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4 5 STATUS
(Hippophae rhamnoides),[5] rose hips, and domesticated
crops such as apples, grapes and pears where available.[34]
It has been observed eating flowers of Crocus vernus
albiflorus, including the pistils, perhaps as a source of
carotenoids.[35] The chough will readily supplement its
winter diet with food provided by tourist activities in
mountain regions, including ski resorts, refuse dumps andpicnic areas. Where additional food is available, winter
flocks are larger and contain a high proportion of im-
mature birds. The young birds principally frequent the
sites with the greatest food availability, such as refuse
dumps.[36] Both chough species will hide food in cracks
and fissures, concealing the cache with a few pebbles.[37]
This bird always forages in groups, which are larger in
winter than summer, and have constant composition in
each season. Where food resources are restricted, adults
dominate young birds, and males outrank females.[28]
Foraging areas change altitudinally through the year, de-
pending on climatic factors, food availability and foodquality. During the breeding season, birds remain above
the tree line, although they may use food provided by
tourists at refuges and picnic areas.[34]
Movement to lower levels begins after the first snow-
falls, and feeding by day is mainly in or near valley bot-
toms when the snow cover deepens, although the birds
return to the mountains to roost. In March and April the
choughs frequent villages at valley tops or forage in snow-
free patches prior to their return to the high meadows.[34]
Feeding trips may cover 20 km (12 mi) distance and
1,600 m (5,200 ft) in altitude. In the Alps, the devel-
opment of skiing above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) has enabledmore birds to remain at high levels in winter.[13]
Where their ranges overlap, the two chough species may
feed together in the summer, although there is only lim-
ited competition for food. An Italian study showed that
the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red-billed
chough was almost exclusivelyGageabulbs dug from the
ground, whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips.
In June, red-billed choughs fed mainly on caterpillars
whereas Alpine choughs atecrane fly pupae. Later in the
summer, the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of
grasshoppers, while the red-billed chough added cranefly
pupae, fly larvae and beetles to its diet.[25] In the easternHimalayas in November, Alpine choughs occur mainly in
juniperforests where they feed onjuniper berries, differ-
ing ecologically from the red-billed choughs in the same
region and at the same time of year, which feed by dig-
ging in the soil of terraced pastures of villages.[38]
4.3 Natural threats
Predators of the choughs include the peregrine falcon,
golden eagleandEurasian eagle-owl, while thecommon
raven will take nestlings.[39][40][41][42] Alpine choughshave been observed diving at a Tibetanred fox. It seems
likely that this "mobbing" behaviour may be play activ-
ity to give practice for when genuine defensive measures
may be needed to protect eggs or young.[43]
The Alpine chough is a host of the widespread bird
fleaCeratophyllus vagabunda, two specialist chough fleas
Frontopsylla frontalisand F. laetus,[44] acestodeChoan-
otaenia pirinica,
[45]
and various species ofchewing liceinthe generaBrueelia,MenacanthusandPhilopterus.[46]
5 Status
In theAlps, Innsbruck, Austria
The Alpine chough has an extensive though sometimes
fragmented range, estimated at 110 million square kilo-
metres (0.43.8 million sq mi), and a large population,
including an estimated 260,000 to 620,000 individuals in
Europe. The Corsican population has been estimated to
comprise about 2,500 birds.[47] Over its range as a whole,
the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for
the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red
List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three
generations), and is therefore evaluated as Least Con-
cern.[1]
At the greatest extent of the last glacial period around
18,000 years ago, southern Europe was characterised by
cold open habitats, and the Alpine chough was found as
far as south as southern Italy, well outside its current
range.[48] Some of these peripheral prehistoric popula-
tions persisted until recently, only to disappear within
the last couple of centuries. In thePolish Tatra Moun-
tains, where a population had survived since the glacial
period, it was not found as a breeding bird after the 19th
century.[49] In Bulgaria, the number of breeding sites fell
from 77 between 1950 and 1981 to just 14 in the 1996
to 2006 period, and the number of pairs in the remain-
ing colonies were much smaller. The decline was thought
to be due to the loss of former open grasslands which
had reverted to scrubby vegetation once extensive cattle
grazing ceased.[50] Foraging habitat can also be lost to hu-man activities such as the construction of ski resorts and
