america in world war i. america: neutrality to war zwhen the war began in 1914, president woodrow...
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America in World War I
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America: Neutrality to War
When the war began in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared the U.S. would remain neutral and not support either side
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Sinking of the Lusitania
May 1915 – Lusitania sunk by a German submarine
128 Americans among the 1200+ dead
U.S. was outraged, but not willing to go to war
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Stalemate in Europe
The war was a stalemate by 1916
Neither side was capable of winning, yet hundreds of thousands were still dying in the trenches of the “Western Front”
Map of the Western Front:NW France and German border
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The U.S. as Peacemaker?
Wilson tried to act as a mediator Wanted U.S. to be the
“peacemaker” for Europe Hoped to achieve a “peace
without victory”Efforts at a diplomatic solution
to end the war failed
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War Means Good Business
Although the U.S. was neutral, American banks and companies were allowed to trade with the belligerents (nations currently at war)
Most of these goods and loans went to the Allies – Great Britain and France
American ships carried goods to EuropeThe U.S. economy boomed due to war
production
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American Ships in DangerGerman U-boats targeted American cargo
ships1916 - Germany promised to stop
attacking neutral ships if U.S. would convince Great Britain to end its North Sea blockade of German ports
The British refused – WHY?
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Closer to Entering the WarFeb 1917 –
Germany resumed “unrestricted submarine warfare”, sinking any ship that came near England or France
The U.S. broke off all relations with Germany
German U-boats began to sink American ships again
Fact: Few American lives were lost to German subs, but dozens of ships were sunk or damaged between 1914-1917
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The “Zimmermann Note”Feb 1917 –
President Wilson was given the “Zimmermann Note” by the British
This intercepted telegram exposed a proposed anti-American alliance between Germany and Mexico
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The “Zimmermann Note”
Wilson kept it secret for a month before it was leaked to the press – WHY?
Thought to be a fraud, its authenticity was confirmed by Germany in March when it was published
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Wilson Asks for War
April 1917 – President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany
Wilson promised this would be a “war to end all wars” and would make the world “safe for democracy”
Senate: 82-6 for warHouse: 373-50 for
war
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The U.S. Goes to War
April 6, 1917 – U.S. declared war on Germany and entered the Great War
U.S. is completely unprepared
Wilson immediately began working on plans for peace
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Wartime Propaganda
George Creel headed the Committee on Public Information
Mission was to encourage support for the war by enlisting or buying “liberty bonds”
Songs, movies, news stories, posters, etc., used
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General John J. PershingNicknamed “Black
Jack” since he had led African-American units as a young officer
Commanded the A.E.F. – “American Expeditionary Force”
Successfully kept US Army from being split up by Allied command
Most influential Army officer of the early 1900s
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369th Infantry (NY)
The “Harlem Hellfighters” – NY National Guard unit
Fought in French Army since US Army would not allow black troops in combat at first
First unit to have black officersFirst US Army unit to enter Germany in Nov
1918
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Eddie RickenbackerRace car driver
from OhioAmerica’s top
flying “ace”Scored 26 kills
in just 7 months of combat
Changed spelling of name so it wouldn’t be “too German”
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Sgt. Alvin C. York
Religious “mountain man” from Tennessee
America’s most decorated soldier in WWI
Hero of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive – last major Allied attack of war
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Sgt. Alvin C. YorkOctober 8, 1918Killed 28 German
soldiersTook 132 German
prisonersCaptured or
eliminated 35 machine guns
Earned highest awards for bravery from U.S., British, and French armies
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Other Famous Americans of World War I
Walt Disney – Red Cross ambulance driver
Ernest Hemingway – ambulance driver
Harry Truman – artillery captain
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American Soldiers in the Great War
4.3 million men mobilized for war
350,000 casualties (killed, missing and wounded)
8% casualty rate was the lowest of any nation involved in the fighting in Europe
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Russia Quits the WarFeb 1917 – Czar
Nicholas II overthrown
Oct 1917 – Russian Communists (Bolsheviks) took over
Led by V.I. Lenin, the new Soviet Union (communist Russia) signed peace treaty with Central Powers and left the war
The entire Romanov family was executed in Summer of 1918 to prevent any return of the monarchy
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The End of the “Great War”U.S. entry into war
made up for exit of Russia
Allied Powers finally pushed Germans back by Fall 1918
Armistice signed – Nov 11, 1918
1918-1919 – nations met in France to negotiate peace deal
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Treaty of Versailles Talks held at
famous Versailles Palace
Woodrow Wilson represented U.S. personally
“Big Four” – leaders of Great Britain, France, Italy & U.S.
Germany and Soviet Union were excluded from all negotiations
The “Big Four” at
Versailles
Delegates crowded into Hall of Mirrors
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Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”“Fourteen Points” – Wilson’s plan for
a lasting peace after WW1Main points: 1)Self-determination for all nations2)Freedom of the seas & free trade3)Prohibit secret alliances4)Reduce armaments (weapons) for
all nations5)Creation of new nation of Poland6)Return to pre-war boundaries for
most
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Wilson’s League of NationsMost controversial
part of Fourteen Points was the League of Nations
League was to be an international assembly that would work to keep peace and respond to aggressive nations
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A Harsh and Vengeful TreatyBritain and
France wanted to punish Germany for WW1
Terms were very harsh
Wilson’s great desire to get the League of Nations led him to agree to other terms he did not like
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The Punishment for WW1 Treaty of Versailles:1) Took away Germany’s armed forces2) Took land from the Central Powers,
especially Germany and Austria-Hungary3) Demanded Germany pay war reparations
(debts) for France and Great Britain ($33 billion)
4) France, Belgium & Great Britain took Germany’s colonies across the globe
5) Created new nations: Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and split Austria-Hungary into separate nations
6) Established Wilson’s League of Nations
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The Treaty at HomePublic support originally
in favor of TreatyOpposition grew to
U.S. involvement in League of Nations
Feared U.S. would become involved in conflicts around the world
Opposition led by Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (Mass.)
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Defeat of the Treaty in U.S.Wilson campaigned to
get public support for Treaty
Suffered stroke in Pueblo, CO in Sept 1919
Wilson refused to compromise on the League
U.S. Senate never ratified the Treaty
U.S. never joined League of Nations