Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared - the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary.B.Nash , "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in these cities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of North America, sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market. 21. Which of the following aspects of North America in the eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The effects of war on the growth of cities (B) The growth and influence of cities (C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities (D) The causes of immigration to cities 22. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America "lines1-2"? (A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative (B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great. (C) The cities were growing at a great rate. (D) Most people pretended to live in cities 23. The phrase "in place of " in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) connected to (B) in addition to (C) because of (D) instead of

24. The word "attendant" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) avoidable (B) accompanying (C) unwelcome (D) unexpected 25. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism? (A) Open competition (B) Social deference

(C) Social hierarchy (D) Independent craftspeople 26. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had (A) large populations (B) little independence (C) frequent social disorder (D) few power sources 27. The phrase "exponential leaps" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) long wars (B) new laws (C) rapid increases (D) exciting changes 28. The word "it" in line 15 refers to (A) population (B) size (C) Boston (D) Year 29. How many immigrants arrived in North America between 1760 and 1775? (A) About 16,000 (B) About 25,000 (C) About 30,000 (D) More than 200,000 30. The word "dictated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) spoiled (B) reduced (C) determined (D) divided 31. The word "virtually" in line20 is closest in meaning to (A) usually (B) hardly (C) very quickly (D) almost completely 32. The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding Boston in terms of (A) quality of farmland (B) origin of immigrants (C) opportunities for fishing (D) type of grain grown

33. Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as "breadbaskets"? (A) They produced grain especially for making bread.

(B) They stored large quantities of grain during periods of drought (C) They supplied grain to other parts of North America and other countries. (D) They consumed more grain than all the other regions of North America.

1. Which of the following aspects of North America in the eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(B) The growth and influence of cities

2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America "lines1-2"?(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.

3. The phrase "in place of " in line 5 is closest in meaning to(D) instead of

4. The word "attendant" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(B) accompanying

5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?(A) Open competition

6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had(A) large populations

7. The phrase "exponential leaps" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(C) rapid increases

8. The word "it" in line 15 refers to(A) population

9. How many immigrants arrived in North America between 1760 and 1775?(D) More than 200,000

10.The word "dictated" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(C) determined

11.The word "virtually" in line20 is closest in meaning to(D) almost completely

12.The region surrounding New York and Philadelphia is contrasted with the region surrounding Boston in terms of(A) quality of farmland

13.Why does the author describe the regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as "breadbaskets"?(C) They supplied grain to other parts of North America and other countries.

The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first time. "Urban population" was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more inhabitants. Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of "urban" to take account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each

such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple "town" and "cities". A host of terms came into use: "metropolitan regions", "polynucleated population groups", "conurbations", "metropolitan clusters", "megalopolises", and so on. 39. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) How cities in the United States began and developed (B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities (C) The changing definition of an urban area (D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census 40. According to the passage, the population of the United States was first classified as rural or urban in (A) 1870 (B) 1900 (C) 1950 (D) 1970 41. The word "distinguished" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) differentiated (B) removed (C) honored (D) protected 42.Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defines as urban? (A) 2,500 (B) 8,000 (C) 15,000 (D) 50,000 43. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950? (A) City borders had become less distinct. (B) Cities had undergone radical social change (C) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition. (D) New businesses had relocated to larger cities. 44. The word "those" in line 9 refers to (A) boundaries (B) persons (C) units (D) areas

45. The word "constituting" in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) located near (B) determine by (C) calling for (D) marking up 46. The word "which" in line 18 refers to a smaller (A) population (B) city (C) character (D) figure 47. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA? (A) It has a population of at least 50,000 (B) It can include a city's outlying regions (C) It can include unincorporated regions (D) It consists of at least two cities. 48. By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in an SMSA? (A) 3/4 (B) 2/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/3 49. The Census Bureau first used the term "SMSA" in (A) 1900 (B) 1950 (C) 1969 (D) 1970 50. Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area? (A) Lines 4-5 (B) Lines 7-8 (C) Lines 21-23 (D) Lines 27-29.