all about exoplanets dimitar d. sasselov harvard-smithsonian center for astrophysics
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All About Exoplanets
Dimitar D. Sasselov
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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Planets Orbiting Other Stars
Number of planets discovered around stars like our Sun:
123 planets 13 multiple planet systems
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A new field with 3 basic questions:
• How do planets & planetary systems form
and survive ?
• What is the physical diversity of planets ?
• What is the planetary perspective to the
origin of life ?
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Environments we can call home
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A new field with 3 basic questions:
• How do planets & planetary systems form
and survive ?
• What is the physical diversity of planets ?
• What is the planetary perspective to the
origin of life ?
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UpsAnd System vs. Solar System
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Planets Form Shortly After Their Parent Stars:
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Galaxy Molecular Cloud Complex
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Star-Forming “Globule”
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Circumstellar Disk
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Extrasolar System
?
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Methods for Planet Discovery:several, but only 3 have been
successful so far
• Radial Velocity Measurements (119) - looking for the Doppler shifts due to “Stellar
Wobble” as planet pulls on star,• Transit Measurements (3) - looking for periodic dimming as planet eclipses
star.& Gravitational Microlensing signal (1).
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New Method of Discovery
Transit Measurements
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Venus in Front of the Sun
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Transit Measurements
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Evidence for Planet OGLE-TR-56b
Transit Light Curve
Radial Velocities
Torres, Konacki, Sasselov,Jha, 2004, Astrophys. J.
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What did we find ?
Unique Orbit
= 29 hours
Mass = 1.4 Jupiters Density = 1.0 g/cm3 denser than Saturn
Iron rain
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OGLE-TR-113b
Transit Light Curve
Radial Velocities
Konacki, Torres,Sasselov, Jha (2004)
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The Other Known Transiting Extrasolar Planet
HD 209458b: Dimming of light due to transit, observed with HST.
Brown, Charbonneau, Gilliland, Noyes, Burrows (2001)
Transits tell usDIRECTLY:Planet radius,
INDIRECTLY:Planet densityPlanet composition
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Model: Seager & Sasselov 2000Detection: Charbonneau et al 2002
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The HAT Network: FLWO Mt.Hopkins AZ
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The HAT Network: Mauna Kea Obs. Hawaii
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Moc
hejs
ka e
t al.
2002
-20
04
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Survey for Transiting Exo-Planets in Stellar Systems
Ga u
d i e
t al.
2 002
- 20 0
4
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Surveying Extrasolar Planets:the First Step
• MOST - “Microvariability & Oscillations of
Stars” - Canada’s First Space Telescope;
• We will use MOST to detect the reflected light
from known “hot Jupiters”;
• The details of the reflected light will tell us about
the particle size & composition of the planet’s
clouds.
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Photometric Light Curves• Very slight changes in the light as planet changes phase,
• Requires precise photometry from space - MOST.
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Scattered Light Curves: 3 Examples
Seager, Whitney, & Sasselov 2000Green, Matthews, et al. 2003
51 Peg @ 550 nm
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Environments we can call home
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One of Humankind’s Biggest Questions:
What is the path from Stars to Life ?
- a major inter-disciplinary effort, with - astrophysics providing the ‘stage’;- First step: to discover Earth twins.
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What Would It Take ?
Lynnette Cook
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KEPLER: Search for Earth Twins
NASA Mission - launch in 2007
Transit Search: ~100,000 stars
Can detect planets like our Earth
GOAL: discover 1,000’s of
medium and giant planets; also
~12 Earths in habitable zones.
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Terrestrial Planet Finder
• Find and characterize Earth-like planets
• Reduce the glare of the parent star by one million to one billion
• Launch date 2015
• Observe stars within 50 light years
Alcatel Space Industries
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