allen adaptive management for ecosystems

22
Lessons from places at the threshold Adaptive Management of Working Agricultural Landscapes for Ecosystem Services Craig Allen, Christo Fabricius and the Resilience Alliance Working Group on Agricultural Resilience

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69th SWCS International Annual Conference “Making Waves in Conservation: Our Life on Land and Its Impact on Water” July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, IL

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Page 1: Allen   adaptive management for ecosystems

Lessons from places at the threshold

Adaptive Management of Working Agricultural Landscapes for Ecosystem 

Services

Craig Allen, Christo Fabricius and the Resilience Alliance Working Group on Agricultural Resilience

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What is the problem?

Sub‐Saharan Africa

Global Harvest Initiative 2012

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Pretty et al. 2011. Int J Agric Sust, 9:1, 5‐24

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Two clashing trends

Maize yields

Mouths to feed

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Livestock, crops, livelihoods , governance and culture are integrated 

– ‘Agri‐Culture’

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• The ability to absorb disturbances• To be changed and then to re‐organise and still retain the same basic structure and ways of functioning 

• As resilience declines the magnitude of a shock from which it cannot recover gets smaller and smaller.

resilience

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resilience, per se, is neither ‘good’ nor ‘bad’

undesirable states of systems can be very resilient (dictatorships, saline landscapes)

a system state that once was desirable can become ‘undesirable’ through changes in external conditions (context)

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“A regime shift involving alternate stable states occurs when a threshold level of a controlling variable in a system is passed, such that the nature and extent of feedbacks change, resulting in a change of direction (the trajectory) of the system itself.”

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Identified regime shifts related to agriculture and the hydrological cycle

EVAPORATION & LEAF AREA

Wet savanna ‐> dry savanna

Cloud forests ‐> Woodland

Forest ‐> savanna

Monsoons ‐> No monsoon

Gordon, et al. 2008

RUN‐OFF QUANT, QUAL

Eutrophication

Hypoxic zones

River channel change

INFILTRATION, MOISTURE

Salinisation

Vegetation patterns

Soil structure

Atmosphere

Aquatic 

Soil

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Cundill & Fabricius 2008.

The slippery slope of resilience loss

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• most losses in resilience are unintended consequences of processes beyondthe scale of focus

• in particular, failure to recognize cross‐scale and cross‐domain feedbacks

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Traps

• A trap is an undesirable state from which ‘escape’ is difficult

• a Trap is characterized by • low potential for change• rigidity and, because of the extremely degraded state, • a high resistance to change. 

• The system has become vulnerable• Sources of novelty and innovation have been eliminated

Allison, H. E. and R. J. Hobbs. 2004. Ecology and Society 9(1): 3. 

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Time

Resilience

Resilience: the amount of disturbance a system can absorb

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CONSU

MPT

ION ‐meat &

 fuel

(rich old millions)

FOOD PRODUCTION (poor young billions)

High

High

Low

A safe operating space for the world’s food systems?

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Rockström, J. et al. 2009. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society 14(2): 32. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/

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Transformation• Transformability: “The capacity to create afundamentally new system when ecological, economic,or social (including political) conditions make theexisting system untenable”

www.resalliance.org

Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5.

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Transformability

•preparedness to change• getting beyond the state of denial

•options for change• new ‘trajectories’ ‐ emerge from support for experiments, 

novelty, continual learning

•capacity to change• levels of capitals (including ‘social capital’), higher‐scale 

support ‐ governance

Capacity to make use of ‘windows of opportunity’

Folke et al. 2009 In: Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Springer

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Social‐ecological systems framework

Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Plan, Australiahttp://www.gbcma.vic.gov.au

With  participation and empowerment at every level and in every sphere

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Adaptive Management (and Adaptive Governance)

• A method to experimentally probe systems to determine key uncertainties, with experiments where it is ok to fail.

• An approach that “…views policy as hypotheses: that is, most policies are really questions masquerading as answers. Because policies are questions, then management actions become treatments, in an experimental sense." 

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Ecological Diversity

Ecological Variability

Ecological Modularity

Social Diversity

Social Modularity

Acknowledging slow variables

Tight Feedbacks

Social Capital

Innovation

Overlapping Governance

Ecosystem Services

Assessing tradeoffs among axes of resiliencein working agricultural landscapes

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Water quality

Water Quantity

Biodiversity

Invasion Resistance

Soil development

Food productionCultural

Nutrient Control

CarbonSequestration

Predation

Pollination

Assessing tradeoffs among ecosystem services

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Resilience resources:

‐www.resalliance.org‐information and news‐ workbooks (free, downloadable)

‐Ecology and Society‐www.ecologyandsociety.org

‐Twitter: @christofab@resilienceSci