alfred szwarc consultant ministry of science and technology
TRANSCRIPT
USE OF BIO-FUELS IN BRAZIL
Alfred SzwarcConsultant
Ministry of Science and Technology
In-Session Workshop on MitigationSBSTA 21 / COP 10December 9, 2004
Buenos Aires
Brazilian experience with fuel grade ethanol started in the 1920’s. Variable ethanol content in gasoline
depending on ethanol availability…until
1973 OIL CRISIS & LOW SUGAR PRICES
PROÁLCOOL PROÁLCOOL BRAZILIAN FUEL ETHANOL PROGRAMBRAZILIAN FUEL ETHANOL PROGRAM
1975
• GASOHOL REGULARLY AVAILABLE SINCE 1977
• NEAT ETHANOL FOR ALCOHOL CARS AVAILABLE COMMERCIALLY SINCE 1979
(over 5 million ethanol fueled vehicles produced in Brazil)
FUEL ETHANOL TYPES
95.13 – 95.98Hydrous
99.58 minimumAnhydrous
alcohol content ºGL (at 20 ºC)
Type
Under Brazilian regulations two types of fuel ethanol are produced:
• Anhydrous: blended with automotive gasoline
• Hydrous: used as a neat fuel in vehicles or blended with gasohol by the consumer in FFV
Source: Portaria ANP Nº 126 de 08/08/2002
0,02,04,06,08,0
10,012,014,016,0
75/76 80/81 90/91 95/96 2003/04
0,6 3,7
11,512,6
14,7
Brazil: Ethanol production milestones(anhydrous + hydrous)
million m3/ crop season
~ 10% of total cultivated land
~ 1% of total land available for agriculture
SUGAR CANE - approx. 5 million ha - 60,000 producers - all-year-round harvest
C-S (80% land)
harvest: april/november
N-NE(20% land)
harvest: sept/march
Source: UNICA
Sugar Cane Production
314,9 306,9
257,6
293,1
320,6
357,5
303,1
200220240260280300320340360380
97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04
Crop season
Mill
ion
tons
Brazil: 1997/98 - 2003/04
Source: UNICA
About 50% of sugar cane is used for ethanol production
40,00
45,00
50,00
55,00
60,00
65,00
70,00
75,00
80,00
85,00
75 80 90 00 04
t ca
ne/
hec
tare
2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00
4,50
5,00
5,50
6,00
6,50
7,00
7,50
m3/h
ecta
re
t cane/hectare m3 ethanol/hectare
Productivity Gains
Center-South Region
Source: UNICA
FERTI-IRRIGATION WITH STILLAGE
ferti-irrigation with stillage helps to reduce use of water& chemical fertilizers and recovers soil fertility
bagasse
electricity
The sugarcane industry produces its own thermal & electric energy using bagasse as a fuel in co-generationsystems and it sells theexcess electricity to the publicgrid (presently 600 MW)
Autonomous Energy
Source: UNICA
The Brazilian Ethanol Experience
% Ethanol in Gasoline(gasohol)
1977: 4.5%1979: 15%1981: 20%1985: 22%1998: 24%
1999: 20 to 24% SINCE 200220% to 25%
- Brazilian ethanol, gasohol & Flex-Fuel vehicles
- Imported gasohol vehicles and engines
• energy security & diversification
• technology development
• environmental benefits
• balance of payments
• jobs
• Vehicle can operate on gasoline or ethanol or any ethanol-gasoline blend without any special requirement
• Consumers’ good acceptance: 2004 sales projections !!!! 300,000 Flex Fuel units
“FLEX FUEL” Vehicles
The FLEX FUEL Concept
ENGINE
ECU
CatalyticConverter.
Exhaust
O2 Sensor
Sensor originally used for emission control measures O2 contentin exhaust gas and sends a signal to the Engine Control Unit(ECU) indicating the level of ethanol in the fuel line ! ECU automatically recalibrates spark timing and fuel injection.