other tourist development on former alpine meadows.[51]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatra_Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menacanthushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brueeliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_lousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestodahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobbinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_foxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ravenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ravenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eaglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_falconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_flyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gageahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoeciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_vernushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus_vernushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_hiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-buckthorn -
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Populations of choughs are stable or increasing in areas
where traditional pastoral or other low intensity agricul-
ture persists, but are declining or have become locally
extinct where intensive farming methods have been in-
troduced, such asBrittany, England, south-west Portugal
and mainland Scotland.[52]
Choughs can be locally threatened by the accumulation of
pesticidesandheavy metalsin the mountain soils, heavy
rain, shooting and other human disturbances,[50] but a
longer-term threat comes from global warming, which
would cause the species preferred Alpine climate zone
to shift to higher, more restricted areas, or locally to dis-
appear entirely.[53] Fossils of both chough species were
found in the mountains of theCanary Islands. The local
extinction of the Alpine chough and the reduced range
of red-billed chough in the islands may have been due to
climate change or human activity.[54]
6 References
[1] BirdLife International (2012). "Pyrrhocorax graculus".
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2012:
e.T22705921A38351765. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
[2] Linnaeus, C.(1766). Systema naturae per regna tria natu-
rae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum char-
acteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio
duodecima (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p.
158.
[3] Tunstall, M.(1771). Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium
omnium Britannicarum tam terrestrium, quam aquati-
carum catalogus, sermone Latino, Anglico et Gallico red-
ditus(in Latin). London, J. Dixwell. p. 2.
[4] Madge, S.; Burn, Hilary (1994). Crows and jays: a guide
to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A & C Black.
pp. 132133.ISBN 0-7136-3999-7.
[5] Goodwin, Derek; Gillmor, Robert (1976). Crows of the
world. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp.
151158.ISBN 0-565-00771-8.
[6] Ericson, Per G. P.; Jansn, Anna-Lee; Johansson, Ulf
S.; Ekman, Jan (2005). Inter-generic relationships of
the crows, jays, magpies and allied groups (Aves: Corvi-dae) based on nucleotide sequence data(PDF). Journal
of Avian Biology 36 (3): 222234. doi:10.1111/j.0908-
8857.2001.03409.x.
[7] Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax [Linnaeus, 1758]".
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Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2007. Re-
trieved 6 February 2008.
[8] Woodhouse, Sidney Chawner (1982). The Englishmans
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[9] Lilford, Thomas Littleton Powys; Salvin, Osbert; Newton,
Alfred; Thorburn, Archibald; Keulemans, Gerrard John(1897). Coloured figures of the birds of the British islands
2. R. H. Porter. p. 56.
[10] Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (181540). Manuel
d'ornithologie; Tableau systmatique des oiseaux qui se
trouvent en Europe. Paris: Sepps & Dufour. p. 122.
[11] Cocker, Mark;Mabey, Richard(2005). Birds Britannica.
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[12] Dickinson, E C; Dekker, R. W. R. J.; Eck, S.; So-
madikarta S. (2004). [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/
document/43939 Systematic notes on Asian birds.
45. Types of the Corvidae"] (PDF).Leiden Zoologische
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[13] Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). The
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0-19-854099-X.
[14] Stoliczka, Ferdinand (1874). Letter to the Editor, 10
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[15] Vaurie, Charles (1954). Systematic notes on Palearctic
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Museum novitates1658: 67.
[16] Rasmussen, Pamela C.;Anderton J. C.(2006). Birds of
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& Lynx Edicions. p. 598. ISBN 84-87334-67-9.
