Exam review chapters 14-16Exam date = 9/26/13

1. Review all vocabulary/oral presentations, Big Picture questions, and textbook

margin questions

2. Any of the following questions may appear on the exam

3. Answers to the following questions will be available the night before the exam

Chapter 14 Questions

1. Which of the following was true only of the Western European empires among all the

early modern empires?

(A) They were the largest empires in the world.

(B) They spread diseases to which conquered peoples had little immunity.

(C) They were initiated by maritime expansion.

(D) They were created by merchants rather than governments.

(E) They included possessions in Africa.

2. The racial system of which of the following regions was characterized by less racial

mixing and less willingness to recognize the offspring of interracial unions than occurred

in the other regions?

(A) Brazil

(B) British North America

(C) The Caribbean

(D) Mexico

(E) Peru

3. Which of the following is a reason why Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain were the first

to expand into the New World?

(A) These lands had a long tradition of distant exploration.

(B) These lands were Muslim.

(C) These lands were on the Atlantic coast.

(D) These lands believed in ancient legends of a lost world across the ocean.

(E) These lands lacked iron which drove them to search for deposits.

4. Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New

World?

(A) Payment in gold and jewels

(B) A desire to learn about European culture

(C) A shared Christian faith

(D) No Native Americans helped the Spanish.

(E) To gain an advantage against their own enemies

5. The Spanish Empire in former Aztec and Inca lands

(A) relied primarily on the import of African slaves for labor.

(B) failed to set up an elaborate administrative bureaucracy.

(C) possessed an economy based on commercial agriculture and mining.

(D) possessed strict social boundaries between races which made mixed race people rare.

(E) ultimately did not convert to Catholicism despite the efforts of Spanish missionaries.

6. What happened to Native Americans’ religious beliefs in Mesoamerica and Peru when

confronted with Catholicism?

(A) They rejected Catholicism completely.

(B) They blended their old customs easily into Catholic practices.

(C) They only pretended to be Catholic when Europeans were around.

(D) They completely abandoned their old religions, and embraced Catholicism entirely.

(E) They ultimately rejected both their old religions and Catholicism in favor of the

Protestant faith.

MAP 14.1, “European Colonial Empires in the Americas”

7. This map supports which of the following assertions?

(A) Portugal, Spain, France, and England were the only European powers with colonial

possessions in the Americas.

(B) All of the Americas were incorporated into European colonial empires by the opening of

the eighteenth century.

(C) Portugal possessed the smallest of the European colonial empires.

(D) The sugar islands of the Caribbean were the most valuable.

(E) The Spanish colonial empire incorporated the largest geographical area.

8. Which of the following statements about the systems of slavery in Brazil and British

North America is true?

(A) The importation of slaves ended earlier in Brazil than in North America.

(B) More slaves were voluntarily set free by their owners in Brazil than in North America.

(C) Slaves in Brazil had longer working lives on average and became self-reproducing after

1750.

(D) Only slaves in North America worked on plantations.

(E) In Brazil, far fewer racial categories were used to describe slaves and former slaves than

in British North America.

9. The British colonies and the Portuguese/Spanish colonies in the Americas differed in that

(A) more mixed-race families emerged in the British colonies.

(B) Spanish colonists were far more numerous than British colonists.

(C) the British colonists sought to escape European traditions, while Spanish/Portuguese

colonists sought to recreate them in the Americas.

(D) the British colonization began a full 100 years before the Spanish/Portuguese

colonization.

(E) the British colonists avoided all military confrontation with Native American societies,

while the Spanish/Portuguese actively sought to conquer Native American societies.

10. What is one major reason for the higher literacy rates in British colonies than in

Spanish/Portuguese colonies?

(A) Protestantism, which encouraged the reading of the Bible, was the dominant form of

Christianity in the British colonies.

(B) Paper was harder to maintain in the warm, humid Spanish/Portuguese colonies.

(C) The British government invested massive funds into building libraries throughout North

America.

