american colonization period in the philippines (1901-1935)

1901-1935(The American Period)

“The Philippines are ours not to exploit, but to develop, civilize, educate, and to train in the

science of self-government”WILLIAM MCKINLEY

POLITICAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

POLITICAL

The American Colonial GovernmentA. The Taft CommissionB. Civil GovernmentC. Philippine Bill of 1902D. Philippine AssemblyE. Resident CommissionersF. The Filipinization of the GovernmentG. The Jones Law of 1916H. The Wood-Forbes MissionI. The OSROX Mission

A. The Taft Commission

Created on March 16, 1900.

Also known as The Second Philippine Commission.


Headed by Judge William Howard Taft.

Members:Luke E. WrightHenry C. IdeDean C. WorcesterBernard Moses


Luke E. Wright

Henry C. Ide Dean C. Worcester

Bernard C. Moses


Establish a civil government in the Philippines.To train the Filipinos in self-government. Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900 by McKinley.


Those instructions were drafted by Secretary of War, Elihu Root.

A. The Taft Commission“bear in mind that the government which they (the Commission) are establishing is designed

not for our selfish satisfaction...but for the

happiness, peace and prosperity of the people

of the Philippine Islands, and the measures

adopted should be made to conform to their

customs, habits...”

A. The Taft Commission Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900. $1,000,000 for building, and repairing roads and bridges. From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400 laws.

In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro-American Filipino as members. They were:


Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Benito Legarda

Jose Luzurriaga

B. Civil Government Inaugurated on July 4, 1901. William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor. In 1905: Governor-General. Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions. His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular

among the Filipinos. Taft served until December 1903.

C. Philippine Bill of 1902 also known as the Cooper Act. Sponsored by U.S. Representative Henry

A. Cooper of Wisconsin. On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902

was passed by Congress. It created the Philippine Assembly.

C. Philippine Bill of 1902Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;

2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;

3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of the legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.

C. Philippine Bill of 1902Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information, Finance and Justice, and Commerce and Police.

5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos.

D. Philippine Assembly On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were

held in the Philippines for members of all the Filipino lawmaking body.

Hundreds of candidates campaigned under many new political parties.

80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista Party.

D. Philippine Assembly

Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House.


Sergio Osmeña: Speaker


Manuel L. Quezon: Majority Floor Leader

E. Resident Commissioners The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to

be represented by two Filipino resident commissioners in the United States Congress.

They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting the Philippines.

E. Resident Commissioners

Benito Legarda

Pablo Ocampo

E. Resident Commissioners Manuel L. Quezon served from

1909 to 1916. Considered one of the greatest

Filipino resident commissioners. Spoke out strongly against those they

considered harmful to Filipino interests.

F. The Filipinization of the Government America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos to

government positions. A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions. In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the

government than Filipinos (2,697).

In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.

F. The Filipinization of the Government

Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court.


Florentino Torres became Attorney General.


By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and Justice.

G. The Jones Law of 1916 Signed by President

Woodrow Wilson on August 29, 1916.

Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act.

Sponsored by U.S. Representative William Atkinson Jones of Virginia.Woodrow

WilsonWilliam

Atkinson Jones

G. The Jones Law of 1916 It contained American’s promise to give independence to

the Philippines. Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government. It defined the structure of the government, the powers and

duties of the officials, and provided for a bill of rights for the Filipinos.

G. The Jones Law of 1916 Executive Power: Governor-General (an American)

Appointed by the President of the United States. Legislative Power: exclusive to the Filipinos

Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and the Philippine Senate (upper house).

Judicial Power: Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino and American) Appointed by the President of the United States.

G. The Jones Law of 1916 On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine

Legislature. It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916. Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker of the House of

Representatives. Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.

G. The Jones Law of 1916

H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

Warren G. Harding


Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes stayed in the Philippines for four months.

In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S. should not yet grant independence to the Philippines.


Gen. Leonard Wood

Gov. Gen. W. Cameron Forbes

I. The OSROX Mission In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to

the United States to work for the passage of an independence law.

U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S. Congress, with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting as co-sponsors.

The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert Hoover, vetoed the bill.

I. The OSROX Mission

Harry B. Hawes

I. The OSROX Mission The U.S. Congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933 known

as the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act. The Antis were those who sided with Quezon in opposing the

law. The Pros were those who supported the law and backed

Osmeña and Roxas.

I. The OSROX Mission The law’s provisions on trade relations were

disadvantageous to the Philippines. He objected the provision limiting the

immigration of Filipinos to the U.S. He also objected to the retention by the U.S.

of military bases in the Philippines.

I. The OSROX Mission

OSROX claimed that the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was the best independence law that the Filipinos could obtain from the U.S.

I. The OSROX Mission On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-

Cutting Act.The U.S. Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by

Senator Milliard Tydings and Representative John McDuffie. Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24,

1934.

SOCIAL

SOCIAL PROGRESS

A. EducationB. Religious DevelopmentsC. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

A. EducationSpain

1. Christianizing the pagan natives was more important than giving them an education.

2. It was only in the closing of decades of Spanish rule that some system of public school education was introduced by Spain in the Philippines.

United States1. “to educate, to train in the science of self-

government”2. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the

Filipinos.

SOCIAL PROGRESS

A. Education

In January 1901, the Taft Commission enacted Act No. 74 which established the Philippine public school system.