[17] (Hungarian with English abstract) Vlczi, Tibor (1999)
"Vaskapu-barlang (Bkk-hegysg) fels pleisztocn
faunjnak vizsglata (Investigation of the Upper-
Pleistocene fauna of Vaskapu-Cave (Bkk-mountain)).Folia historico naturalia musei Matraensis 23: 7996
(PDF)
[18] Mlkovsk, Jir (2002)Cenozoic birds of the world(Part
1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8
p. 238
[19] Mourer-Chauvir, C.; Philippe, M.; Quinif, Y.; Cha-
line, J.; Debard, E.; Gurin, C.; Hugueney, M. (2003).
Position of the palaeontological site Aven I des Abmes
de La Fage, at Noailles (Corrze, France), in the Euro-
pean Pleistocene chronology. Boreas32 (3): 521531.
doi:10.1080/03009480310003405.
[20] ITIS Standard Report Page: Corcorax". Integrated Tax-
onomic Information System. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
[21] Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio (2000). Ecogeo-
graphic correlates of morphometric variation in the Red-
billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxand the Alpine
Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus". Ibis 43 (3): 602616.
doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04888.x.
[22] Burton, Robert (1985). Bird behaviour. London:
Granada. p. 22. ISBN 0-246-12440-7.
[23] Laiolo, Paola; Rolando, Antonio; Delestrade,
Anne; de Sanctis, Augusto (2001). Geograph-
ical variation in the calls of the choughs. TheCondor 103 (2): 287297. doi:10.1650/0010-
5422(2001)103[0287:GVITCO]2.0.CO;2.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1650%252F0010-5422%25282001%2529103%255B0287%253AGVITCO%255D2.0.CO%253B2https://dx.doi.org/10.1650%252F0010-5422%25282001%2529103%255B0287%253AGVITCO%255D2.0.CO%253B2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-12440-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1474-919X.2001.tb04888.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557570https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%252F03009480310003405https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Booksources/80-901105-3-8http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdfhttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttp://www.matramuzeum.hu/e107_plugins/docrep_menu/docrep.php?0.getdoc.236.5.Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-67-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Andertonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussenhttp://hdl.handle.net/2246/3595http://hdl.handle.net/2246/3595https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/462/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou21874hume#page/462/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854099-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6907-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6907-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mabeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cockerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Thorburnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Powys,_4th_Baron_Lilfordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-9267-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://web.archive.org/web/20071224213534/http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob15590.htmhttp://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob15590.htmhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.0908-8857.2001.03409.xhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.0908-8857.2001.03409.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttp://nrm.se/download/18.4e1d3ca810c24ddc70380001145/Corvidae%255B1%255D.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-565-00771-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3999-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_&_C_Blackhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Madgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaduke_Tunstallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Specieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22705921A38351765.enhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming -
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[52] Pain, Debbie; Dunn, Euan (1996). The effects of agri-
cultural intensification upon pastoral birds: lowland wet
grasslands (The Netherlands) and transhumance (Spain)".
Wader Study Group Bulletin81: 5965.
[53] Sekercioglu, Cagan H; Schneider, Stephen H.; Fay, John
P. Loarie; Scott R. (2008). Climate change, eleva-
tional range shifts, and bird extinctions (PDF). Conser-
vation Biology 22 (1): 140150. doi:10.1111/j.1523-
1739.2007.00852.x.PMID 18254859.
[54] Reyes, Juan Carlos Rando (2007). New fossil records
of choughs genus Pyrrhocoraxin the Canary Islands: hy-
potheses to explain its extinction and current narrow dis-
tribution(PDF).Ardeola54 (2): 185195.