(D) Spanish/Portuguese colonizers did not attempt to teach Native Americans to speak or

read Spanish/Portuguese.

(E) The Spanish/Portuguese governments discouraged literacy amongst colonists to reduce

the chance of rebellions.

11. Which of the following was a feature of China’s rule over its newly acquired Central

Asian territories that made the region more a part of an empire rather than an integral part

of the Chinese state?

(A) A massive inflow of Chinese settlers

(B) A concerted effort to assimilate the local populations into Chinese society

(C) Genocide

(D) The creation of a new office called the Court of Colonial Affairs

(E) The banning of the Buddhist faith in newly conquered lands

12. The expansion of the Chinese and Russian Empires into the steppe lands of central Asia

led to what result for the nomadic peoples native to this vast area?

(A) The political independence and economic prosperity of nomadic peoples came to an end.

(B) The local religious customs and languages were completely erased.

(C) A brief economic boom ensued, which encouraged many nomads to move to cities and

buy houses.

(D) They felt little impact; as long as they paid tribute, the nomadic peoples were mostly left

alone.

(E) The threat inspired them to organize into a military confederation that ultimately defeated

both empires.

13. Akbar’s policy toward the Hindus of India is best described as

(A) extermination.

(B) religious tolerance and incorporation of Hindu elites.

(C) massive efforts to convert Hindus to Islam.

(D) holy war against Hindus.

(E) alliance with the Hindus in order to exterminate the Buddhists.

14. What was the religious outcome of Ottoman rule in Christian Southeastern (Balkan)

Europe?

(A) The elimination of Christianity and massive conversion to Islam

(B) No impact at all as tolerant Ottoman policies encouraged Christianity

(C) Conversion to Islam of about 20 percent of the population

(D) Persistent religious warfare between Muslims and Christians

(E) The conversion of almost all followers of Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism

under the sponsorship of the Ottoman State

15. Which of the following was an outcome of the establishment of European empires in the

Americas?

(A) Growing prosperity for Native American societies

(B) The establishment for the first time of an interacting Atlantic world connecting four

continents

(C) The spread of smallpox from the Americas to Eurasia

(D) The establishment for the first time in history of sugar plantations that used slave labor

(E) The establishment for the first time in history of a slave trade in Africa

Short Answer

Answer each question in three or four sentences.

1. In what ways were the early modern empires of Western Europe distinctive from all

others?

2. What impact did the creation of the Russian and Chinese Empires during the early

modern period have on Central Asia?

3. Describe the major features of Ottoman rule over the Balkans.

4. Which Amerindian crops had the greatest impact on food production in Africa and

Eurasia following the establishment of the Western European empires?

Essays

Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples to

support your thesis and conclusions.

1. Compare and contrast the creation of the Russian and Western European empires during

the early modern period.

2. Compare and contrast the long-term impact of the Mongol Empire with that of Europe’s

American empires on the course of world history.

Chapter 15

Multiple Choice

MAP 15.2,”The Global Silver Trade”

1. Which of the following assertions is supported by this map?

(A) The largest silver mines in the Americas were located in French colonies.

(B) India was a consumer rather than a transit point for silver.

(C) Japan did not participate in the silver trade.

(D) Africa was central to the silver trade.

(E) Silver from the Americas was exported to Spanish controlled lands in both Europe and

Asia.

2. What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and

the Portuguese strongholds in the Indian Ocean Basin?

(A) The Spanish converted Filipinos to Christianity while the Portuguese often blended into

the local populations.

(B) The Spanish only established coastal outposts while the Portuguese conquered inland

areas.

(C) The Portuguese killed large numbers of natives, but the Spanish did not use violence to

enforce their rule.

(D) The Portuguese were only interested in spreading Christianity while the Spanish were

only interested in getting rich.

(E) The Portuguese made little use of their naval superiority in establishing their strongholds,

but the Spanish did.

3. What was one main difference between the establishment of the British East India

Company in Mughal India and the establishment of the Dutch East India Company in

Indonesia?

