Alessandra De MarcoMassimo D’Isidoro, Mihaela Mircea, Gaia Righini, Lina Vitali

Bologna, 23-24 Marzo

Ozone pollution is a serious problem in remote areas where vegetation lives

It is a secondary pollutant

Elevated urban pollution favours its depletion

Biogenic VOCs favour its formation

Source: Gregg et al. 2003

40

Critical levelsOzone levels above which negative effects on receptors are expected, based on actual knowledge (UNECE 1996)Ozone levels above which negative effects on sensitive vegetation growth are expected, based on actual knowledge (ICP 2004)

ThresholdsUN-ECE distinguish between agricultural (3 ppm h from April to June), horticultural (6 ppm h for 3,5 months) and forest species (5 ppm h in growing season conventionally from April to September)2008/50/EC Directive establishes only one critical level (9 ppm h) for all kind of vegetation type (from 8:00 to 20:00 in the time from May to July).

AOT40: “Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold of 40 ppb, along a given

daily time interval”

European criteria to protect vegetation against ozone

Ozone pollution in Europe is higher in Mediterranean countries

Source: EEA 2004

Stazioni urbane Stazioni rurali e suburbaneAOT40 forest (sommatoria eccedente 40 ppb nelle ore di luce da aprile a settembre)

ppbxh

Il limite per la protezione delle foreste è 5000!!!!

Summary of present ozone standards for vegetation in Europe

Area Receptor Indicator Time window Effect to be evaluated

Value

European Union Any kind of vegetation AOT40 May-July Any kind 9 ppm h b) as 5-yr (or 3-yr) average

UN-ECE Agricultural crops AOT40 3-month growing season Yield reduction 3 ppm h in a year

UN-ECE Horticultural crops AOT40 3.5-month growing season Yield reduction 6 ppm h in a year

UN-ECE Annual-dominated (semi-)natural veg.

AOT40 3-month growing season Seed reduction 3 ppm h in a year

UN-ECE Perennial-dominated semi-natural veg.

AOT40 6-month growing season Growth reduction 5 ppm h in a year

UN-ECE Forests AOT40 growing season Growth reduction 5 ppm h in a year

UN-ECE Crops AOT30vpd preceding 8 days Visible injury 0.16 ppm h in selected time

UN-ECE Wheat AFst6 either 970°C days starting 270°C days before flowering or 55 days starting 15 days before mid-anthesis

Yield reduction 1 mmol m-2 PLA in a year

UN-ECE Potato AFst6 either 1130°C days starting at plant emergence or 70 days starting at plant emergence

Yield reduction 5 mmol m-2 PLA in a year

UN-ECE Beech and Birch AFst1.6 growing season Growth reduction 4 mmol m-2 PLA in a year

From exposition to stomatal flux…

Media 2000-2004

Tuovinen, J.-P., Simpson, D., Emberson, L. and Ashmore, M.: 2006, ‘Ozone deposition modelling in Europe: uptake maps and their robustness’, Environmental Pollution.

Flusso stomatico di ozono

Contenuto idrico del suolo

Stadio fenologico

Temperatura

Radiazione solare

Concentrazioni di O3

Conduttanza stomatica

Possible causes of discrepancies between high ozone levels and low damage occurrence in Mediterranean area

Experiments in controlled conditionsExperiments in controlled conditions Indicators not usefulIndicators not useful Environmental conditions unfavorable Environmental conditions unfavorable

to ozone adsorption by plantsto ozone adsorption by plants Vegetation more resistant to ozone Vegetation more resistant to ozone

damagedamage

PAOLETTI E.: 2006, Impact of ozone on Mediterranean

forests: A review. Invited paper in Environmental

Pollution, in press

Discrepancies between high ozone levels and low damage occurrence

Media 2000-2004

Ferretti, M., Fagnano, M., Amoriello, T., Badiani, M., Ballarin-Denti, A., Buffoni, A., Bussotti, F., Castagna, A., Cieslik, S., Costantini, A., De Marco, A., Gerosa, G., Lorenzini, G., Manes, F., Merola, G., Nali, C., PAOLETTI E., Petriccione, B., Racalbuto, S., Rana, G., Ranieri, A., Tagliaferro, A., Vialetto, G., Vitale, M.: ‘Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions - what does not work’, Environmental Pollution, 146, 648–658 (2006).

It was noted that in some Mediterranean areas the flux-based methodology may under-estimate effects.

Revised and new flux-based critical levels for effects of ozone on vegetation.Please note that there are different flux model parameterisations for each species

66.3POD1Biomass (15%)Conservation grasslands (Viola spp), provisional

22.1POD1Biomass (10%)Conservation grasslands (clover)

22.1POD1Biomass (10%)Productive grasslands (clover)

POD1Holm Oak and Aleppo Pine*

43.7POD1Biomass (4%)Birch and Beech

88.2POD1Biomass (2%)Norway Spruce

22.3POD6Fruit yield (5%)Tomato

43.9POD6Tuber yield (5%)Potato

21.8POD6Protein yield (5%)Wheat

11.2POD61000 grain weight (5%)

Wheat

11.2POD6Grain yield (5%)Wheat

Critical level

(Mapping Manual)

Critical level (actual)

ParameterEffect

(% reduction)

Receptor

66.3POD1Biomass (15%)Conservation grasslands (Viola spp), provisional

22.1POD1Biomass (10%)Conservation grasslands (clover)

22.1POD1Biomass (10%)Productive grasslands (clover)

POD1Holm Oak and Aleppo Pine*

43.7POD1Biomass (4%)Birch and Beech

88.2POD1Biomass (2%)Norway Spruce

22.3POD6Fruit yield (5%)Tomato

43.9POD6Tuber yield (5%)Potato

21.8POD6Protein yield (5%)Wheat

11.2POD61000 grain weight (5%)

Wheat

11.2POD6Grain yield (5%)Wheat

Critical level

(Mapping Manual)

Critical level (actual)

ParameterEffect

(% reduction)

Receptor

Stazioni di ozono

Campi resa grano

Stazioni meteo

De Marco, Paoletti, Screpanti Geostatistics as a validation tool for setting ozone standards for durum wheat, Environmental Pollution, 2010

Dati disponibili: produttività cerro, leccio e faggio modellata su tutto il territorio italiano (3 km risoluzione)

Accrescimenti Inventario Forestale Nazionale (circa 700 plot su tutto il territorio italiano 1Km risoluzione)

Accrescimenti in 31 plot di II livello ICP Forest network, distribuiti abbastanza omogeneamente su tutto il territorio nazionale (circa 1 sito per regione).

Corine Land Cover maps aggiornate al 2006

Dati MINNI meteo ed inquinanti (4x4 km risoluzione)

Dati necessari per calcolare i flussi:

-Dati meteo 2005 (temperatura media, massima, minima; umidità relativa diurna; precipitazioni; radiazione solare; evapotraspirazione)-Dati concentrazioni orarie di ozono (anno 2005)-Dati tessitura del suolo

Applicazione modello moltiplicativo di Jarvis basato sulla conduttanza stomatica (la conduttanza stomatica massima diminuisce in relazione ai parametri ambientali e meteorologici)

gsto = gmax fphen flight ftemp fVPD fSWP

Output possibili di questa attività

-mappe AOT40 e flussi di ozono a risoluzione 4x4-valutazioni impatto ozono sui diversi ecosistemi-Analisi di flussi con diversi scenari