amazing earth karen

8/8/2019 Amazing Earth Karen

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Amazing Facts of Planet Earth

and the Universe


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Amazing Facts of Planet Earth and the Universe. (Karen version)

w>*h>vDRurXur.b.C;[D.cd.zsX.D;rluydmt*h>I

Drum Publication Group

P.O Box 66

Kanchanaburi 71000

Thailand

[email protected]

May 2006

ISBN - 974-94338-2-3

Lilly and Paw Saw Htee's


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iii

w>*h>cd.wD

What is the hottest place on Earth?

w>vD>tud>d.uwX>vX[D.cd.rh>w>vD>rEkRvJ.I 1

What makes thunder?

w>rEkRk;uJxD.vDoD.vJ.I 2

Can rocks float?

vX>wz.xD.zDoh{gI 3Can rocks grow?

vX>wz.d.xD.oh{gI 4

How much space dust falls to Earth each year?

weH.b.weH.w>url.vXrlysDHvDRql[D.cd.xJvJ.I 5

How far does regular dust blow in the wind?

w>url.rk>qh.rk>*DRHvXuvHRusg,HRxJvJ.I 6

What is the most rain to fall in just one minute?

wrH;eH;twD>ylRw>plRtguwX>xJvJ.I 7

Is Earth round?

rh>[D.cd.uzsX.{gI 8

How long is a Martian year?

rlzsX.vXtbl;uwX>D;[D.cd. (rh) rg(pf) M.weH.,HmxJvJ.I 9

How long is the average Martian day?

rg(pf) tylRrk>eHRweHRxDxJvJ.I 10

What is the largest volcano?

upX>rh.tltd.uwX>rh>upX>rh.tlrEkRvJ.I 11


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What was the strongest earthquake in recent times?

[D.cd.[l;tql.uwX>vXtuJxD.o;zJw,Hmb.t

wD>ylRM.rh>zJvJ.wcgvJ.I 12

Has the moon always been so close?

rh>vgbl;D;[D.cd.xDbd{gI 13

Do earthquakes sing?

[D.cd.[l;o;0H.w>{gI 14

What is the wettest place on Earth?

w>vD>tb.pD.uwX>vX[D.cd.M.rh>w>vD>rEkRvJ.I 15

Which of Earths oceans is the largest?

r;orH;tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.rh>r;orH;zJvJ.wbh.vJ.I 16

What plant can live for thousands of years?

w>rk>w>bdrEkRwuvkmvXttd.rlohwkRteH.wuxdvJ.I 17

What is the highest mountain?

upX>vXtxDuwX>M.rh>upX>rEkRwzsX.vJ.I 18

Is it possible to drill a hole to the center of the earth?

rh>ecl.w>yllRql[D.cd.to;uH >M>{gI 19

Which of the following sources stores the greatest volume

of fresh water worldwide: lakes, streams or ground water?

ed.< xHzdusdrhwrh>[D.vmxHwz.tusgzJvJ.wcgymzSd.

xHbsgM>tguwX>vJ.I 20

What is the largest canyon?

w>}wdtdd.uwX>rh>w>}wdrEkRvJ.I 21

How much of Earths surface consists of volcanic rock?

[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.upX>rh.tltvX>td.xJvJ.I 22


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How are colors produced in fireworks?

rh.zDwz.k;uJxD.w>tvGJ>fvJ.I 23What is the worlds largest island?

uD;td.vX[D.cd.csXrh>uD;rEkRwzsX.vJ.I 24How much would seas rise if the Antarctic Ice Sheet melted?

t.w.wh;xHvDRouRtbh.rh>ySH>vDRM.yD.vJ.xHutgxD.xJvJ.I 25Why is Earth mostly crater-free compared to the pockmarked moon?

yrh>b.xd.o}wDRM.b.rEkR[D.cd.trJmzH;cd.tHRbVD;vg

trJmzH; cd.wcDtd.xJw>vDRqX.vDRuvdmM.vJ.I 26Can an earthquake cause a tsunami?

[D.cd.[l;k;uJxD.pl.e.rH.oh{gI 27What is the fastest surface wind ever recorded?

[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.uvHRvXtb.w>ymyeD.tDRvXtchsuwX>

M.rh>uvHRrEkRvJ.I 28Do things inside Earth flow?

rh>w>zdw>vHRvXtd.vX[D.cd.ttdylRwz.,GRvDRoh{gI 29Were Earth and the moon separated at birth?rh>[D.cd.D;vgM.vDRz;zJttd.xD.oDoDtcgvHM.{gI 30Does Earth have the worst weather in the solar system?

vXrk>tl.zdxXzdtusgrh>[D.cd.td.D;w>uwD>vX

ttXuwX> {gI 31Have there always been continents?

rh>uD>rd>yS>wz.td.wh>vHftHRxDbd{gI 32Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?

rh>[D.cd.w&H;t,lmcJvXmfod;od;{gI 33How long is a day on Venus?

vX0HeX;pf Venus M.woD,HmqH;tgvJ.I 34Which planets have moons?

rlzsX.zJvJ.wz.td.D;tvgvJ.I 35What causes a rainbow?

w>rEkRk;uJxD.wX>uGJRvJ.I 36


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Can people tell when an earthquake will happen?

rh>ySRunDwJ[D.cd.u[l;tcgzJvJ.b.w*R*R{gI 37What is the difference between stars and planets?

q.D;rlzsX.wz.vDRqDvdmto;fvJ.I 38Will the sun ever go out?

rh>rk>u[JxD.xDbd{gI rh>rk>td.ywkmwbsDbsD{gI 39Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur on Earth?

[D.cd.[l;D;upX>rh.tlwz.tgwuh>yd>z; ([l;*JR) vXw>vD>

zJvJ.I 40How can you tell how old a mountain is?

upX>wzsX.to;yS>xJvJ.M.ewJtDRohfvJ.I 41What is the worlds deepest lake?

[D.cd.csXed.t,dmuwX>M.rh>ed.rEkRvJ.I 42What is the worlds largest desert?

rJ;rk>cd.tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rJ;rk>cd.rEkRwbh.vJ.I 43How many people would it take to stretch around the world?

ySRunDrh>zD.vdmpkD;td.u0DR[D.cd.u0;t*D>uvd.

ySRySJR*RvJ.I 44Why do you see the lightning before you hear the thunder?

b.rEkRexH.qdvD0>H;wcsK;ee>[lvDoD.vJ.I 45Is air mostly oxygen?

rh>uvHRtgwuh>rh>tD;pH.uF.{gI 46How big was the largest diamond?

w>rs>td.uwX>M.d.xJvJ.I 47Why is space black and the sky blue?b.rEkRCdrlysDtvGJ>olD;rluydmvdRtvGJ>vgtJ;vJ.I 48What percentage of the worlds water is in the oceans?

[D.cd.txHtd.vXr;orH;tylRySJRrs;u,RvJ.I 49Will Earth always be here?

rh>[D.cd.utd..zJtHRxDbd{gI 50


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1. What is the hottest place on Earth?

Count one wrong if you guessed in a paddy field in April. The hottest

temperature ever measured was 58C in the shade in Africa in 1992.

1I w>vD>tud>d.uwX>vX[D.cd.rh>w>vD>rEkRvJ.Ierh>qdrd.vXzJvgthjzh.w>ud>d.tuwD>D;eb.td.vXpHmysDcX.o;tcgM.ew>uur.vDRI w>ud>d.uwX>vXw>xH.M>tDRvXuD>tR_zHRuRtylRzJ 1992 eH.M.teD.xd.td.0J 58 H pJ;wH.u&h;M.vDRI

Did you know that the coldest temperature ever measured on Earth

was -89 Celsius, (-129 Fahrenheit) at Vostok, Antarctica, on July

21, 1983?

1983 eH.,lRvH 21 oDteHRw>xd.w>ck.d.uwX>w>vD>vX[D.cd.csXtHRM.td.zJbD;pwD;vXtd.vXt.w.wh;c.D;w>ck.teD.xd.td.0J = 89 pJvfpH,X.pf< (=129 zJ&H.[J;) M.eoh.ng{gI


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2. What makes thunder?

If you thought, Lightning! then good for you. But I had a more detailed

answer in mind. The air around a lightning bolt is superheated to about

five times the temperature of the sun. This sudden heating causes the

air to expand faster than the speed of sound, which compresses the air

and forms a shock wave; we hear it as thunder.

2I w>rEkRk;uJxD.vDoD.vJ.Ierh>qdrd.vX?vD0>H;/M.*hRvXe*D>vDRI b.q.vX,o;ylR,td.D;

w>pH;qXvDRwH>M>t0JM.vDRI uvHRvXtd.0;w&H;vD0>H;wz.ud>d.r;D;ud>M>rk>tw>ud> 5 q;vDRI w>ud>owl>uvmtHRtCduvHRwz.ov.vDRto;chsM>w>uvk>vJRw>tchs'D;w>tHRqD.oeH;0JuvHRD;k;td.xD.zk;0Jw>uvk>vyD(Shock Wave) (w>uvk>z;d.) vXye>[ltDRfvDoD.tod;M.vDRI

Did you know that on average, lightning strikes occur worldwide

about 100 times every second?

wpJ;u;twD>ylRvD0>H;vX[D.cd.Dwbh.tw>xd.Cltd.0J 100 bsDM.eoh.ng{gI


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3. Can rocks float?