(A) The British learned the local languages while the Dutch did not.

(B) The British used treaties with local Mughal rulers while the Dutch conquered their

Indonesian colonies.

(C) The British encouraged intermarriage with elite local women while the Dutch took local

women only as concubines.

(D) The British had to send 50 percent of their profits back to the government in London, yet

the Dutch only had to send a small percentage of money back to their government.

(E) The British East India Company earned large profits, but the Dutch East India Company

never turned a profit.

4. What was the attitude of Japanese shoguns toward Christian Europeans in Japan in the

early seventeenth century?

(A) They welcomed Europeans for their technological knowledge.

(B) They welcomed Europeans as teachers of Christianity, and converted.

(C) They violently expelled all but a few Europeans.

(D) They were opposed to Europeans, but knew they were powerless to keep Europeans out

of Japan.

(E) They allowed only those Europeans willing to convert to Buddhism into Japan.

5. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the new European

presence in the Indian Ocean to already existing Asian commercial networks?

(A) Europeans created a network that became just one among a number of thriving Asian

commercial networks.

(B) Europeans destroyed almost all Asian commercial networks, bringing trade largely to a

halt.

(C) Europeans gained access to commercial markets only where the local population

converted to Christianity.

(D) Europeans ended up gaining little for their efforts, eventually leaving Asia empty-handed.

(E) Europeans succeeded in controlling nearly all Asian trade networks, making them

masters of the Asian economy.

6. The global silver trade

(A) fundamentally transformed the Spanish economy, making it one of the most productive

and commercialized kingdoms in the world.

(B) was the first direct and sustained link between the Americas and Asia.

(C) brought the downfall of the Tokugawa shoguns.

(D) was monopolized by the British.

(E) was important in India but had little impact on China.

7. Which of the following was not a result of the fur trade in North America?

(A) The near extinction of squirrels in North America

(B) The early displacement of Native American hunters by large numbers of European

trappers and hunters

(C) The growing dependence of Native Americans on European trade goods

(D) An end to warfare among Native Americans as they devoted their time and energies to

trapping

(E) The collapse of the cotton market in Europe

8. An important difference between the Siberian and North American fur trades was that

(A) only in North America did indigenous peoples suffer from exposure to European

epidemic diseases to which they had little immunity.

(B) only in Siberia did the local population become dependent on European trade goods.

(C) only in North America did competition between European traders mean that furs were

obtained largely through commercial negotiations.

(D) only in Siberia were some species of animal hunted to near extinction.

(E) only in North America did European trappers displace early on indigenous trappers.

9. In what way did the Chinese response to the global silver economy differ from the

Japanese response?

(A) The Chinese economy became diversified; the Japanese economy did not.

(B) Chinese merchants began exporting goods to other lands; Japan did not.

(C) Inflation destroyed the Chinese economy, but aided the Japanese economy.

(D) Economic changes resulted in ecological devastation in China, but not in Japan.

(E) The Chinese had almost no use for silver and so imported little; the Japanese considered

silver a sight of wealth and imported large quantities.

10. Within the Islamic world,

(A) most slaves were male.

(B) some slaves acquired prominent military or political status.

(C) nearly all slaves were drawn from southern Russia.

(D) slavery was equated strongly with blackness.

(E) slavery was outlawed by 1600.

11. Which of the following statements is true of the West African slave trade?

(A) European merchants secured most of their slaves by seizing them in raids along the West

African coast.

(B) In general, European merchants waited on board their ships or in fortified port cities to

purchase slaves from African merchants and elites.

(C) Europeans possessed immunities to the diseases of the region, giving them an advantage

in controlling the trade.

(D) Africa’s domestic economy benefited greatly from the slave trade.

(E) African rulers nearly universally opposed the slave trade and worked together to suppress

it.

12. The number of slaves shipped from Africa to the Americas peaked

(A) between 1450 and 1600.

(B) in the 1600s.

