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4 5 STATUS

(Hippophae rhamnoides),[5] rose hips, and domesticated

crops such as apples, grapes and pears where available.[34]

It has been observed eating flowers of Crocus vernus

albiflorus, including the pistils, perhaps as a source of

carotenoids.[35] The chough will readily supplement its

winter diet with food provided by tourist activities in

mountain regions, including ski resorts, refuse dumps andpicnic areas. Where additional food is available, winter

flocks are larger and contain a high proportion of im-

mature birds. The young birds principally frequent the

sites with the greatest food availability, such as refuse

dumps.[36] Both chough species will hide food in cracks

and fissures, concealing the cache with a few pebbles.[37]

This bird always forages in groups, which are larger in

winter than summer, and have constant composition in

each season. Where food resources are restricted, adults

dominate young birds, and males outrank females.[28]

Foraging areas change altitudinally through the year, de-

pending on climatic factors, food availability and foodquality. During the breeding season, birds remain above

the tree line, although they may use food provided by

tourists at refuges and picnic areas.[34]

Movement to lower levels begins after the first snow-

falls, and feeding by day is mainly in or near valley bot-

toms when the snow cover deepens, although the birds

return to the mountains to roost. In March and April the

choughs frequent villages at valley tops or forage in snow-

free patches prior to their return to the high meadows.[34]

Feeding trips may cover 20 km (12 mi) distance and

1,600 m (5,200 ft) in altitude. In the Alps, the devel-

opment of skiing above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) has enabledmore birds to remain at high levels in winter.[13]

Where their ranges overlap, the two chough species may

feed together in the summer, although there is only lim-

ited competition for food. An Italian study showed that

the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red-billed

chough was almost exclusivelyGageabulbs dug from the

ground, whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips.

In June, red-billed choughs fed mainly on caterpillars

whereas Alpine choughs atecrane fly pupae. Later in the

summer, the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of

grasshoppers, while the red-billed chough added cranefly

pupae, fly larvae and beetles to its diet.[25] In the easternHimalayas in November, Alpine choughs occur mainly in

juniperforests where they feed onjuniper berries, differ-

ing ecologically from the red-billed choughs in the same

region and at the same time of year, which feed by dig-

ging in the soil of terraced pastures of villages.[38]

4.3 Natural threats

Predators of the choughs include the peregrine falcon,

golden eagleandEurasian eagle-owl, while thecommon

raven will take nestlings.[39][40][41][42] Alpine choughshave been observed diving at a Tibetanred fox. It seems

likely that this "mobbing" behaviour may be play activ-

ity to give practice for when genuine defensive measures

may be needed to protect eggs or young.[43]

The Alpine chough is a host of the widespread bird

fleaCeratophyllus vagabunda, two specialist chough fleas

Frontopsylla frontalisand F. laetus,[44] acestodeChoan-

otaenia pirinica,

[45]

and various species ofchewing liceinthe generaBrueelia,MenacanthusandPhilopterus.[46]

5 Status

In theAlps, Innsbruck, Austria

The Alpine chough has an extensive though sometimes

fragmented range, estimated at 110 million square kilo-

metres (0.43.8 million sq mi), and a large population,

including an estimated 260,000 to 620,000 individuals in

Europe. The Corsican population has been estimated to

comprise about 2,500 birds.[47] Over its range as a whole,

the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for

the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red

List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three

generations), and is therefore evaluated as Least Con-

cern.[1]

At the greatest extent of the last glacial period around

18,000 years ago, southern Europe was characterised by

cold open habitats, and the Alpine chough was found as

far as south as southern Italy, well outside its current

range.[48] Some of these peripheral prehistoric popula-

tions persisted until recently, only to disappear within

the last couple of centuries. In thePolish Tatra Moun-

tains, where a population had survived since the glacial

period, it was not found as a breeding bird after the 19th

century.[49] In Bulgaria, the number of breeding sites fell

from 77 between 1950 and 1981 to just 14 in the 1996

to 2006 period, and the number of pairs in the remain-

ing colonies were much smaller. The decline was thought

to be due to the loss of former open grasslands which

had reverted to scrubby vegetation once extensive cattle

grazing ceased.[50] Foraging habitat can also be lost to hu-man activities such as the construction of ski resorts and

other tourist development on former alpine meadows.[51]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menacanthushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brueeliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_lousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestodahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobbinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_foxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ravenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ravenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_flyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gageahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoeciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_vernushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_vernushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-buckthorn


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Populations of choughs are stable or increasing in areas

where traditional pastoral or other low intensity agricul-

ture persists, but are declining or have become locally

extinct where intensive farming methods have been in-

troduced, such asBrittany, England, south-west Portugal

and mainland Scotland.[52]

Choughs can be locally threatened by the accumulation of

pesticidesandheavy metalsin the mountain soils, heavy

rain, shooting and other human disturbances,[50] but a

longer-term threat comes from global warming, which

would cause the species preferred Alpine climate zone

to shift to higher, more restricted areas, or locally to dis-

appear entirely.[53] Fossils of both chough species were

found in the mountains of theCanary Islands. The local

extinction of the Alpine chough and the reduced range

of red-billed chough in the islands may have been due to

climate change or human activity.[54]

6 References

[1] BirdLife International (2012). "Pyrrhocorax graculus".