In a volcanic eruption, the violent separation of gas from lava produces

a frothy rock called pumice, loaded with gas bubbles. Some of it can

float, geologists say. Ive never seen this happen, and Im thankful for

that.

3I vX>wz.xD.zDoh{gIzJupX>rh.tlyd>z;xD.M.*mo0HvXtd.vXupX>rh.tltvX>zDvmwz.qD.xD.vX>tHRD;yd>z;xD.ql.ql.tCdk;td.xD.vX>vXtpJbl;D;xH

tpH.ydvdwz.D;uvDR*mfvX>xHobSJtod;D;vX>tHRyud;tDRvXvX>xHobSJ(Pumice) vDRI ySRCkoh.ng[D.cd.yDngpH;0JvXupX>rh.tltvX>wz.tHRtusg< weDRM.xD.zD0JvDRI ,wxH.b.w>tHRuJxD.to;eDwbsDH;b.I D;,o;ckph>uD;vX,wxH.b.tCdvDRI

Did you know that as of the year 2000, scientists estimated that

volcanoes posed a tangible risk to at least 500 million people?

zJ 2000 eH.ySRpJth.zdwz.ymzsgxD.0J.vXupX>rh.tltCdySR 500

uuGJ>C.C.tw>td.rltd.vXw>b.,d.tylRM.eoh.ng{gI


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4. Can rocks grow?

Yes, but observing the process is less interesting than watching paint

dry. Rocks called iron-manganese crusts grow on mountains under the

sea. The crusts precipitate material slowly from seawater, growing about

1 millimeter every million years. Your fingernails grow about the same

amount every two weeks.

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M>H;eqh.eDRuG>epkrh.uxDxD.M.vDRI vX>rJ;ueH; (Maganese) tbh.ukwz.w>xH.M>tDRvXupX>vXtd.vXyD.vJ.tcH;wz.tzDcd.M.vDRI vX>tbh.ukwz.tHRymzSd.0JyD.vJ.tw>zdw>vHRvXvDR;vXtzDcd.tCdteH.wuuGJ>M.ud.xD.0J 1 rHvHrHxX.M.vDRI erh>b.xd.o}wDRuG>M.epkrh.uxDxD. 1 rHvHrHxX.M.,Hm.xJcHEGH{dRvDRI

Did you know that the oldest rocks on the ocean floor are less than

300 million years but the oldest continental rocks are 4.5 billion

years old?

vX>to;yS>uwX>vXr;orH;tcH;

M.teH.td.0JtuuGJ> 300 eH.b.q.vX>to;yS>uwX>vXuD>rd>yS>tylRM.td.0JteH. 4I5 uxduuG>M.eoh.ng{gI


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5. How much space dust falls to Earth each year?

Estimates vary, but scientists say at least 1 billion grams, or roughly

1,000 tons of material enters the atmosphere every year and makes its

way to Earths surface. One group of scientists claims microbes rain

down from space, too, and that extraterrestrial organisms are respon-

sible for flu epidemics. Theres been no proof of this, and Im not

holding my breath.

5I weH.b.weH.w>url.vXrlysDHvDRql[D.cd.xJvJ.I

w>w,mtDRvXwfod;vdmto;b.I b.q.ySRpJth.zdwz.pH;0JvXtpSRuwX>w>url.utd.0J 1}uJ. (rf) D;ud;eH.J;M.w>zdw>vHRtw.vXtuxdC.C.vJREkmqluvHRuxXtusgD;vJRwkR0J.vX[D.cd.trJmzH;cd.M.vDRI ySRpJth.zdtd.wl.pH;0JvXw>rl_yHuH(Microbes) wz.u[JvDRvXrlysDD;w>oh.wz.tHRuk;td.xD.w>b.orkmM.vDRI w>*h>tHRw>tk.o;wtd.b.I emuh,Jk,wuDRu

ogb.I

Did you know that the Earths surface area covers 510,100,000

square kilometers or196,950,711 square miles?

[D.cd.trJmzH;c d.tvJ>txDtd.0J510


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6. How far does regular dust blow in the wind?

A 1999 study showed that African dust finds its way to Florida and

can help push parts of the state over the prescribed air quality limit for

particulate matter set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

The dust is kicked up by high winds in North Africa and carried as high

as 20,000 feet (6,100 meters), where its caught up in the trade winds

and carried across the sea. Dust from China makes its way to North

America, too.

6I w>url.rk>qh.rk>*DRHvXuvHRusg,HRxJvJ.IzJ 1999 eH.w>ymzsgwcgtylRpH;0JvXuvHRtlHw>url.vXtR_zHRuRqlzvd>&H>. (Florida) uD>pJ.vXttd.vXuD>trJ&uRohvDRI w>url.tHRb.w>tlxD.tDRvXuvHRxD.xD( High Winds) qluvHRpd;tR_zHRuRD;HxDxD.wkRvX 20 (6url.tHRb.o*X>vdmto;D;uvHRuRw> (TradeWinds) M.pdmcDtDRqlyD.

vJ.0>b;cDM.vDRI w>url.vXttd.vXw%l;uD>wz.H0JwkRqltrJ&uRuvHRpd;ohph>uDd;vDRI

Did you know that tornadoes can have windspeeds up to 500 km

per hour (300 mph)?

uvHRrk>w0H; (Tornadoes) we.&H.tlw>chswkRvX 500 uHvdrHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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7. What is the most rain to fall in just one minute?

In 1970, nearly 4 cm (about 1.5 inches) of rain fell in 60 seconds on

the island of Guadeloupe in the West Indies. It must have been like

standing under a waterfall.

7I wrH;eH;twD>ylRw>plRtguwX>xJvJ.IzJ 1970 eH.< uD>th,.rk>Ekm< uD;uG..vl;yh. (Guadeloupe) tylRw>plRvXttd. 4 pJ;xH.rHxX. (1I5) pkrk>d.M.plRvDR0J.xJvX 60 pJ;u;twD>ylRvDRI w>tHRuvDR*mfy*JRqXxX.vXxHvDRqltzDvmtod;vDRI

Did you know that the highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in

Venezuela and its water drops 979 meters or 3,212 feet?

thuFX. (Angel) xHvDRqlvXtrh>xHvDRqltxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX[D.cd.uzsX.{gIrh>vX[D.cd.w&H;tCd< [D.cd.tHRrRto;< qDwvJto;uohtgM>e

qdurd.vDRI [D.cd.tHRuuzdxD.0J.zJtcX.o;D;uvDR*m0J.fvl>cho.tod;M.vDRI vXtylRuGHmteH.wu,RM.tuzdwz.pSRvDR0Jb.q.ySRCkoh.ngw>wz.ymzsg0J.vXowl>uvmcJtHRM.[Jd.xD.uguhRM.vDRI tH.uUxX.[Jd.xD.M.ySRymw>ur.vXxHvDRouRusdwz.ySH>vDR0JchschstCdM.vDRI

Did you know that it is about 6,378 kilometers from the surface of

Earth to the center?

[D.cd.trJmzH;cd.D;qlto;uH>

M.td.0J 6


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Did you know that the gravity on Mars is 38 percent of that found

on Earth at sea level so a 100-pound person on Earth would weigh

38 pounds on Mars?

9. How long is a Martian year?

Its a year long, if youre from Mars. To an earthling, its nearly twice

as long. The Red Planet takes 687 Earth days to go around the sun

compared with 365 days for Earth. Taking into account Mars different

rotational time, calendars on Mars would be about 670 days long with

some leap days needed to keep things square. If you find one, please

mail it to me. Im curious how they worked out the months, given they

have two moons.

9I rlzsX.vXtbl;uwX>D;[D.cd. (rh) rg(pf) M.weH.,HmxJvJ.Ierh>td.b.vX rg(pf) tylRM.weH.urh>eH.vXt,HmtxDr;weH.vXe*D>vDRI rhrh>ySRtd.vX[D.cd.wz.t*D>u,Hm0JcHq;M.vDRI rh>b.xd.o}wDRM.[D.cd.w&H;rk>,Hm 365 oDrhrh> rg(pf) rh>td.b.zk;D;tvHmeH.vHmvgvDRqDM.weH.utd.0J 670 oDCkmD;eH.d.toDpSRoDfod;urRb.vdmeHRwz.t*D>vDRI erh>xH.t0Joh.tvHmeH.vHmvgD;qSXM>,R

ph>uD;wuh>I rh>vXt0Joh.tvgtd. 2 bh.tCd,tJ.d;oh.ngrh>t0Joh.qDvDRtvgwz.fvJ.M.vDRI

rg(pf) Mars tw>xk;CXM.xJod;'.[D.cd.tyD.vJ.rJmzH;cd.tw>xk;CX 38rs;u,RvDRI tCdySRvXttd. 100 yD.vX[D.cd.w*RM.vX rg(pf) tylRM.utd.'.xJ 38 yD.M.eoh.ng{gI


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10. How long is the average Martian day?