(C) in the 1700s.

(D) in the 1800s.

(E) in the 1900s.

13. What were the most common destinations in the Americas for West African slaves?

(A) British North America and the United States

(B) The Caribbean and Brazil

(C) Mexico

(D) Chile and Argentina

(E) Peru

14. How did African slavery in the New World differ fundamentally from past instances of

slavery in world history?

(A) Black Africans had never before been enslaved.

(B) Slavery previously was only practiced in the Middle East.

(C) Slavery in the Americas was clearly associated with race and with plantation economies.

(D) Slaves were usually not transported long distances.

(E) A preference for female slaves meant that almost 80 percent of slaves were women.

15. How did the discovery of silver mines in Japan impact Japanese fortunes?

(A) The ruling shogunate isolated Japan even more, fearing that greedy Europeans would

conquer and enslave Japanese for their silver as they did in the Andes.

(B) The ruling shogunate used the silver to buy a large military and luxury goods for the

elites, but did nothing to help commoners.

(C) The ruling shogunate wisely invested wealth from the mines to create a sustainable

market-based economy and ecology.

(D) The ruling shogunate disintegrated into civil war and anarchy as factions fought over

control of the silver mines.

(E) The ruling shogunate used the profits of the trade to build an imperial army and navy that

conquered Korea and the Philippines.

Short Answer

Answer each question in three or four sentences.

1. What impact did the global silver trade have on world history?

2. What features of the Atlantic slave trade made it distinctive from slavery in the pre-

modern world?

3. What factors drove the European demand for furs from North America and Siberia during

the early modern era?

4. What factors contributed to the predominance of African slaves in the Atlantic slave

trade?

Essays

Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples to

support your thesis and conclusions.

1. Which societies benefited the most from the emergence of European trading networks,

and in what ways did they benefit? Which regions suffered the most, and in what ways?

2. “The history of European empire building and trade in the early modern period is

essentially the history of exploitation in pursuit of wealth and luxury goods.” Support or

oppose this assessment.

Chapter 16 Questions

1. The Protestant Reformation offered women

(A) more alternatives to marriage than were offered by the medieval Catholic Church.

(B) generally more opportunities to play an official role within their churches.

(C) more opportunity to use their education outside the home.

(D) fewer female objects of veneration.

(E) much less opportunity to take up leadership roles in society.

2. Which of the following is true of the Protestant Reformation?

(A) It maintained its unity as it spread.

(B) The invention of the printing press facilitated its spread.

(C) The movement began in France.

(D) It discouraged independent reading of the scriptures.

(E) In comparison to the Catholic faith, Protestants focused more on the veneration of Mary

than Jesus.

MAP 16.1, “Reformation Europe in the Sixteenth Century”

3. This map supports which of the following assertions?

(A) The Protestant faith predominated throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

(B) Most Europeans became Protestants in the century following the Reformation.

(C) The Protestant faith made no inroads in Ireland.

(D) France was little influenced by the Protestant Reformation.

(E) Spain and the Italian peninsula remained solidly Catholic during the Reformation period.

4. Which of the following had the greatest success in converting peoples to Christianity?

(A) Jesuit missionaries in China

(B) Spanish Catholic missionaries in the Philippines

(C) Puritan missionaries in New England

(D) Portuguese missionaries in Africa

(E) Lutheran missionaries in India

5. Which of the following was a major difference between Protestants and Catholics in

European colonies?

(A) Catholics generally built churches while Protestants never did.

(B) Catholics were generally more intent on converting native peoples than Protestants.

(C) Catholics were generally more opposed to slavery than Protestants.

(D) Catholics were focused on getting rich while Protestants generally were not.

(E) Catholics set up plantations while Protestants did not.

6. The Wahhabi movement

(A) began with a slave revolt in Brazil.

(B) was a series of jihads in West Africa.

(C) opposed religious blending or syncretism in Arabia.

(D) supported the policies of religious tolerance and accommodation enacted by the Mughal

emperor Akbar.