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2012:

e.T22705921A38351765. Retrieved 30 January 2016.

[2] Linnaeus, C.(1766). Systema naturae per regna tria natu-

rae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum char-

acteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio

duodecima (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p.

158.

[3] Tunstall, M.(1771). Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium

omnium Britannicarum tam terrestrium, quam aquati-

carum catalogus, sermone Latino, Anglico et Gallico red-

ditus(in Latin). London, J. Dixwell. p. 2.

[4] Madge, S.; Burn, Hilary (1994). Crows and jays: a guide

to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A & C Black.

pp. 132133.ISBN 0-7136-3999-7.

[5] Goodwin, Derek; Gillmor, Robert (1976). Crows of the

world. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp.

151158.ISBN 0-565-00771-8.

[6] Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansn, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf

S.; Ekman, Jan (2005). Inter-generic relationships of

the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvi-dae) based on nucleotide sequence data(PDF). Journal

of Avian Biology 36 (3): 222234. doi:10.1111/j.0908-

8857.2001.03409.x.

[7] Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax [Linnaeus, 1758]".

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Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2007. Re-

trieved 6 February 2008.

[8] Woodhouse, Sidney Chawner (1982). The Englishmans

pocket Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary. Taylor

& Francis. p. 75.ISBN 0-7100-9267-9.

[9] Lilford, Thomas Littleton Powys; Salvin, Osbert; Newton,

Alfred; Thorburn, Archibald; Keulemans, Gerrard John(1897). Coloured figures of the birds of the British islands

2. R. H. Porter. p. 56.

[10] Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (181540). Manuel

d'ornithologie; Tableau systmatique des oiseaux qui se

trouvent en Europe. Paris: Sepps & Dufour. p. 122.

[11] Cocker, Mark;Mabey, Richard(2005). Birds Britannica.

London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 406408. ISBN 0-7011-

6907-9.

[12] Dickinson, E C; Dekker, R. W. R. J.; Eck, S.; So-

madikarta S. (2004). [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/

document/43939 Systematic notes on Asian birds.

45. Types of the Corvidae"] (PDF).Leiden Zoologische

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[13] Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). The

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[14] Stoliczka, Ferdinand (1874). Letter to the Editor, 10

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[15] Vaurie, Charles (1954). Systematic notes on Palearctic

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[16] Rasmussen, Pamela C.;Anderton J. C.(2006). Birds of

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& Lynx Edicions. p. 598. ISBN 84-87334-67-9.

[17] (Hungarian with English abstract) Vlczi, Tibor (1999)

"Vaskapu-barlang (Bkk-hegysg) fels pleisztocn

faunjnak vizsglata (Investigation of the Upper-

Pleistocene fauna of Vaskapu-Cave (Bkk-mountain)).Folia historico naturalia musei Matraensis 23: 7996

(PDF)

[18] Mlkovsk, Jir (2002)Cenozoic birds of the world(Part

1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8

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[19] Mourer-Chauvir, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Cha-

line, J.; Debard, E.; Gurin, C.; Hugueney, M. (2003).

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de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrze, France), in the Euro-

pean Pleistocene chronology. Boreas32 (3): 521531.

doi:10.1080/03009480310003405.

[20] ITIS Standard Report Page: Corcorax". Integrated Tax-

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[21] Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio (2000). Ecogeo-

graphic correlates of morphometric variation in the Red-

billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxand the Alpine

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doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04888.x.

[22] Burton, Robert (1985). Bird behaviour. London:

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[23] Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Delestrade,

Anne; de Sanctis, Augusto (2001). Geograph-

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5422(2001)103[0287:GVITCO]2.0.CO;2.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1650%252F0010-5422%25282001%2529103%255B0287%253AGVITCO%255D2.0.CO%253B2https://dx.doi.org/10.1650%252F0010-5422%25282001%2529103%255B0287%253AGVITCO%255D2.0.CO%253B2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-12440-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1474-919X.2001.tb04888.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557570https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%252F03009480310003405https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Booksources/80-901105-3-8http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdfhttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-67-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Andertonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussenhttp://hdl.handle.net/2246/3595http://hdl.handle.net/2246/3595https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/462/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/462/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854099-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6907-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6907-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mabeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cockerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Thorburnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Powys,_4th_Baron_Lilfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9267-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://web.archive.org/web/20071224213534/http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob15590.htmhttp://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob15590.htmhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.0908-8857.2001.03409.xhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.0908-8857.2001.03409.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-565-00771-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3999-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_&_C_Blackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Madgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaduke_Tunstallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22705921A38351765.enhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming


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[52] Pain, Debbie; Dunn, Euan (1996). The effects of agri-

cultural intensification upon pastoral birds: lowland wet

grasslands (The Netherlands) and transhumance (Spain)".