A Martian can sleep (or work) an extra half-hour every day compared

to you. Mars days are 24 hours and 37 minutes long, compared with

23 hours, 56 minutes on Earth. A day on any planet in our solar system

is determined by how long it takes the world to spin once on its axis,

making the sun appear to rise in the morning and sending it down in the

evening.

10I rg(pf) tylRrk>eHRweHRxDxJvJ.I

rh>b.xd.o}wDRD;[D.cd.M. rg(pf) tylRud;eHRJ;erRw>rhwrh>rHtgM>30 rH;eH;ohvDRI rg(pf) weHR,Hm 24 e.&H. 37 rH;eH;D;vX[D.cd.M.utd.0J 23 e.&H. 58 rH;eH;vDRI vXyrk>tl.zdxXzdtusgrlzsX.ud;zsX.J;teHRweHRM.b.w>xd.G;tDRcDzsdt0Joh.w&H;vXtup>.0JtusH.vdRw0D,HmxJvJ.'D;vXuk;td.zsgxD.rk>[JxD.vXrk>*DRD;vDREkmuguhRvX[gcDvDRt*D>M.vDRI

Did you know that from Mars, Earth would be

seen to go through distinct phases like the moon

is seen from Earth?

erh>td.vX rg(pf) D;uG>[D.cd.M.uvDR*mfetd.vX[D.cd.D;xH.b.vgtd.D;tuh>t*DRvDRqDvXwuwD>D;wuwD>tod;M.eoh.ng{gI


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1111111111

11. What is the largest volcano?

The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii holds the title here on Earth. It rises

more than 50,000 feet (9.5 miles or 15.2 kilometers) above its base,

which sits under the surface of the sea. But thats all volcanic chump

change. Olympus Mons on Mars rises 16 miles (26 kilometers) into

the Martian sky. Its base would almost cover the entire Shan state.

11I upX>rh.tltd.uwX>rh>upX>rh.tlrEkRvJ.Ir.,le.vdR (Mauna Loa) upX>rh.tlvXtd.vX[.0.,H. (Hawaii)

uD;tylRM.rh>upX>rh.tltd.uwX>vX[D.cd.tHRvD RI td.ol.vDRto;vXyD.vJ.tcH;D;vXtcD.xH;qltzDcd.M.tupDRxD.td.0J50< 9I5 rH;vm (rh ) 15I2 uHvdrHxX.vDRI b.q.upX>rh.tlcJvXmM.td.txDqDwvJxDbdvD RI td.vH.zX;rd (OlympusMons) vX rg(pf) tylRM.upDRxD.0J.ql rg(pf) trluydmvdR 16 rH ;vm (26 uHvdrHxX.) D;tcD.xH;M.xJod;D;,dRuD>pJmDwbh.M.vDRI

Did you know that about 540 volcanoes on land are known to have

erupted in historic time? No one knows how many undersea

volcanoes have erupted through history.

vXw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRw>oh.ng0J.vXupX>rh.tl 540 zsX.vXttd.vXcdolcd.tzDcd.yd>z;xD.wh>0J.M.rh>eoh.ng{gI rhrh>upX>rh.tlvXyD.vJ.tzDvmyd>z;xD.0J.qH;tgvJ.M.ySRwoh.ngeDw*Rb.I


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12. What was the strongest earthquake in recent times?

A 1960 Chilean earthquake, which occurred off the coast, had a

magnitude of 9.6 and broke a fault more than 1,000 miles (1,600

kilometers) long. An earthquake like that under a major city would

challenge the best construction techniques.

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eH.M.teD.xd.td. 9I6 D;k;td.xD.0J[D.cd.wJRz;xDvXtxDtd.1000 rH;vm (1600 uHvdrHxX.) M.vDRI [D.cd.[l;fod;wcgtHRrh>uJxD.b.zk;vX0h>z;d.wzsX.tzDvmM.w>ol.xD.vXtwvDRySD>b.M.wtd.b.I tCdw>tHRrh>w>vXtwRw>D;pdRoDw>ol.xD.bSDxD.tusdRtusJt*hRuwX>wz.M.vDRI

Did you know that the worlds deadliest recorded earthquake oc-curred in 1557 in central China, killing an estimated 830,000 people?

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13. Has the moon always been so close?

It used to be much closer! A billion years ago, the moon was in a

tighter orbit, taking just 20 days to go around us and make a month. A

day on Earth back then was only 18 hours long. The moon is still

moving away about 1.6 inches (4 centimeters) a year. Meanwhile,

Earths rotation is slowing down, lengthening our days. In the distant

future, a day will be 960 hours long!

13I rh>vgbl;D;[D.cd.xDbd{gI

vXtylRuGHmM.bl;M>tcJtHRvDRI D;zJtylRuGHmteH. 1M.vgtrlzsX.usdRtH.D;w&H;0J.[D.cd. 20 oD0;w0DD;w>tHRyud;vXwvgM.vDRI tcgzJM.vX[D.cd.woD,Hm.xJ 18 e.&H.vDRI weH.M.vgok;,HRxD.to;D;rk> 1I6 pkrk>d. (4 pJ;xH.rHxX.) tCd[D.cd.w&H;o;u,DvDRD;rk>eHRwz.xDxD.0J.M.vDRI rk>eHRvXu[Jqlngwz.woDM.u,Hm0J. 960 e.&H.M.vDRI

Did you know that the Moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth?

vgM.xJod;Dd;[D.cd.vGH>ylwylM.eoh.ng{gI


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1414141414

14. Do earthquakes sing?

Not really, but they do make an incredible sound. The Earth rings like

a bell after a large earthquake the lowest ring tone is E flat in the 20th

octave below middle C.

14I [D.cd.[l;o;0H.w>{gIwvDRwH>b.I b.q.t0Joh.k;td.xD.w>uvk>vXwvDRemb.wcgohvDRI [D.cd.[l;z;d.wcg0HRtvD>cHw>uvk>uoD.xD.fXvGJoD.tod;'D;w>uvk>tvDRuwX>rh>0JE Flat vXtd.vXwe>ySD>pkt MiddleC tvD>cH< cHqHbdwbdM.vDRI

Did you know that around 1400 earthquakes rock the planet every

day, or roughly one earthquake every minute?

ud;eHRJ;[D.cd.[l;0J 1400 bsDrhwrh>wrH;eH;wbsDM.eoh.ng{gI


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1515151515

15. What is the wettest place on Earth?

Lloro, Colombia, averages 523.6 inches of rainfall a year, or more

than 13 meters. Thats about 2 or 3 times more rain than the wettest

areas of Burma or Thailand.

15I w>vD>tb.pD.uwX>vX[D.cd.M.rh>w>vD>rEkRvJ.ItJvfvd&d. (L-loro) vXttd.vXcd.v.bH.,.M.weH.w>plRxHtw>xd.Cltd.0J 523I6 pkrk>d.rhwrh>tgM> 13 rHxX.vDRI w>plRtgM>H;w>vD>vXrlcd.plRttguwX>uD>y,DRrhwrh>uD>uFD.wJ.cHq;qloXq;tzDcd.vDRI

Did you know that Arica, in Chile is the driest place on Earth and

gets just 0.76 millimeters of rain per year. At that rate, it would

take a century to fill a coffee cup?

t.&H.u. (Arica) vXtd.vXuD>cFHvHM.rh>w>vD>tChxDuwX>vX[D.cd.

'D;weH.d;M>b.w>plRxHxJ 0I76 rHvHrHxX.vDRI w>rh>plR.fM.M.teH.wu,Rr;xHuySJRcDzH.cG;wzsX.vDRM.eoh.ng{gI


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1616161616

16. Which of Earths oceans is the largest?

The Pacific Ocean covers 64 million square miles (165 million square

kilometers). It is more than two times the size of the Atlantic. It has an

average depth of 2.4 miles (3.9 kilometers).

16I r;orH;tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.rh>r;orH;zJvJ.wbh.vJ.IypH;zh;r;orH;M.tvJ>txDtd.0J. 64 uuGJ>puGJ,grH;vm (165uuGJ>puGJ,guHvdrHxX.) D;d.M>tJ;wvJwh;r;orH;cHq;'D;t,dmtw>xd.Cltd.0J 2I4 rH;vm (3I9uHvdrHxX.) vDRI

Did you know that by size and volume the Caspian Sea, located

between southeast Europe and west Asia is the largest lake in the

world?

cJ;pyH,gyD.vJ.vXttd.vX,l&yRrk>xD.uvHRxH;D;rk>Ekmth%SX.tbX.pXRM.rh>b.uG>vXtvJ>txDD;tw>wX>ySJRM.rh>ed.vXtd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.eoh.ng{gI


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1717171717

17. What plant can live for thousands of years?

The creosote bush, which grows in the Mojave, Sonoran, and

Chihuahuan deserts, has been shown by radiocarbon dating to have

lived since the birth of Christ. Some of these plants may endure 10,000

years, scientists say. If only they could talk.

