit Card

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication

System

USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Card

USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service

Data

URA UTRAN Registration Area

URAN UMTS Radio Access Network (ETSI)

Universal Radio Access Network (3GPP)

USB Universal Serial Bus

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network



VC Virtual Channel

VHE Virtual Home Environment

VoIP Voice over IP

VP Virtual Path

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access

WIM WAP Identity Module


Abbreviations and Acronyms (Standard Organizations)

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project (WCDMA)

3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (cdma2000)

3GIP 3rd Generation partnership for Internet Protocol

ANSI American National Standard Institute (USA)

ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)

CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group

ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IMT International Mobile Telecommunication

ITU International Telecommunication Union

T1 Committee T1 telecommunication of the ANSI (USA)

TIA Telecommunication Industry Association (USA)

TTA Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea)

TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan)

UWCC Universal Wireless Communications Committee

W3C World Wide Web Consortium

alcatel umts introduction

Documents