alpine hydrogeology: storage and flow of groundwater in moraine and talus deposits masaki hayashi,...
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Alpine Hydrogeology: Storage and Flow of Alpine Hydrogeology: Storage and Flow of Groundwater in Moraine and Talus DepositsGroundwater in Moraine and Talus Deposits
Masaki Hayashi, Jaime Hood, Greg Langston, Masaki Hayashi, Jaime Hood, Greg Langston, Danika Muir, Alastair McClymont, Larry BentleyDanika Muir, Alastair McClymont, Larry BentleyDept. of Geoscience, Univ. of Calgary, CanadaDept. of Geoscience, Univ. of Calgary, Canada
From Processes to Parameterization
field observation
Q
physically-based model
Q
Storage
grid-scale functionriver-basin model
Opabin Sub-Watershed in Lake O’Hara Basin
1 km
CANADA
USA
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L. O’Hara
Hydro-meteorological instrumentation
Annual snow survey at peak accumulation
0
0.5
1
1.5
5/1 5/21 6/10 6/30 7/20 8/9 8/29 9/18 10/8
snow melt glacier melt rain
Water Input to the Opabin Watershed fl
ux
(m3 /
s)
2006
0
0.5
1
1.5
5/1 5/21 6/10 6/30 7/20 8/9 8/29 9/18 10/8
snow melt glacier melt rain stream flow
Water Inputs and outputsfl
ux
(m3 /
s)
2006
HungabeeHungabeeLakeLake Opabin LakeOpabin Lake
Source Source springspring
Opabin GlacierOpabin Glacier
Opabin Opabin CreekCreek
500 m
N
Opabin Plateau
morainemoraine
Lake Lake O’HaraO’Hara
Opabin Opabin GlacierGlacier
SpringSpring
Opabin LakeOpabin Lake
seismic refractionseismic refraction
electrical resistivityelectrical resistivity
Seismic Refraction
bedrock
Electrical Resistivity
bedrock
massive ice
permafrost
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ImagingBlue colour indicates water molecules
Lehmann et al. (2011. J. Geophys. Res., in press)
bedrock surfacebedrock surface(seismic imaging)(seismic imaging)
Opabin Opabin GlacierGlacier
SpringSpring
Opabin LakeOpabin Lake
Ground-Penetrating RadarGround-Penetrating Radar
Bedrock Surface Map from Radar Data
Opabin Lake
GW Spring
Emerging Conceptual Model
Langston et al. (2011, Hydrol. Process. 25: 2967)
Talus Covers 25 % of Opabin Watershed.
100m
Babylon Catchment
talustalus
bedrockbedrock
gauging stn.gauging stn.
Gauging Station
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
7/19 7/20 7/21 7/22 7/23 7/24 7/25 7/26 7/27
dis
char
ge
(m3/s
)Babylon Creek Discharge, 2008
Diurnal fluctuations, peaking in early evening.
19:00
Half life (1/2) of exponential decay < 1 day.
1/2
Hillslope Flow in Unconfined AquifersBrutsaert (2005) Approximation: Kinematic Wave
sinsin Kydx
dyKyQ
Q: flow per unit width (m2/s)K: hydraulic conductivity (m/s)
The pulse of water table travels like a wave.
c = K sin / ne
c: velocity of wave propagation (m/s)
ne: drainable porosity
y
x
hyd
rau
lic c
on
du
ctiv
ity
(m/s
)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4drainable porosity
time lag3 hr7 hr
From wave velocity
Analysis of Babylon Hydrograph
Peak discharge – peak snowmelt = 3 to 7 hrs
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0 0.02 0.04 0.06saturated thickness (m)
flow rate0.03 m3/s0.01 m3/s
Flow rate equation
Flow rate ranged between 0.01 and 0.03 m3/s
tracer test 0.02 m/s
Conceptual Model of Talus GroundwaterFast hydraulic response time (< 1-2 days).
Flow through a thin (< 0.1 m) saturated layer.
Late-lying snowpack – importance water source.
snowpack
bedrock
talus
Muir et al. (2011, Hydrol. Process. 25: 2954)
0
5
10
15
20
25
5/1 5/21 6/10 6/30 7/20 8/9 8/29 9/18 10/8
Opabin Creek
dis
char
ge
(mm
/d)
2006
(5 km2)
Normalized Stream Dischargevolumetric discharge / drainage area
groundwater contribution
0
5
10
15
20
25
5/1 5/21 6/10 6/30 7/20 8/9 8/29 9/18 10/8
Opabin Creek
O'Hara outlet
dis
char
ge
(mm
/d)
2006
(5 km2)
(14 km2)
Normalized Stream Dischargevolumetric discharge / drainage area
groundwater contribution
0
5
10
15
20
25
5/1 5/21 6/10 6/30 7/20 8/9 8/29 9/18 10/8
Opabin Creek
O'Hara outlet
Kicking Horse R.
dis
char
ge
(mm
/d)
2006
(5 km2)
(14 km2)
(1850 km2)
Normalized Stream Dischargevolumetric discharge / drainage area
Challenges and the Way Forward1. Turn the conceptual models into process-based
numerical models (e.g. finite-element flow model).
2. Determine grid-scale (i.e. 10 km) parameters for river basin model (e.g. MESH).
3. Test the concepts and models in other basins.
IP3 Legacy1. Lake O’Hara research basin for alpine studies
2. First Canadian study on alpine groundwater hydrology.
3. Hydro-meteorological database.
PeopleJim Roy, Shawn Marshall, Mira Losic, John Pomeroy, Nathan Green, Kate Forbes, and may others.
Funding SupportCanadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Science (IP3 Network)Biogeoscience Institute (Univ. of Calgary)Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Water Research Environment CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Logistical SupportLake O’Hara LodgeParks Canada
Acknowledgements