17I w>rk>w>bdrEkRwuvkmvXttd.rlohwkRteH.wuxdvJ.Ic&H.td.pd; (Creosote) wySDmvXtrJxD.0J.vXrd.[.bh> (Mojave)0> (Chihuahuan) rJ;rk>cd.wz.tzDcd.

M. (radio carbon dating) ymzsgxD.wh>0J.vXwySDmtHRtd.wh>vH0J.vXc&Hm[Jtd.zsJ.tqXuwD>vHM.vDRI ySRpJth.zdwz.pH;0JvXw>rk>w>bdwz.weDRtd.rl0J.wkRvXteH.wuv;M.vDRI w>rk>w>bdwz.wJw>rh>ohkuwJb.ySRvXtw>vJRcDzsdwz.D;urh>w>vXtuJbsK;uJzSd.d.r;vDRI

Did you know that about one-third of the Earths land surface is

desert?

[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.oXylwylrh>rJ;rk>cd.M.eoh.ng{gI


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1818181818

18. What is the highest mountain?

Climbers who brave Mount Everest in the Nepal-Tibet section of the

Himalayas reach 29,035 feet (nearly 9 kilometers) above sea level. Its

height was revised upward by 7 feet based on measurements made in

1999 using the satellite-based Global Positioning System.

18I upX>vXtxDuwX>M.rh>upX>rEkRwzsX.vJ.IySRvXtxD.b;upX>tJ;b&J;wzsX.vXttd.vXeHzDvfD;wHbJ;uD>M.vXt*D>vDR*mfttd.vXyD.vJ.rJmzH;cd.vXtxD 29 (9

uHvdrHxX.) tzDcd.vDRI zJ 1999 eH.M.w>ol0J.rlzsX.dtw>qDvDRymvDR[D.cd.tusJuylRD;xd.uG>uguhRM.w>xH.vXupX>tHRxDM>tylRuGHm 7 cD.,D>vDRI

Did you know that the greatest ocean known depth is 36,198 feet

or 11 kilometers at the Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean well

south of Japan near the Mariana Islands?

w>vD>t,dmuwX>vXr;orH;tylRM.w>oh.ngtDRvXtrh>r.&H.,gegw>}wDRz;xDvXttd.vXypH;zH;r;orH;vX,y.uD>tuvHRxH;bl;D;r.&H.,geguD;D;t,dmtd.0J 36< 198cD.,D>rhwrh> 11 uHvdrHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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1919191919

19. Is it possible to drill a hole to the center of the earth?

The deepest hole ever drilled has a depth of 12 km (8 miles), so far,

2003. Progress is slow because the drill tip quickly gets blunt and

lifting 12 km of drill out to replace it takes ages. This is only 0.2% of

the radius of the Earth (6361 km, 3953 miles) so a Journey to the

Center of the Earth is not feasible.

19I rh>ecl.w>yllRql[D.cd.to;uH>M>{gIw>ylRt,dmuwX>vXb.w>cl.wh>tDRzJ 2003 eH.M.,dm0J 12 uHvdrH

xX. (8 rH;vm) vDRI rh>vXx;ysHmvXw>cl.w>ylRtue.vlRchsD;b.xk;xD.uguhRx;ysHmvXttd.vXw>ylR,dm 12 uHvdrHxX.wbdtHRvXuqDwvJx;ysHmtcd.toDt*D>M.,HmvXteH.wz.teH.tCdw>zH;w>rRtHRvJRto;u,DvDRI yrh>uG> 12 uHvdrHxX.M.td..[D.cd.t[D.z;ulmxJ 0I2 rs;u,R< (6361 uHvdrHxX.< 3953 rH;vm) vDRItCdvHmw>wJvXtrh>w>vJRql[D.cd.to;uH> a Journey to thecenter of the Earth M.uJxD.o;wohb.I

Did you know that the Earths crusts average thickness is 35 km

(22 miles) under continents and 6 km (4 miles) under oceans? As a

comparison, it is roughly like a postage stamp stuck on a football.

[D.cd.bh.ukwD.tw>xd.Cl 35uHvdrHxX. (22 rH;vm) M.td.vXuD>rd>yS>tzDvmD; 6 uHvdrHxX.(4 rH;vm) M.td.vXr;orH;tzDvmvDRI rh>b.xd.o}wDRuG>M.uvDR*m'feus;vDRw>*DRcd. Stamp wbh.vX

bDvfwzsX.tzDcd.tod;M.eoh.ng{gI


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2020202020

20. Which of the following sources stores the greatest volume

of fresh water worldwide: lakes, streams or ground water?

Groundwater comprises 30 times greater volume than all freshwater

lakes, and more than 3,000 times whats in the worlds streams and

rivers at any given time. Groundwater is housed in natural underground

aquifers, in which the water typically runs around and through the stone

and other material.

20I ed.< xHzdusdrhwrh>[D.vmxHwz.tusgzJvJ.wcgymzSd.xHbsgM>tg

u wX>vJ.I[D.vmxHymzSd.xHbsgtgM>ed.xHuqSDcJvXmtbsDoXqHD;tgM>[D.cd.csXtxHzdusdD;xHusdwz. 3xHpSH >wz.tylR< vXxH,GRw&H;tDR'D;,GRcDzsd0JvX>D;w>zdw>vHRt*Rwz.vDRI

Did you know that the Nile River in Africa is 6,695 kilometers long

making it the longest river in the world?

eJvfxHusdvXtd.vXuD>tR_zHRuRM.rh>xHusdtxDuwX>vX[D.cd.csX'Dd;txDtdd.0J 6


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2121212121

21. What is the largest canyon?

The Grand Canyon in America is the worlds largest canyon system.

Its main branch is 277 miles (446 kilometers) long. But lets compare.

Valles Marineris on Mars extends for about 3,000 miles (4,800

kilometers). (If it were added to an Asia map, it would stretch from

Burma to Japan. In places this vast scar on the Martian surface is 5

miles (8 kilometers) deep.

21I w>}wdt'dd.uwX>rh>w>}wdrEkRvJ.I

}uJw>}wd(The Grand conyon) vXuD>trJ&uRtylRM.rh>w>}wdt'd.uwX>vX[D.cd.csXvDRI w>}wdtrd>yS>M.xD0J 277 rH;vm< (446 uHvdrHxX.)vDRI b.q.yuxd.o}wDRuG>bhvfr.&H.eX.&Hpf (VallesMarineris vXtd.vX rg(pf) M.ov.vDRto;td.0J 3vXth%SX.[D.cd.*DRM.< utd.xJod;D;uD>y,DRql,y.uD>M.vDRI w>vDRuvdmtHRvX rg(pf) trJmzH;cd.

M.,dm0J 5 rH;vm (8 uHvdrHxX.)vDRI

Did you know that Antarcticais the highest, driest, and coldest

continent on Earth?

tJ.w.wH;c.rh>uD>rd>yS>vXtupDRxD.xDuwX>< w>ChxDuwX>'D;w>ck.uwX>vX[D.cd.M.eoh.ng{gI


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2222222222

22. How much of Earths surface consists of volcanic rock?

Scientists estimate that more than three-quarters of Earths surface is

of volcanic origin that is, rocks either erupted by volcanoes or molten

rock that cooled below ground and has subsequently been exposed at

the surface. Most of Earths volcanic rocks are found on the sea floor.

22I [D.cd.rJmzH;cd.upX>rh.tltvX>td.xJvJ.IySRpJth.zdwz.w,;0JvX[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.w>vD>oXylbsJ.M.rh>upX>rh.tlwz.vDRI w>oh.wz.tHRrh>upX>rh.tltvX>vXt[JxD.zJupX>

rh.tlyd>z;xD.rhwrh>vX>ySH>vDRvXtck.'D;uJxD.vX>vX[D.cd.zDvmwz.vXcH[Jyd>z;xD.0J'.qlw>csXM.vDRI [D.cd.tupX>rh.tltvX>wz.tgwuh>b.w>xH.M>tDRvXyD.vJ.tcH';M.vDRI

Did you know that the three countries with the greatest number ofhistorically active volcanoes are Indonesia, Japan and the United

States?

vXw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRxHuD>oXbh.vXb.uG>qX.rJmupX>rh.tltw>[l;*JRttguwX>rh>tH.'d.eHSg< ,y.tvGJ>fvJ.I[D.vmyeH.*mpDvXt[;xD.vX[D.cd.M.k;uJxD.w>tvGJ>wz.vDRIp}wdxH.,X. (Strontium) [h.xD.tvGJ>*DR< wd>*DR (Copper) xk;xD.

tvGJ>vgtJ;< tHo. (Sodium) xk;xD.tvGJ>bD< x;D;oGJ.v;tud.vd.wz.xk;xD.0Jrh.tltzDyh>bDbDfxltvGJ>tod;wz.vDRI rh.tlujyh>D;w>uvk>z;d.wz.uJxD.o;cDzsdtvl.rH.eH.,.turl.vDRI

Did you knowtalc is the softest of minerals? It is commonly used tomake talcum powder.