(E) was the dominant tradition within the Sikh religious community.

7. The Sikh religious community

(A) drew converts solely from the Hindu tradition.

(B) never developed a sacred text.

(C) was founded by Mirabai.

(D) proclaimed the essential equality of men and women.

(E) was founded by Abd al-Wahhab.

8. Which of the following contributed most to the Scientific Revolution occurring in Europe

rather than in China or the Islamic world?

(A) The relative independence of European universities

(B) The superior libraries of Western Europe

(C) Europe’s leadership in the fields of mathematics and medicine after 1000 C.E.

(D) The refusal of European scholars to separate the study of the natural order from that of

philosophy and theology

(E) The refusal of European scholars to draw on the knowledge of other cultures

9. How did Europeans commonly react to African slaves’ syncretic religions, such as

Santeria and Vodou?

(A) They tolerated these religions.

(B) They turned a blind eye to these religions.

(C) They often participated in these religions.

(D) They considered these religions to be satanic witchcraft and tried to suppress them.

(E) They actively supported these religions, because they created them to provide a step

towards converting their slaves to true Christianity.

10. How was Wang Yangmin’s Confucianism most similar to Martin Luther’s Christianity?

(A) They lived during the same time period.

(B) They both sought to reform their respective religions.

(C) They both believed that an elite class should rule society.

(D) They both saw truth as innately accessible for every human being.

(E) They both saw salvation as accessible only through priestly intercessors.

11. How might the Hindu practice of bhakti have threatened the social order in India?

(A) It sought to revive Hinduism.

(B) It set aside caste distinctions.

(C) It encouraged foot-washing.

(D) It emphasized the differences between Islam and Hinduism.

(E) It had no appeal to women.

12. In what way did nineteenth-century developments in the sciences challenge

Enlightenment principles?

(A) They led to an emphasis on conflict and struggle as the motors of progress.

(B) They challenged the validity of universal laws in science.

(C) They challenged the very idea of progress.

(D) They rejected the Christian principles on which Enlightenment principles were based.

(E) They adopted Islamic principles that conflicted with Enlightenment principles.

13. Why did Sikhism evolve from a peaceful religion into a militant community?

(A) Violence was more effective at gaining converts.

(B) Punjab, where Sikhism was founded, was torn apart by a civil war.

(C) The British military trained them to be militants.

(D) They were threatened by the violent fundamentalist Hindu movement founded by Wang

Yangmin.

(E) They had to defend themselves against both Mughal and Hindu hostility.

14. How does the Enlightenment compare to the Scientific Revolution?

(A) The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the

physical universe.

(B) The Enlightenment refers to people’s growing awareness of the Scientific Revolution.

(C) The Enlightenment inspired the Scientific Revolution.

(D) The Enlightenment was more mystical than the Scientific Revolution.

(E) The Enlightenment was a Protestant movement, while the Scientific Revolution was a

Catholic movement.

15. Which of the following best describes the adoption of modern European science in China,

Japan, and the Ottoman Empire during the early modern era?

(A) All three societies adopted European advances in medicine.

(B) None of them showed any interest in European anatomical studies.

(C) All were primarily interested in European advances in theoretical science rather than in

the practical applications of European scientific achievements.

(D) All were selective in their adoption of European science.

(E) All three societies abandoned their own scientific traditions, adopting Western scientific

learning instead.

Short Answer

Answer each question in three or four sentences.

1. Why did Catholic missionaries have their greatest success in Spanish America and in the

Philippines?

2. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation in Western Europe challenge the authority

of the Pope?

3. What major movements in early modern India brought some Hindus and Muslims

together in new forms of religious expression, and how do those movements differ from

each other?

4. What made the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

Essays

Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples to

support your thesis and conclusions.

1. Compare and contrast the scientific thought of early modern Europe with that of classical

Greece.

2. Compare the spread of Western European Christianity with that of Islam during the early

modern period.