alternatives analysis of disinfectants and · pdf filealternatives analysis of disinfectants...
TRANSCRIPT
Alternatives Analysis of
Disinfectants and Sanitizers
WSPPN Webinar, September 24, 2012
Chris Geiger, Ph.D.
Toxics Reduction Program
San Francisco Department of the Environment
Topics
The problem
Definitions
Methods
Findings &
recommendations
Regulatory issues
Take-home messages
Problems with disinfectants
Problems with disinfectants
Definitions
Food contact surface sanitizers
99.999% in 1 minute
Chlorine & iodine (halides)
Efficacy against Salmonella typhi
99.999% in 1 minute
Other compounds (quats, non-halides)
Efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli
99.999% in 30 seconds
Definitions
Non food contact
surface sanitizers
Staph
AND
Klebsiella pneumoniae OR Enterobacter aerogenes
99.9% efficacy in 5 minutes
Definitions
Disinfectants
Hospital or Medical Environment Efficacy
Staph, Salmonella AND Pseudomonas
99.999% in 10 minutes
General (or Broad-Spectrum) Efficacy
Staph AND Salmonella
99.999% kill in 10 minutes
Limited Efficacy
Salmonella OR Staph
99.999% kill in 10 minutes.
Methods
Comparison of active ingredients (AIs)
Review of REDs, other sources of info on AI
Review of sample CA-registered product labels/MSDSs
Factors considered:
Environmental and health factors
Efficacy
Dwell time (and need to rinse off)
Cost
Material compatibility
Potential for exposure/package and dilution equipment
Influenza
Athletes Foot
E. coli
Tuberculosis
Norovirus
Hard to kill
Easy to kill
Source: McDonnell & Russell, 1999
Active ingredients considered
Chlorine “bleach”
(sodium hypochlorite)
Hydrogen peroxide
(regular and AHP)
Organic acids
(citric/lactic/caprylic)
Ortho-phenylphenol
Pine oil
“Quats”
Silver + citric acid
Thymol
Other Cleaners
Electrolyzed water
Microfiber
Soap and water
Steam
Option #1: Soap and water
Sodium hypochlorite
(chlorine bleach)
PROS CONS
CHEAP, widely available pH 11.5 = severe eye damage
Kills wide variety of microbes, some
products kill Tb and/or Norovirus
Sodium hypochlorite = respiratory
sensitizer asthmagen (AOEC)
Leaves no residue (does not always
need to be rinsed off)
Reacts with organic molecules in
water –> environmental hazards
Versatile (can be diluted differently
for different applications)
Typically available in open container,
which can increase worker exposure
and prevent accurate dilution
Not stable – loses potency
Reacts with other chemicals to form
toxic (chloramine) gas
Corrodes metals and floor polish
$1.79 (60 oz) $2.00 (10.1 oz)
Quaternary ammonium
compounds
PROS CONS
Widely available, inexpensive Respiratory sensitizer asthmagens
More stable than bleach More effective in high pH
products; concentrates corrosive
Broader efficacy claims than most
other products
Found in sewage outfalls; High
aquatic toxicity, “persistent*
Not as sensitive to organics Forms toxic chloramine gas when
mixed with bleach
Surfactant – cleans also Developmental & reproductive tox
observed (but not on Prop 65 list)
Available in neutral pH
formulations (but still corrosive)
Residues toxic and cause sticky
build-up (needs rinsing)
Silver ion compounds
PROS CONS
Low acute toxicity; not a skin or
respiratory sensitizer
Very high aquatic toxicity
Food contact surface sanitizer and
disinfectant – 1 minute dwell time
Persistent, cumulative in
herbivores and bivalves
Residual antimicrobial action (24
hours; good candidate for
“outbreaks”)
Usually formulated with citric acid:
Low pH (1.9) – eye hazard
Effective against MRSA, Athletes
Foot, Norovirus, E.coli
Not registered for TB
Not flammable; low scent Always RTU – Expensive!