Talc rh>[D.vmyeH.tuykmuwX>D;nDEk>w>oltDRvXw>uk;uJxD.

Talcum turl.t*D>M.eoh.ng{gI


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2424242424

24. What is the worlds largest island?

Greenland covers 840,000 square miles (2,176,000 square kilometers).

Continents are typically defined as land masses made of low-density

rock that essentially floats on the molten material below. Greenland fits

this description, but its only about one-third the size of Australia. Some

scientists call Greenland an island, others say its a continent.

24I uD;td.vX[D.cd.csXrh>uD;rEkRwzsX.vJ.I}uHefvJtvJ>txDtd.0J 840wz.nDEk>w>ymzsgtcDynD'ftrh>[D.cd.ud.vd.vX[JuJxD.vXvX>vXtw>wH>Cg (Density) pSRvXxD.zDvXw>zdw>vHRvXtySH>vDRvXw>zDvmtzDcd.vDRI }uHefvJM.vDR*mD;w>ymzsgtcDynDt0JtHR< b.q.utd.xJod;.tD;p-xhv,.oXylwylvDRIySRpJth.zdweDRud;}uHefvJvXuD;D;t*Rwz.pH;vXrh>uD>rd>yS>vDRI

Did you know that nearly 70 percent of the Earths fresh-water

supply is locked up in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland?

[D.cd.txHbsg 70 rs;u,RC.C.td.wH>CmvXt.w.wh;c.D;}uHefvJxHck.ubs.tusgM.eoh.ng{gI


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2525252525

25. How much would seas rise if the Antarctic Ice Sheet melted?

The Antarctic Ice Sheet holds nearly 90 percent of the worlds ice and

70 percent of its fresh water. If the entire ice sheet were to melt, sea

level would rise by nearly 220 feet, or the height of a 20-story building.

Scientists know theres a melting trend under way. The United Nations

has said that in a worst-case scenario depending on how much

global air temperatures increase seas could jump 3 feet (1 meter)

by 2100.

25I t.w.wh;xHvDRouRtbh.rh>ySH>vDRM.yD.vJ.xHutgxD.xJvJ.I[D.cd.csXxHck.ud.vd. 90 rs;u,RM.rh>t.w.wh;xHvDRouRD; 70rs;u,RM.rh>xHbsgvDRI xHvDRouRtbh.Dwcgrh>ySH>vDRM.yD.vJ.rJmzH;cd.uupDRxD. 220 cD.,D>rhwrh>uupDRxD.xJod;w>ol.xD. 20uxXwzsX.M.vDRI ySRpJth.zdwz.oh.ng0JvXxHck.ud.vd.wz.p;

xD.ySH>vDR0J.vHM.vDRI [D.cd.bDrk>pXzSd.u&XpH;0JvXw>*h>ttXuwX>M.zJ 2100 eH.yD.vJ.rJmzH;cd.xHutgxD. 3 cD.,D>'D;w>*h>wcgtHRd;oMRxD.to;vX[D.cd.uvHRtw>ud>w>ck.tgxD.xJvJ.tzDcd.vDRI

xHb.w>oltDRvX[D.cd.Dbh.weHRtw>xd.Cltd.0J 400 ubDu.v.M.eoh.ng{gI

Did you know that on average, about 400 billion

gallons of water is used worldwide each day?


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2626262626

26. Why is Earth mostly crater-free compared to the pockmarked

moon?

Earth is more active interms of both geology and weather. On Earth -

craters that can be millions of years old get overgrown by vegetation,

weathered by wind and rain, and modified by earthquakes and

landslides. The moon, meanwhile, is geologically quiet and has almost

no weather; its craters tell a billion-year-long tale of catastrophic

collisions.

26I yrh>b.xd.o}wDRM.b.rEkR[D.cd.trJmzH;cd.tHRbVD;vgtrJmzH;cd.wcDtd.xJw>vDRqX.vDRuvdmM.vJ.Iyrh>uG>M.[D.cd.tHRtd.D;tw>[l;w>*JRvX[D.GJyDngD;rlcd.uvHRoD.*DRwuyRtgM>H;vgM.vDRI ylRuGHmteH.vXtuuGJ>wz.M.[D.cd.tzDcd.w>vDRqX.wz.td.0Jb.q.cDzsdvXw>rk>w>bdwz.rJxD.cJbXuGHmtDRrh>*hR< cDzsdrlcd.uvHRoD.*DRtw>qDwvJrh>*hR[D.cd.[l;D;

[D.cd.vDRvmwz.tCdk;td.xD.[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.tw>qDwvJM.vDRIb.q.vgtzDcd.M.cDzsdvX[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.tw>qDwvJwtd.D;w>qXuwD>wtd.eDwrHRb.tCdw>vDRqX.wz.tHRtd.H;.w>D;zsgvXtwJzsgxD.0Jw>uJxD.o;vXtylRuGHmteH.vXtuuGJ>wz.t*h>M.vDRI

Did you know that the Earth

travels at more than 105,000kph or 29.17 km/s, covering

millions of miles each year as it

journeys through space?

we.&H.[D.cd.vJRw>tgM>H;105wpJ;u;

tgM> 29I17 uHvdrHxX.'D;vJRw&H;rlysDweH.M>rH;vmvXtuuGJ>M.eoh.ng{gI


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2727272727

27. Can an earthquake cause a tsunami?

If the earthquake originates under the ocean, yes. Near the earthquakes

epicenter, the sea floor rises and falls, pushing all the water above it up

and down. This motion produces a wave that travels outward in all

directions. A tsunami can be massive but remain relatively low in height

in deep water. Upon nearing the shore, it is forced up and can reach

the height of tall buildings. One in December 26th, 2004 was triggered

by an earth quake off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia which carried

waves all the way to Thailand, India and even as far as East Africa.

Asteroids can cause tsunami, too.

27I [D.cd.[l;k;uJxD.pl.e.rH.oh{gI[D.cd.[l;tcD.xH;rh>uJxD.to;vXr;orH;tzDvmM.k;uJxD.pl.e.rH.ohvDRI bl;D;[D.cd.[l;uJxD.tvD>t*H>xH;M.< yD.vJ.xHupH.yDykzDcd.D;uvDRwJmuhRvDRI w>[l;w> *JRtHRuk;td.xD.vyDD;uov.vDRto;qlw>vD>oukRM.vDRI pl.e.rH.M.d.b.q.zJttd.vXxH,dmtcgM.tvyDwxDb.I wkRtwkRvXxHuX>eHRM.ozSdxD.to;D;vkmbX0J.w>ol.xD.z;xDwz.oh0JvDRI 2004eH.vg'H.pJbX.26 teHR[D.cd.[l;vXuD>tH.'d.eH%SguD;pl.r.-w.tylRtCd'k;td.xD.0Jpl.e.rH.'D;vyDwz.vJRwkR0JqluD>uFD.wJ.< uD>th',.'D;qlrk>xD.tR_zHRuR'.vJmM.vDRI rlzsX._yHwz.rh>vDRwJmqlyD.

vJ.ylRM.'k;uJxD.pl.e.rH;ohph>uD;vDRI Did you know that most tsunami waves

come onshore more like very strong and

fast tides and not giant breaking waves?

pl.e.rH.vyDwz.tgwuh>wkRt[JwkR

xHHuX>eHRM.ql.d.r;< txHxD.xHvDRM.chs'D;wrh>vyDz;'d.vXt[JwzsX.wzsX.b.M.eoh.ng{gI


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2828282828

28. What is the fastest surface wind ever recorded?

The fastest regular wind thats widely agreed upon was 231 mph

(372 kilometers per hour), recorded at Mount Washington, N.H., on

April 12, 1934. But during a May 1999 tornado in Oklahoma,

researchers clocked the wind at 318 mph (513 kilometers per hour).

For comparison, Neptunes winds can rage to 900 mph (1,448

kilometers per hour).

28I [D.cd.rJmzH;cd.uvHRvXtb.w>ymyeD.tDRvXtchsuwX>M.rh>

uvHRrEkRvJ.IuvHRtlw>vXtb.w>ymyeD.tDR'ftrh>uvHRtcsuwX>M.w>rReD.wh>tDRzJupX> Washington, NH zJ 1934< thjzh. 12 oDeHRvDdRI uvHRtchsuwX> regular uvHRrk>< we.&H.tlw> 231 rHxX. (372 uHvdrHxX.) b.q.zJvgrhR 1999 eH.M.uvHRrk>o0H;vXttlw>zJ(oklahoma) M.ySRCkoh.ngw>wz.ymzsg0JvXwe.&H.tlw> 31*

rHxX.rhwrh> 513 uHvdrHxX.vDRI yrh>b.xd.o}wDRuG>M.uvHRvXttlw>vXrlzsX.eJ;yuFL. Neptunes M.we.&H.tlw> 900rHxX.rhwrh> 1448 uHvdrHxX.ngvDRI

Did you know that Debris flows are like mud avalanches and can

move at speeds in excess of 160 kilometers per hour?