7 External links
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.86 MB) by Javier
Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
Alpine chough videos, photos & sounds on the In-
ternet Bird Collection
http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/yellow-billed-chough-pyrrhocorax-graculushttp://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/410_AlpineChoughPgraculus.pdfhttp://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/410_AlpineChoughPgraculus.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttp://www.ardeola.org/files/1315.pdfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254859https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1523-1739.2007.00852.xhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1523-1739.2007.00852.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/~rpcoelho/comunidades/Artigos_2008/ecs08_26.pdfhttp://ecologia.icb.ufmg.br/~rpcoelho/comunidades/Artigos_2008/ecs08_26.pdf -
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8 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 Text
Alpine choughSource:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_chough?oldid=704625406Contributors:William Avery, Montrealais, Hep-
haestos, Shyamal, Jimfbleak, , Smallweed, UtherSRG, MPF, Abigail-II, Ferkelparade, DragonflySixtyseven, Pethan, Spot-
tedowl, Rich Farmbrough, Xezbeth, Bender235, CanisRufus, Kwamikagami, HasharBot~enwiki, Jumbuck, Stemonitis, Isfisk, Jean-Pol
Grandmont, DePiep, Jorunn, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, FlaBot, Eubot, TeaDrinker, Gdrbot, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki,
AnOddName, Rst20xx, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Snowmanradio, Lionni, Ohconfucius, Beetstra, Sasata, FerranGil, Dixonsej, Amotis,
Drinibot, ShelfSkewed, Beastie Bot, MPRO, Alaibot, Narayanese, Casliber, Z10x, WikiLambo, Deflective, Maias, Connormah, Wolf-
manSF, Pvmoutside, Steven Walling, The cattr, DrKay, Fredlyfish4, DorganBot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, GimmeBot, Rei-bot, Christv,
Agyle, SieBot, MeegsC, Ealdgyth, Dabomb87, Mr. Granger, Lantay77, Sun Creator, NuclearWarfare, Rreagan007, Addbot, Binary TSO,
LaaknorBot, Lightbot, , First Light, Zorrobot, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Ingii, Grou-
choBot, Bekus, Gouerouz, Citation bot 1, Gerda Arendt, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot, Innotata, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Xirkan,
DASHBot, EmausBot, Chermundy, ClueBot NG, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Tholme, Vagobot, Kimimila58, ChrisGualtieri, Do better,
HumanArchAngelG, Jonas Vinther, Monkbot, Horseless Headman, Gronk Oz, Klausrassinger, Catman18, SSTflyer, MCEllis, DatGuy,
Dickmcballs, Herpderp456786543, WZaUser and Anonymous: 40
8.2 Images
File:Alpendohle_Ei-3c.jpgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Alpendohle_Ei-3c.jpgLicense:CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Alpendohle_Ei.jpgOriginal artist:Alpendohle_Ei.jpg:User:XRiffRaffx
File:ChoughsDiff.svg Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/ChoughsDiff.svg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors:Own workOriginal artist:L. Shyamal
File:Commons-logo.svgSource:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contribu-
tors:? Original artist:?
File:Picos393.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Picos393.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: Own
workOriginal artist:Jimfbleak(talk)
File:Pyrrhocorax-graculus-0020-a.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Pyrrhocorax-graculus-0020-a.
jpgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Mathias Bigge
File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Gornergrat_Observatory,_Switzerland_-alps-8.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/1a/Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Gornergrat_Observatory%2C_Switzerland_-alps-8.jpg License: CC BY 2. 0 Contributors:
DS1_8807_Alpine_ChoughOriginal artist:Christoph Koch
File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8-4c.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8-4c.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to flickr at
Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus anduploaded to commons at Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8.jpg Orig-
inal artist: Pyrrhocorax_graculus_-Wengen_-Switzerland_-flying-8.jpg:Lip Kee Yapfrom Singapore, Republic of Singapore
File:Pyrrhocorax_graculus_MWNH_1391.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Pyrrhocorax_
graculus_MWNH_1391.JPGLicense:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:Own work Original artist:Klaus Rassingerund Gerhard Cammerer,
Museum Wiesbaden
8.3 Content license
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
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