Wader Study Group Bulletin81: 5965.

[53] Sekercioglu, Cagan H; Schneider, Stephen H.; Fay, John

P. Loarie; Scott R. (2008). Climate change, eleva-

tional range shifts, and bird extinctions (PDF). Conser-

vation Biology 22 (1): 140150. doi:10.1111/j.1523-

1739.2007.00852.x.PMID 18254859.

[54] Reyes, Juan Carlos Rando (2007). New fossil records

of choughs genus Pyrrhocoraxin the Canary Islands: hy-

potheses to explain its extinction and current narrow dis-

tribution(PDF).Ardeola54 (2): 185195.

7 External links

Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.86 MB) by Javier

Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

Alpine chough videos, photos & sounds on the In-

ternet Bird Collection
http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/yellow-billed-chough-pyrrhocorax-graculushttp://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/410_AlpineChoughPgraculus.pdfhttp://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/410_AlpineChoughPgraculus.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254859https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1523-1739.2007.00852.xhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1523-1739.2007.00852.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/~rpcoelho/comunidades/Artigos_2008/ecs08_26.pdfhttp://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/~rpcoelho/comunidades/Artigos_2008/ecs08_26.pdf


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8 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text

Alpine choughSource:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_chough?oldid=704625406Contributors:William Avery, Montrealais, Hep-

haestos, Shyamal, Jimfbleak, , Smallweed, UtherSRG, MPF, Abigail-II, Ferkelparade, DragonflySixtyseven, Pethan, Spot-

tedowl, Rich Farmbrough, Xezbeth, Bender235, CanisRufus, Kwamikagami, HasharBot~enwiki, Jumbuck, Stemonitis, Isfisk, Jean-Pol

Grandmont, DePiep, Jorunn, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, FlaBot, Eubot, TeaDrinker, Gdrbot, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki,

AnOddName, Rst20xx, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Snowmanradio, Lionni, Ohconfucius, Beetstra, Sasata, FerranGil, Dixonsej, Amotis,

Drinibot, ShelfSkewed, Beastie Bot, MPRO, Alaibot, Narayanese, Casliber, Z10x, WikiLambo, Deflective, Maias, Connormah, Wolf-

manSF, Pvmoutside, Steven Walling, The cattr, DrKay, Fredlyfish4, DorganBot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Rei-bot, Christv,

Agyle, SieBot, MeegsC, Ealdgyth, Dabomb87, Mr. Granger, Lantay77, Sun Creator, NuclearWarfare, Rreagan007, Addbot, Binary TSO,

LaaknorBot, Lightbot, , First Light, Zorrobot, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Ingii, Grou-

choBot, Bekus, Gouerouz, Citation bot 1, Gerda Arendt, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot, Innotata, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Xirkan,

DASHBot, EmausBot, Chermundy, ClueBot NG, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Tholme, Vagobot, Kimimila58, ChrisGualtieri, Do better,

HumanArchAngelG, Jonas Vinther, Monkbot, Horseless Headman, Gronk Oz, Klausrassinger, Catman18, SSTflyer, MCEllis, DatGuy,

Dickmcballs, Herpderp456786543, WZaUser and Anonymous: 40

8.2 Images

File:Alpendohle_Ei-3c.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Alpendohle_Ei-3c.jpgLicense:CC BY-SA

3.0 Contributors: Alpendohle_Ei.jpgOriginal artist:Alpendohle_Ei.jpg:User:XRiffRaffx

File:ChoughsDiff.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/ChoughsDiff.svg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-

tributors:Own workOriginal artist:L. Shyamal

File:Commons-logo.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-

tors:? Original artist:?

File:Picos393.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Picos393.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: Own

workOriginal artist:Jimfbleak(talk)

File:Pyrrhocorax-graculus-0020-a.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pyrrhocorax-graculus-0020-a.

jpgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Mathias Bigge

File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Gornergrat_Observatory,_Switzerland_-alps-8.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/1/1a/Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Gornergrat_Observatory%2C_Switzerland_-alps-8.jpg License: CC BY 2. 0 Contributors:

DS1_8807_Alpine_ChoughOriginal artist:Christoph Koch

File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8-4c.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8-4c.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to flickr at

Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus anduploaded to commons at Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8.jpg Orig-

inal artist: Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8.jpg:Lip Kee Yapfrom Singapore, Republic of Singapore

File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_MWNH_1391.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Pyrrhocorax_

graculus_MWNH_1391.JPGLicense:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:Own work Original artist:Klaus Rassingerund Gerhard Cammerer,

Museum Wiesbaden

8.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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