Debris uyHmxH,GRwz.vDR*mfuyHmxH[Jovl.vDRo;vXu

pX>cd.tod;D;we.&H.M.vJRw>chs0J 160 uHvdrHxX.M.e

oh.ng{gI


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2929292929

29. Do things inside Earth flow?

You bet. In fact, scientists found in 1999 that molten material in and

around Earths core moves in vortices, swirling pockets whose dynamics

are similar to tornadoes and hurricanes. And as youll learn later in this

list, the planets core moves in other strange ways, too.

29I rh>w>zdw>vHRvXtd.vX[D.cd.ttdylRwz.,GRvDRoh{gIrh>< zJ 1999 eH.ySRpJth.zdwz.xH.M>0JvXw>tyD;tvDvXtySH>vDRvXttd.0;w&H;[D.cd.to;uH>ylRD;tcsXwz.[l;0;D;w&H;0J.D;t

o[D.M.vDR*mD;uvHRrk>o0H;D;uvHRrk>[.&H.uh (Hurricanes) wz.vDRI fw>zdw>vHRwz.w&H;[D.cd.tod;M.[D.cd.to;uH>ph>uD;w&H;vXusJvDRqDt*Rwbdt*h>M.vXcHeurRvdb.M.vDRI

Did you know that the temperature of Earth increases about 20

degrees Celsius for every kilometer you go down? Near the

center, its thought to be at least 3,870 Celsius.

[D.cd.tw>ud>tgxD.0J 1 uHvdrHxX.M. 20 'H.u&H.pJvfpH,X.pfzJevJRvDRql[D.cd.to;uH>'D;vXbl;'D;[D.cd.to;uH>M.w>ud>tpSRuwX>utd.0J3


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3030303030

30. Were Earth and the moon separated at birth?

Not quite. But leading theory holds that our favorite satellite was carved

partly from Earth shortly after the Earth formed. A Mars-sized object

slammed into our fledgling planet. The impactor was destroyed. Stuff

flew everywhere and a lot of it went into orbit around Earth. The moon

gathered itself together out of the largely vaporized remains of the col-

lision, while Earth hung in there pretty much intact.

30I rh>[D.cd.D;vgM.vDRz;zJttd.xD.oDoDtcgvHM.{gI

wvDRwH >b.I vgM.b.w>k;uJxD.tDRvX[D.cd.tuhtcDwz.zJ[D.cd.uJxD.wpd>zd0HRtvD>cHM.vDRI w>tud.vd.vXtxJod;D; rgpfM.[Jb.xH;vdmto;D;y[D.cd.zJttd.xD.oDoD0HRtvD>cHD;w>vXt[Jb.xH;w>wcgM.[;*DRoh.z;0JvDRI w>tuhtcDwz.,lR0hR0DRoukRD;tuhtcDtgr;wz.vJRwkRqlrlzsX.tusdRvXttd.0;w&H;[D.cd.ttd.vDRI w>tuhtcDvXtd.wz.tHRymzSd.xD.vdmto;D;

uJxD.vgM.vDRI rhrh>[D.cd.wcDtd.ftvD>vD>tod;M.vDRI

Did you know our planet is more than 4.5billion years old, just a shade younger than the

sun?

y[D.cd.tHRto;eH.tgM> 450 ubDD;to;p>M>H;rk>M.eoh.ng{gI


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3131313131

31. Does Earth have the worst weather in the solar system?

Right now, its the worst that most humans I know ever experience.

But theres lots of wilder weather elsewhere. Mars can whip up

hurricanelike storms four times bigger than Burma. Dust storms on the

Red Planet can obscure the entire globe! Jupiter has a hurricane twice

the size our entire planet, and its lasted for at least three centuries

(another storm on Jupiter is even bigger). Venus is a living hell, and

Pluto is routinely more frigid than the coldest place on Earth (though

may change one day, and Pluto may in fact become the last oasis for

life).

31I vXrk>tl.zdxXzdtusgrh>[D.cd.td.D;w>uwD>vXttXuwX>{gIchcgcJtHRrh>w>qXuwD>te;uwX>vX,xH.b.wh>vXySR[D.cd.zdwl>b.0JvDRI b.q.w>qXuwD>vXtue;M>t0JtHRtd.ph>uD;vDRI uvHRrk>vXtvDR*mD;[.&H.uhvXttlw>vX rgpf tylRM.d.M>uD>y,DRvGH>bsDvDRI uvHRrk>tlw>vX rgpf vXtrh>rlzsX.*DRwzsX.tylRM.w>url.wz.usX>bXuGHm[D.cd.zsX.DwzsX.ohvDRI Jupiter tuvHRrk>[.&H.uhM.d.M>y[D.cd.cHbsD< D;tlw>tpSRuwX>u,HmteH.oXu,RvDRI uvHRrk>td.wcgvX Jupiter M.d.M>t0JtHRvDRI VenusM.vDR*mD;v&m< D; pluto M.nDEk>ck.M>H;w>ck.d.u

wX>tvD>vX[D.cd.vDRI Everyone knows thatSaturn has rings. But did

you know that Jupiter and Neptune both have

subtle ring systems and even Earth may once

have been a ringed planet?

ySRud;*RJ;oh.ng0J.vX Saturn M.td.D;

w>tuGDRvXtvdRvDRIJupiter

D;Neptune

td.ph>uD;D;w>tuGDRqH;qH;zdvXyxH.tDRohD;[D.cd.emuhwbsDtd.D;w>tuGDRvXtvdRM.eoh.ng{gI


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32. Have there always been continents?

Not as we know them today. Many scientists figure Earth began as

one huge continent dry as a bone. Water was delivered in comets,

the thinking goes, and the oceans developed. Much more recently, all

the worlds land masses were huddled into one supercontinent called

Pangaea. It began to break up about 225 million years ago, eventually

fragmenting into the continents as we know them today.

32I rh>uD>rd>yS>wz.td.wh>vHftHRxDbd{gI

wrh>fyoh.ngrk>rqgweHRtHRtod;b.I ySRpJth.zdtg*Rymzsg0JvX[D.cd.uJxD.tcD.xH;M.vDR*mfuD>rd>yS>z;vJ>wbh.tod;D;ChxD0Jfn.Chtod;vDRI w>w,;vX[D.cd.M.ud;M>xHvXq.rJ>xD.ttd.D;k;uJxD.0Jr;orH;vDRI tylRuGHmteH.wz.teH.M.[D.cd.csXDbh.t[D.cd.ud.vd.wz.b.w>ymzSd.CkmtDRfuD>rd>yS>wbh.CDvXtb.w>ud;tDRvX Pangaea M.vDRI tylRuGHmteH. 225 uuGJ>eH.M.Pangaea

tHRoh.z;vDRrk>vDRz;D;vXcHuwX>uJxD.uD>rd>yS>wz.fyoh.ngrk>rqgweHRtHRtod;vDRI

Did you know that if the oceans total

salt content were dried, it would coverthe continents to a depth of 1.2 meters?

r;orH;tHo.xHrh>ChxDuGHmM.tHo.tHRuusX>bXuD>rd>yS> 1I2 rHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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3333333333

33. Does all of Earth spin at the same rate?

The solid inner core a mass of iron comparable to the size of the

moon spins faster than the outer portion of the iron core, which is

liquid. A study in 1996 showed that over the previous century, the

extra speed caused the inner core to gain a quarter-turn on the planet

as a whole. So the inner core makes a complete revolution with re-

spect to the rest of Earth in about 400 years. Immense pressure keeps

it solid.

33I rh>[D.cd.w&H;t,lmcJvXmfod;od;{gI[D.cd.to;uH>tud.vd.vXtrh > (x;ud.vd.)vXtutd.xJod;vgM.w&H;cVM>H;w>o;uH>tcsXvXtrh> (w>txH) vDRI w>Ckoh.ngzJ 1996 eH.ymzsg0JvXtylRuGHmteH.wu,RM.w>o;uH>tylRw&H;cVxD.M>w&H;wh>0Jw0DtvGH>ylwylvDRI tCdteH. 400 twD>ylRw>o;uH>tylRtHRw&H;ucsxD.M>[D.cd.zsX.t*RDw0DM.vDRI

Did you know much of Earth is fluid with the mostly solid skin of the

planet averages only 35 kilometers thick thinner than the skin

of an apple, relatively speaking.