Source: ANFAVEA / Prepared by ÚNICA Diesel vehicles are not included
Vehicle Market Share in Brazil
Sales Jan/Sept 2004: 35,497 Ethanol 218,320 Flex Fuel 942,993 Gasohol
% SALES OF LDV - DOMESTIC MARKET
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
FLEX FUELETHANOL
GASOHOL
Vehicle Emission Reductions Related to Fuel Ethanol Use in Brazil
Lead additives banned since 1990
Reduction of SOx
Reduction of PM (carbon and sulfate particles)
VOC´s with lower toxicity & photochemical reactivity
CO: Higher reduction in older E100 (up to 70%) and gasohol (up to 40%) vehicles in comparison withethnaol-free gasoline
Source: CETESB
Ethanol Production & Energy Balance by Feedstock
8.3Sugar Cane (Brazil)1.9Sugar Beet (EU)
1.3 – 1.8Corn (USA)1.2Wheat
Energy Output/Energy InputFeedstock
Source: F.O. Licht, Macedo, I et alii 2004 NREL 2002
0.83Gasoline
Sugar CaneSugar Cane and and thethe COCO22 CycleCycle
Ethanol Electric Energy
Neat Ethanol or Blends
Cogeneration
Sugar
COBagasse
Ethanol
Sugar
CO2
SOURCE: ADS
CO2
Sugar Cane Field
Photosynthesis
CO2
Greenhouse Effect Mitigation
Under Brazilian production conditions the substitution of ethanol for gasoline & bagasse for fuel oil avoids the emission of:
2.6 t of CO2 equivalent/m3 anhydrous ethanol1.7 t of CO2 equivalent/m3 hydrous ethanol
Source: Macedo, I et alii, 2004
1
10
100
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000Ethanol Cumulative Production (thousand m3 )
(Oct
200
2) U
S$ /
GJ
Ethanol prices in Brazil Rotterdam regular gasoline price
trend (Rotterdam gasoline prices) trend (Ethanol prices)
1986
2002
1999
1996
1980
19901993
Gasoline X Ethanol Prices
Source: Goldenberg, J. et alii, Biomass and Bioenergy, 26, 2004
New Uses for Ethanol
AVIATION FUEL(100% ethanol airplane by
Embraer. Already certified !!!!production will start in 2005
Ethanol Vaporizer
INDUSTRIAL FUEL 100% ethanol boiler
(boiler can operate also on CNG or LPG)
New Uses for Ethanol
DIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS(Pilot Tests)
SOURCE TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN FOR FUEL CELLS
(Research Level)
Ethanol
Reformer
H2
Truck operating with diesel + 7% ethanol
+
SUGAR CANE
SOY BEAN
OR !!!! PEANUTS, SUNFLOWER, CORN, COTTON, PALM TREE......ETC.
Anhydrous Ethanol+Vegetable Oils = RenewableBiodiesel
New Uses for Ethanol: 100% Renewable Biodiesel
transesterification ETHYL ESTER
Biodiesel in Brazil
• Since the 1920’s ! initiatives to promote use of vegetable oilsin Brazil
• During the 1980’s: Pró-óleo and OVEG Programs ! limitedresults
• In 2002 MCT implemented the Research & TechnologyDevelopment PROBIODIESEL National Network
• 2003 Interministerial Commision evaluated feasibility of Biodiesel in Brazil and set recommendations for a program
• 2003: first Biodiesel specification (ANP 255/03)
• 2004: permission to use 2% biodiesel + 98% diesel blends (B2)
• December 6 2004: announcement of National Biodiesel Program
Vegetable Oil Sources in Brazil
Source: ABIOVE
NORTH REGION
Palm/Babassu/Soybean
CENTER-WEST REGION
Soybean/Castor Oil/Cotton/Sunflower/Palm
SOUTH REGION
Soybean/Rapeseed/Sunflower/ Cotton
SOUTH-EAST REGION
Soybean/Castor Oil/Cotton/ Sunflower
NORTH-EAST REGION
Babassu/Soybean/Castor Oil/ Palm/Cotton/Coconut
soybean oil represents over 95% of present vegetableoil production
Vegetable Oil Productivity in Brazil
Sunflower oil(45-55%)800Kg/ha
Soybean oil(18-21%)400Kg/ha
Peanut oil(40-50%)900Kg/ha
Castor oil(45-55%)
1200Kg/ha
Palm oil (Dendê)
(35-45%)
5900 Kg/ha
Source: LADETEL/USP - ABIOVE
Note: values in % indicate oil contentof each feedstock
• Biodegradable• Reduces emission of:
– Particulates– Carbon Monoxide– Sulphur oxides– Hydrocarbons– CO2
On a well-to-wheel basis it is estimated that:
biodiesel reduces CO2 emissions by 78% comparedto diesel oil
BIODIESEL – Environmental Aspects
Source: NREL 1998
Benefit is proportional to theamount of biodiesel used
Soybean biodiesel energy balance3.2 output energy/input fossil energy
For diesel oil the ratio is 0.83
(million hectares)
Total Area ………………........... 204Area good for agriculture...... 137Area in use for cattle raising... (35)Occupied area (forests & plantations) (12)Available Area for expansion..... 90
BRAZIL: Agribusiness ExpansionBrazil is one of the few countries with great capacity to
expand its agricultural production !!!!opportunitiesfor bio-energy and sustainable development
Expansion area in the“ Brazilian Cerrado” region
Source: EMBRAPA/MAPA