It provided free primary education and the establishment of a school to train Filipino teachers.

On August 23, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the United States arrived in Manila on board the transport ship Thomas.

These teachers came to be known as the Thomasites.

A. Education

Elementary schools: 7-year course High school: 4-year course Those who finished high school could take up higher education in a

public junior college or at the University of the Philippines which was created in 1908 by Act No. 1870 enacted by the Philippine Assembly and the Philippine Commission.

Filipino pensionados – bright young Filipino students

A. Education

A. Education

Philippine Normal School (1901)

A. Education

Silliman University (1901)

A. Education

Centro Escolar University (1907)Founded by Librada Avelino and Carmen de Luna

A. Education

Philippine Women’s University (1919)Established by Francisca T. Benitez

“no people ever accepted the blessings of education with

more enthusiasm than the Filipinos”

Governor-General Frank Murphy, 1935

By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7,330 public schools throughout the country.

The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population of 97,500.

A. Education

Introduction of Protestantism The Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through friendly

persuasion. Presbyterians (1899) Baptists (1900) The Disciples of Christ (1905) Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

B. Religion

On August 3, 1902, Philippine Independent Church was established in Manila.

Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes

He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901. Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the new church’s Supreme Bishop.

C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

Philippine Independent Church

C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to

head the new church. On January 18, 1903, he was formally

consecrated as the Supreme Bishop.

The new church known as Aglipayan Church.

In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or 1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans.

ECONOMIC

Economic ProgressA. American Economic PolicyB. New ProsperityC. Population ExplosionD. New Land PolicyE. Agricultural IncreaseF. Free TradeG. Business BoomH. New IndustriesI. Improvement in Transportation and CommunicationsJ. Better BudgetK. New BanksL. International Exhibitions and MeetingsM. Economic Problems

Economic Progress The Filipinos enjoyed a better life under America than as

the colony of Spain. Spain could not do for the Philippines in over 300 years, the

United States did in less than 50 years.However, some problems with our economic life started

during this era.

A. American Economic Policy The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and

natural resources of the Philippines are for “the benefit of the inhabitants.”

The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings-Duffie Law of 1934. William H. Taft, the first American Governor-General, said

that the Philippines was for the Filipinos.

A. American Economic Policy

We had to serve the national interests of the United States. We could not make our own policy.

B. New Prosperity The new prosperity of the Philippines as a colony of

America was shown in the following ways:

1. Population explosion 6. New Industries

2. New Land Policy 7. Improvement in transportation 3. Agricultural increase and communications

4. Free trade with America 8. Better government budget

5. Business Boom 9. New banks

10. Participation in international exhibitions

C. Population ExplosionThese statistics show the population explosion then:

1898 1903 1918 19390

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

6,000,000

7,635,426

10,314,310

16,000,303

Population

D. New Land Policy

Three ways on how Americans improved land policy in the Philippines:

Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers. Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up 24 hectares of

public land. All lands had to be registered, and their owners got Torrens titles.

E. Agricultural Increase

The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture. The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)

In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to import rice and carabaos from other Asian countries.

Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced.

E. Agricultural Increase The statistics are summed up as follows:

Type GrowthTotal area of farms 3x

Farm animals 3x

Abaca and tobacco 3x

Corn 4x

Rice 5x

Forest logs 6x

Sugar 6x

Copra 9x 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Total area of farms, 3x increase

Farm Animals, 3x increase

Abaca and Tobaco, 3x increase

Corn, 4x increase Rice,

5x increase

Forest Logs, 6x increase

Sugar, 6x increase

Copra, 9x increase

F. Free Trade with America Most important economic change A country has to trade with other countries abroad in order to

develop. We were introduced to the big American market and American

products were bought by Filipinos. The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th century. American products could enter the Philippines without paying

customs tariffs.

G. Business Boom

Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from, 1907-1935. Filipinos had more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported goods.

H. New Industries

The Philippines entered the Industrial Age.

The Americans invented mass production in big factories.

H. New Industries

H. New Industries

MANILA

H. New Industries

MARIKINA

H. New Industries

ILOCOS

H. New Industries

BULACAN, LAGUNA, TAYABAS, BOHOL, AND

PANGASINAN

H. New Industries

PAMPANGA, RIZAL, BULACAN

H. New Industries

ALBAY, RIZAL, AND LAGUNA

H. New Industries Manila: coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope, and textiles. Marikina: shoes Ilocos: blankets and towels. Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol, and Pangasinan: hats and

mats Pampanga, Rizal, and Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture. Albay, Rizal and Laguna: pottery and bricks.

I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication

The Filipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia), airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio, and movies.


Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu, and Panay. Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia. Manila became the center of air travel in Asia. The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in

Asia. The best newspapers, radio stations, and postal services in Asia.

J. Better Budget

The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great World Depression in the 1930s.

In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems. But the Philippines colonial budget had a surplus.

K. New Banks

In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced. Philippine National Bank was established in 1906. Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in the

provinces.

K. New Banks

L. International Exhibitions and Meetings

The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its participation in international exhibitions, conferences, and meetings.

The Philippine Army Band became the world-famous at the Golden Gate Exposition, held at San Francisco, California in 1939.

Filipino athletes were also able to join the Olympic Games.

M. Economic Problems We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive

manufactured goods from America.Colonial mentality became worse. Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s. American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new

companies.

Thank you for listening!