[D.cd.Dwbh.M.rh>xHD;tzH;vXtrh>w>toH;ud.vd.twD.tw>xd.Cl

td.J0J 35 uHvdrHxX.vDRI tCdrh>b.wJM.[D.cd.tzH;M.blM>H;zDo.wzsX.tzH;M.eoh.ng{gI


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34. How long is a day on Venus?

A day on Venus is longer than a year on the planet! It takes Venus 243

Earth days to rotate once on its axis but only 225 Earth days to revolve

around the Sun.

34I vX0HeX;pfVenus M.woD,HmqH;tgvJ.IvX0HeX;pfVenus M.woD,HmM>H;weH.vXrlzsX.vDRI 0HeX;pfw&H; vXt0.&dzDcd.u0;w0Dt*D>,HmM>[D.cd.toD 243 oDD;w&H;rk>u0; w0DM.,Hm.xJ[D.cd.toD 225 oDM.vDRI

Did you know that Venus rotates in the opposite direction as Earth?

On Venus, the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east!

0HeX;pfw&H;M.cd.csXvdmo;D;[D.cd.D;vX0HeX;pfVenusM.rk>[JxD.

vXrk>EkmD;vDREkmvXrk>xD.M.eoh.ng{gI


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3535353535

35. Which planets have moons?

Well of course Earth has one moon but several other planets have

moons, as well. Mars has 2, Jupiter has at least 61, Saturn at least 31,Uranus at least 25, Neptune at least 8 and Pluto has at least 1.

Astronomers often find new moons orbiting the planets so these

numbers may continue to rise.

35I rlzsX.zJvJ.wz.td.D;tvgvJ.I[D.cd.tvgtd.wbh.b.q.rlzsX.t*Rtgbh.td.D;tvgwz.ph>uD;

vDRI rgpfMars tvgtd.cHbh.< Jupiter uFL.zH.xX.tvgtpSRuwX>td. 61 bh.tvgtd. 31 bh.wbh.vDRI ySRohrluydmyDngwz.xH.M>vgtoDwz.vJRw&H;rlysDcJtHRcJtHRtCdvgwz.teD.*H>utgxD.H;0J%k>%k>vDRI

Did you know that it takes the Moon 27.3 days to revolve around

the Earth?

vgw&H;[D.cd.w0D,Hm 27I3 oDM.eoh.ng{gI


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3636363636

36. What causes a rainbow?

It takes two things to cause a rainbow: sunlight and raindrops. When

sunlight shines through raindrops, the light is bent, and beautiful colors

are seen against the clouds. Each color of the rainbow is made by

many raindrops bending the light at a particular angle.

36I w>rEkRk;uJxD.wX>uGJRvJ.Irk>w>uyDRD;w>plRxHtzsX.wz.rh>w>cHrHRvXuk;uJxD.wX>uGJRM.vDRIzJrk>tw>uyDRqJ;vDRb.xHtzsX.zdwz.D;w>uyDRqJ;uvRuhRM.e

uxH.b.w>tvGJ>CHvRwz.zsgvXw>tX.usgM.vDRI wX>uGJRtvGJ>wcgb.wcgpkmpkmM.b.w>k;uJxD.tDRvXw>plRxHtgzsX.qJ;uvR0J.w>uyDR (fwzsX.D;wzsX.tw>vDRqDtd.tod;) M.vDRI

Did you know that a passing cyclone once dropped nearly 4 meters

of rain in just 24 hours on the island of Runion in the Indian Ocean

1952? That is a world record.

vX[D.cd.w>rReD.tylRuvHRrk>o0H;vXtplRvDR0J.vXuD; Reunion vXtd.vXth,.r;orH;tylRzJ 1952 eH.vX 24 e.

&H.twD>ylRM.w>plRxHtd.0J 4 rH

xX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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37. Can people tell when an earthquake will happen?

No, they cant. Scientists have no way to accurately predict earthquakes

but animals might to able to. Stories tell about rats, snakes, centipedes,

worms and beetles leaving Hellas, Greece, in droves just before a

large earthquake in 373 B.C. It is said that in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

1966, one hour before an earthquake, masses of ants carried their

eggs out of their anthills.

37I rh>ySRunDwJ[D.cd.u[l;tcgzJvJ.b.w*R*R{gI

t0Joh.wJwb.b.I ySRpJth.zdwz.uwJqdym[D.cd.u[l;t*h>vDRwH>vDRqJ;M.wJ0Jwb.b.I b.q.q.zduD>zdwz.wJqd0Jub.wcDH;I zJwcsK;c&HmeH. 373 wcsK;[D.cd.[l;z;d.b.M.w>wJ0JvX,k>< *k>tw>td.w>qd;tvD>zJ[Jv;pfvXttd.zJ}uH;pfD;Ch>uGHmqlw>vD>t*RM.vD RI w>pH;0J.vX 1966 eH.tylRzJuD>v;pfcJef (laskent), D;tl;pfbJ.uH;pfw. (Uzbekistan) tylRwX>*D>

rk>wz.pdmxD.0J.tH.qlw>csXwcsK;zJ[D.cd.[l;trJmngwe.&H.M.vDRI

Did you know that most earthquakes are triggered less than 80

kilometers from Earths surface?

[D.cd.[l;tgwuh>p;xD.zJw>vD>vXt,HRD;[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.vXtpSRM> 80 uHvdrHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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38. What is the difference between stars and planets?

Planetsarent as big or as hot as stars, and they cant make light of

their own. They were made from the leftovers of the same gas and

dust cloud that gave birth to their nearest star.

38I q.D;rlzsX.wz.vDRqDvdmto;fvJ.IrlzsX.wz.wd.D;wud>xJod;D;q.wz.b.I D;teD>up>tw>uyDRwtd.b.I t0Joh.b.w>k;td.xD.tDRvX*mo0HD;w>urSHRvXttd.wh>zJw>k;td.xD.q.0HRwz.M.vDRI

Did you know that light from our star, the Sun, takes 8.3 minutes to

reach us?

w>uyDRvXt[JvXyq.D;rk>ttd.M.uwkRqlytd.t*D>,Hm 8I3rH;eH;M.eoh.ng{gI


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39. Will the sun ever go out?

One day the Sun will use up all its gas fuel and die. But this wont

happen in your lifetime, or even your great-great-great grandchildrens!

Astronomers think that the Sun has enough gas fuel to last for at least

another 5 billion years.

39I rh>rk>u[JxD.xDbd{gI rh>rk>td.ywkmwbsDbsD{gIrk>utd.0JweHRM.rk>uolvXmuGHmt*mo0HcJvXmD;uoHvDRI b.q.w>t0JtHRwrRto;zJepdRtHRD;ezdpdRvHRpdR.vJmH;b.I ySRohrluydm

yDngwz.qdurd.0JvXcHtpSRuwX>teH. 5000 uuGJ>emuhrk>utd.H;D;t*mo0H< todvXvXySJRySJRvXuvJRw>t*D>vDRI

Did you know that the Sun uses more than 30 million truck loads of

fuel every second?

wpJ;u;rk>ol0Jtrh.q.tgM>odvh.yX;w>tcd. 30 uuGJ>cd.wD0JM>M.eoh.ng{gI


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40. Where do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

on Earth?

The majority occur along boundaries of the dozen or so major plates

that more or less float on the surface of Earth. One of the most active

plate boundaries where earthquakes and eruptions are frequent, for

example, is around the massive Pacific Plate commonly referred to as

the Pacific Ring of Fire. It fuels shaking and baking from Japan to

Alaska to South America.

40I [D.cd.[l;D;upX>rh.tlwz.tgwuh>yd>z; ([l;*JR) vXw>vD>zJvJ.I[D.cd.[l;D;upX>rh.tlyd>z;teD.*H>ttguwX>uJxD.to;zJ[D.cd.tuhtcDvXtxD.zDvX[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.wz.to&hRxH;M.vDRI [D.cd.tuhtcDwcgvXb.xH;vdmto;D;k;uJxD.[D.cd.[l;D;w>yd>z;cJtHRcJtHRM.tdt0JM.td.vXypH;zh;[D.ubs.D;nDEk>yud;tDRvXypH;zh;t

rh.tluGDR " Pacific Ring of Fire "vDRI [D.cd.tubs.0JtHRtCdk;td.xD.[D.cd.[l;D;upX>rh.tlyd>z;wz.vX,y.uD>qlt.v;pfu.D;qluvHRxH;trJ&uRM.vDRI

Did you know that the sound from the eruption of the Krakatau

volcano in 1883 traveled nearly 5000 km?

Krakatau (c&.uwD.) upX>rh.tlyd>z;toD.zJ 1883 eH.M.[l,HRwkR 5000 uHvdrHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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41. How can you tell how old a mountain is?

The shape of a mountain can tell you a lot. Mountains with sharp,

jagged shapes are fairly young mountains only a few million years

old! Older mountains have more rounded shapes, worn smooth by the

wind and rain.