Pine oil compounds
PROS CONS
Relatively inexpensive and
widely available
Limited efficacy (only gram-neg bacteria,
No TB, Norovirus, Hepatitis or HIV
registrations)
Not highly reactive Eye damage – DANGER label; corrosive
Some like (fresh) smell Often includes quats, alcohols
Reacts with ozone, forms formaldehyde
Some aquatic toxicity
Strong smell, flammable
10-minute dwell time
Skin sensitizing; possible asthmagen
Absorbs through skin
Neurotoxicity/Kidney effects
Peroxide compounds
PROS CONS
Low human toxicity (not
respiratory or dermal sensitizer)
Eye hazard from concentrates -
corrosive
Low environmental hazard Irritating vapors from concentrates
Rapidly decomposes to
O2 + H2O
Animal carcinogen & mutagen,
(but not on Prop 65 list)
Some (AHP) formulations effective
on full range of microbes
Some high efficacy products are
expensive or only in RTU
No residues/rinsing needed;
Whitens grout; removes stains
No H202 only products registered
for food contact surface sanitizing
(only with PAA)
Shorter dwell time than quats,
pine oil (some 1-5 minutes)
Some products have “hidden”
quats (on MSDS only)
Some concentrates versatile
cleaner/sanitizer/disinfectant
AHP contains phosphorus
Thymol
PROS CONS
Becoming more widely available Strong smell
Low environmental hazard Eye hazard for concentrates
Rapidly breaks down Skin sensitizer
Long shelf life Some aquatic toxicity
Not a respiratory sensitizer or
carcinogen
Possible reproductive effects
(but not on Prop 65 list)
Some products registered as food
contact surface sanitizer
10 minute dwell time typical
Limited efficacy
Electrolyzed water devices
Electrolyzed water devices
Food Contact Surface Sanitizers Active Ingredient Dwell Efficacy Health Envir
Thymol
H2O2 + PAA RTU
H2O2 + PAA Conc
Silver + Citric Acid
Quats
Chlorine Bleach
M B M60
H B
B L
B
B L
H BBB M60
B L 30 L
60
60 M
H BBB 60 L
AHP -----------------
H2O2 only---------
CAPRYLIC ACID ---
CITRIC ACID -------
SILVER/CITACID --
LACTIC ACID ------
THYMOL -----------
QUATS -------------
CHLORINE ---------
PINE OIL -----------
H2O2 + PAA [ ] ---
OPP -----------------
Disinfectants Active Ing. Dwell Efficacy (Bact, Virus, Fungi) Health Env
H BBB L FF 10
BB VVV L FF
BB L 0 10 V L
BBB VVV FF
BB V V L L
BB L F 10
BBB VVV FFF 10
BBB VVV L L F 10
BBB VVV F H H 10
BBB VVV F L
BBB VVV FFF H 1-10
BB F 10 M
M M
M
1
0
10 0
1 H
H M
H
H
1
V
V
V V H
Recommendations Food contact surface sanitizer
Sanidate RTU (H202 + PAA)
Seventh Generation RTU (Thymol)
Limited: Pure Hard Surface RTU (Silver + Citric Acid)
Non food contact surface sanitizer
Alpha HP @ 1:128 dilution (Accelerated H202)
H2Orange 118 @ 1:12 dilution (H202)
Comet Disinfecting Bathroom Cleaner @ 1:4 dilution (Citric acid)
Windex Multi-Surface Antibacterial RTU; 10 second dwell (Lactic acid)
Disinfectant
Oxivir Five 16 @ 1:16 dilution (Accelerated H202)
Blondie RTU (H202)
Oxivir Tb RTU (Accelerated H202)
Limited: Pure Hard Surface RTU (Silver + Citric Acid)
Recommendations (specialized)
Bloodborne pathogens HIV + HBV
RTU
30 sec: Clorox Blondie (1.4% H202)
1 min: Oxivir Tb (0.5% AHP)
10 min: Clean-Cide (0.6% Citric acid)
10 min: Quantum Tb (0.138% Caprylic acid)
Limited: 1 min: Pure Hard Surface (Silver + Citric Acid)
Concentrate
5 min: Oxivir Five 16 (4.25% AHP; 1:16)
Recommendations (specialized)
Locker Rooms (Athletes Foot Fungus)
RTU 5 min: H2Orange 120 One (1% H202)
3 min: Blondie Clorox (1.4% H202)
10 min: Oxivir Tb (0.5% AHP)
10 min: Clean-Cide (0.6% Citric acid)
10 min: Quantum Tb (0.138% Caprylic acid)
5 min: Limited: Pure Hard Surface (Silver + Citric acid)
Concentrate 5 min: Oxivir Five 16 (4.25% AHP; 1:16) 5 min.
10 min: Thymo-cide (13% Thymol) 10 min.
Recommendations (specialized)
Norovirus
RTU 1 min: Oxivir Tb (0.5% AHP)
1 min: Clorox Blondie (1.4% H202)
5 min: Clean-Cide (0.6% Citric acid)
LIMITED: 1 min: Pure Hard Surface
(Silver + Citric Acid) 24-hr residual efficacy
Concentrate
5 min: Oxivir Five 16 (4.25% AHP @1:16)
10 min: Ecolab 65 Disinfecting Heavy Duty
Bathroom Cleaner @ 1:10 (Caprylic acid)
Microfiber (an important part of an effective disinfection
program)
29
Regulatory confusion – an example
Registered as a food contact sanitizer – by definition,
99.999% kill of E. coli and Staph in 30 seconds.
Label language: “Kills 99.9% of bacteria that cause food-
borne illness.”
For more info:
www.sfapproved.org