41I upX>wzsX.to;yS>xJvJ.M.ewJtDRohfvJ.IcDzsdupX>tuh>t*DRM.wJeRw>uohtgr;vDRI upX>vXtcd.pltue.th.&J.to;wz.urh>.upX>o;p>D;td.H;.xJpSRuuGJ>eH.M.vDRI

upX>vXto;yS>xD.wz.rh>vXb.uvHRw>plRxHtCdtcd.uyXRvDRD;td.bsovH;M.vDRI

Did you know that it takes about 1,000 years to wear down a

mountain only 8 cm?

cDzsdw>tD.vhRuGHmw>tCdteH.wuxdM.upX>qH;vDR.xJ 8 pJ;xH.rHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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42. What is the worlds deepest lake?

Lake Baikal in the south central part of Siberia is 1.7 kilometers deep.

Its about 20 million years old and contains 20 percent of Earths fresh

liquid water.

42I [D.cd.csXed.t,dmuwX>M.rh>ed.rEkRvJ.Ied. Baikal vXttd.vX Siberia uvHRxH;w>cX.o;M.,dm0J 1I7 uHvdrHxX.vDRI to;yS>0JtuuGJ> 20 eH.D;ymzSd.[D.cd.txHbsgM> 20

rs;u,RvDRI

Did you know that even though we have water coming out of our

ears, only one percent of it is drinkable? Most of it is frozen or

salty.

xHwz.tgwuh>rh>xHvDRouRrhwrh>xH[DtCdxHrh>tgxJvJ.b.q.ytDoh.xJ 1 rs;u,RM.eoh.ng{gI


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43. What is the worlds largest desert?

The Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the world

and covers about 7,700,000 sq km. This is about one-third of the

whole of Africa.

43I rJ;rk>cd.tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>rJ;rk>cd.rEkRwbh.vJ.IrJ;rk>cd.tvJ>uwX>vX[D.cd.csXrh>0J (q[.&;) Sahara, rJ;rk>cd.td.vXuvHRpd;tR_zHRuRwuyR< tvJ>txDtd.0J 7vX (q[.&;) Sahara rJ;rk>cd.M.weDRxD0J 400rHxX.D;weDRxDM>t0JM.M.eoh.ng{gI


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44. How many people would it take to stretch around the world?

Its about 40,100 km around Earth from the equator. That means it

would take 33,000,000 people holding hands to reach all the wayaround.

44I ySRunDrh>zD.vdmpkD;td.u0DR[D.cd.u0;t*D>uvd.ySRySJR*RvJ.Ietd.vXtH.cUxX.D;w&H;[D.cd.w0DM.td.0J 40vd.ySRunDzD.vdmpk 33ymzsgD;w>ymzsgt*Rwz.M.zJ1999 eH.M.[D.cd.zdeD.*H>xD.b;wkRvXtuuGJ> 6 uxdM.eoh.ng{gI


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45. Why do you see the lightning before you hear the thunder?

The reason we almost always see the lightning before hearing the thunder

is because light travels much faster than sound. Thunder and lightning

happen in the same place at about the same time. In fact, the lightning

produces the thunder. When lightning occurs, the nearby air becomes

very hot and expands quickly, causing an explosion. The sound of

thunder is really the sound of this explosion.

45I b.rEkRexH.qdvD0>H;wcsK;ee>[lvDoD.vJ.I

rh>vXw>uyDRvJRw>cVM>H;w>uvk>tCdwcsK;ye>[lvDoD.b.M.nDEk>yxH.qdvD0>H;M.vDRI vDoD.D;vD0>H;M.uJxD.vXw>vD>wwDRCDD;w>qXuwD>wuwD>CDvDRI teD>eD>vD0>H;k;td.xD.vDoD.M.vDRIzJvD0>H;tcguvHRvXtuydmuyRwz.ud>xD.d.d.D;ov.vDRto;cVoH;D;uJxD.w>yd>z;M.vD RI vXw>M.tCdw>yd>z;t0JtHRtoD.M.rh>vDoD.M.vDRI

Did you know that you can tell how far away a

storm is by counting the number of seconds

between the lightning and the thunder? The

storm is 1 kilometer away for every

3 seconds you count.

ewJuvHRrk>tlw>vXw>vD>,HRxJvJ.b.cDzsde*H>w>qXuwD>,HmtpJ;u;xJvJ.zJvD0>H;D;vDoD.tbX.pXRM.eoh.ng{gI e*H>rh>td.oXpJ;u;

M.uvHRrk>u,HRwuHvdrHxX.M.vDRI


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46. Is air mostly oxygen?

Earths atmosphere is actually about 80 percent nitrogen. Most of the

rest is oxygen, with tiny amounts of other stuff thrown in. Near the

ground there is plenty of oxygen but the higher you go into the

atmosphere, the less oxygen there is.

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q.erh>vJRxDxD.qluvHRu[kusgM.tD;pH.uF.upSRvDR< pSRvDR0J.vDRI

Did you know that the Earths atmosphere reaches out into space

about 500 km?

[D.cd.tuvHRu[kov.vDRto;vXrlysDusgtd. 500 uHvdrHxX.M.eoh.ng{gI


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47. How big was the largest diamond?

Did you know that the worlds biggest diamond was found in South

Africa in 1905. It weighted more than half a Kilogram or 3,106 carats.Named the The Cullinan, it was cut into 106 polished diamonds.

47I w>rs>td.uwX>M.d.xJvJ.IzJ 1995 eH.M.w>rs>td.uwX>wzsX.vX[D.cd.csXb.w>xH.M>tDRzJuvHRxH;uD>tR_zHRuRtylRvDRI tCXtgM>z;zDuHvd (rh) 3rs>tHRw>*lmtDRD;k;uJxD.uhRtDRqlw>rs>tbV 106 zsX.vDRI

Did you know that diamonds are the hardest mineral in the world?

w>rs>rh>[D.vmyeH.tudRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.eoh.ng{gI


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48. Why is space black and the sky blue?

About 20 miles above the Earth, the sky appears black. So what

happens between there and here? Light, you might know, travels in

waves. And the waves of different colors of light are different lengths.

Sunlight is a mixture of all those different colors. When the sunlight

travels through the thickest part of the atmosphere, the short

wavelengths of blue light get scattered. So what we see when we look

at the sky during the daytime is the scattered blue light.

48I b.rEkRCdrlysDtvGJ>olD;rluydmvdRtvGJ>vgtJ;vJ.IvX[D.cd.tzDcd.trH;vm 20 C.C.M.rluydmvdRtvGJ>td.zsgtolvDRI tCdw>rEkRuJxD.vXM.D;zJtHRtbX.pXRvJ.I eub.oh.ngt0JM.rh>w>uyDR'D;vJRw>fvyDtod;vDRI w>uyDRtvGJ>vXtvDRqDvdmo;wz.M.txDemuhvDRqDvdmto;vDRI rk>tw>uyDRM.rh>w>tvGJ>vDRqDvdmo;cJvXmwz.ymzSd.xD.to;vDRI zJrk>tw>uyDRvJR

cDzsdb.w>vXtwD.uJmqd;D;uvHRu[kM.w>uyDRt,JRvXtzk.wz.uvDRrk>_yH_yg0J.vDRI tCdzJyuG>xD.rluydmvdRvXrk>qgcDtuwD>D;xH.w>tvGJ>0JM.'D;w>0JM.rh>w>uyDRtvgtJ;vXtvDRrk>_yH_ygM.vDRI

Did you know that the sea looks blue

because it reflects the color of the sky?

yD.vJ.xHzsgvgtJ;rh>vXxHqJ;uvRrluydmvdRtvGJ>tCdM.eoh.ng{gI


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49. What percentage of the worlds water is in the oceans?

About 97 percent. Oceans make up about two-thirds of Earths surface,

which means that when the next asteroid hits the planet, odds are goodit will splash down.

49I [D.cd.txHtd.vXr;orH;tylRySJRrs;u,RvJ.Iutd. 97 rs;u,RC.C.vDRI [D.cd.trJmzH;cd.oXylcHylM.rh>r;orH;tCdzJrlzsX._yHvXcHwzsX.rh>[Jb.xH;D;[D.cd.tHRM.td..uvDRwJm

qlxHusgM.vDRI

Did you know that more than 3 million cubic km of fresh water is

stored in the planet?

xHbsgtgM> 3 uuGJ> (c,lbH;) CubicuHvdrHxX.td.vX[D.cd.zsX.tylRM.eoh.ng{gI


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50. Will Earth always be here?

Astronomers know that over the next few billion years, the sun will

swell so large as to envelop Earth. If were still here, well probably fry

and the planet will be vaporized. Theres a chance, however, that the

changing mass of the sun will cause Earth to move into a more distant

and pleasant orbit. One mathematical calculation shows it would be

theoretically possible for humans to engineer such a move before its

too late.

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0JvXySRohpJ;zDu[.yDngwz.uxH.M>usJvXuok;uGHmrlzsX.tusdRM.vDRI

amazing earth karen

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