american history - chapter 8

7/21/2019 American History - Chapter 8

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The Crisis

of 1780



The Crisis of 1780’s



Economic CrisisOrigins in the Revolution:

• shortage of goods resulting from the British Blockade• demand for sulies !" the arm" and the militias• #ood of aer currenc" resulting in in#ation

$%&% dollar comared to the &anish dollar% 'ost of the mone" endedu in the hands of merchants% $%&% continued to !e a sulier of ra(

materials and an imorter of manufactured roducts eseciall" from)reat Britain% British merchants !egan a ma*or trade (ith +mericans%Resulting in :• e,orta!le goods reduced !" -ghting• trade de-cit rose .eft the countr" (ith little sliver coin /currenc" in circulation• Banks insisted on rea"ment of old loans

1782 countr" in dee economic deression% Countr" (as alread" inde!t !efore deression• Creditors o(ed more than 30 million• Congress (as not allo(ed to raise ta,es

• &tate ta,ed residents



4roduction of e,orta!le goods had !een drasticall" reduced !" the-ghting and thus the trade de-cit (ith Britain for the eriod rose178285 to aro,imatel" 3 million ounds% The de-cit acted like amagnet dra(ing hard currenc" from +merican accounts6 leaving thecountr" (ith little silver or gold coin in circulation% Commercial !anksinsisted on the rea"ment of old loans and refused to issue ne( one%B" 178 the countr" had fallen into the gri of economic deressionand rices had fallen 3 in t(o "ear



&tate radicals called fro regulation of the econom"% The mostcontroversial remedies (ere those designed to relieve the !urden ofthe de!tors and ordinar" ta,a"ers% 9armers and de!tors ressedtheir state governments for legal tender la(s6 (hich reuiredcreditors to accet a states aer currenc" at face value rather than

dereciated market value for all de!s u!lic and rivate% ;esiteoosition of creditors seven states enacted such la(s% 9or the mostart these (ere modest rogams that (orked rather (ell caused littledereciation and did not result in the ro!lems creditors feared%



Rhode <sland rural olitical art" had a slogan6 =To relieve the;istressed catured the legislature in 1785 and enacted a radicalcurrenc" la(% The sul" of mone" issued in relation to the oulation(as much greater under this rogram% Than an" other state%

<f creditors refused to accet it de!tors (ere allo(ed to satisf" theiro!ligations !" deositing the currenc" (ith a count" *udge (ho (ouldthen advertise the de!t as aid% <n the state of Rogue <sland oneshocked merchant (rote =fraud and in*ustice> had !een ermitted =!"solemn la(> Conservatives ointed Rhode island as an e,amle of theevils that could accoman"> unchecked democratic anti2federalism%



&tate Remedies

Radicals called for regulation of the econom"% 9armers and de!tors ressedfor legal tender la(s

• (ould imose a aer currenc" at face value

• seven states enacted such la(s

• the rograms (orked rett" (ell (ithout ro!lems originall" feared !"

creditors

Rhode <sland

• ?To relieve the distressed?

•1785 enacted radical currenc" la(% The la( declared the aer currenc"legal tender to all de!ts

• <f creditors refused to accet a de!t then the currenc" that (ould !e usedto a" the de!t can !e given to a *udge (ho can then declare the de!t aid

•&tate elected high tari@ !arriers to cur! imorts and rotect domesticindustries



+nnaolis Convention



+nnaolis Convention

1785 Airginian legislature invited all states toaoint delegates to a convention• T(elve delegates from -ve states attended

4assed a resolution reuesting ConfederationCongress call on all states to send delegates to anational convention that the" might ?render theconstitution of the federal government adeuateto the e,igencies of the union?

•Congress endorsed a 4hiladelhia convention to!e held in 'a" 1787 to revise the +rticles ofConfederation•Conservatives (anted to strengthen nationalgovernment



e( Constitution

of the $nited

&tates



e( Constitution

'a" 1787•33 men from 1 states /Rhode <sland didntattend met at 4enns"lvania state house in4hiladelhia

•&everal rominent men (ere missing/Thomas De@erson and Dohn +dams• There (ere land seculators and merchantsalso resent

•o minorities or (omen (ere resent• The Constitution (as !asicall" framed !"(hite men (ho reresented +mericas socialand economic elite /4atriots and Reu!licans



+ e( Constitution• The .imits of ;emocrac"

• htt:"outu%!eFFtDG3H8$k

http://youtu.be/QQtJNK5_8Uk

http://youtu.be/QQtJNK5_8Uk



The Constitutional ConventionIashington chaired the meeting% 'eeting (ere ket secret to ensure

de!ate% Dames 'adison took notes (hich served as the transcrit ofthe meeting• Airginia 4lan roosal called for national legislature in (hich thestates (ould !e reresented according to oulation• Ias resented at the convention and set the agenda• roosed scraing of the Confederation in favor of a?Consolidated government? (ith the o(er of ta, and enforcing ofla(s• Iould reduce states to nothing more than counties• Reresentation in the !icameral national legislature (ould !e!ased on oulation• Jouse of Reresentatives (ould !e elected !" oular vote andsenators (ould !e chosen !" state legislators

• The &enate (ould lead6 control foreign a@airs and aoint oKcials• Iith that6 an e,ecutive /resident and national *udiciar" (ouldform a Council Revision (ith the o(er to veto state and federall"• 'ain oosition to the Airginia 4lan came from delegates of smallstates• lead to e( Derse" 4lan



Airginia 4lan roosed scraing the +rticles of Confederation in

favor of a consolidated government (ith the o(er to ta, and toenforce its la(s directl" rather than through the states% + sirit oflocalit" (as destro"ing the aggregated interests of the communit" !"(hich (as meant for the great communit" of the nation% The Airginia4lan (ould reduced the states to little more than administrativeinstitution something like counties% The Jouse of Reresentatives

(ould !e elected !" oular vote% The &enate (ould lead6 controllingforei n a@airs and he a ointment of oKcial% +n a ointed a chief



e( Derse" 4lan

4roosed increase in the o(ers of the central government6!ut retained a single2house Congress in (hich the states(ere euall" reresented% The e( Derse" 4lan caused aslit in delegate votes (hich lead to the )reat Comromise(hich roosed reresentation roortional to oulation inthe Jouse and eual reresentation in the &enate allo(edthe creation of a strong government

4art of this agreement (as a second fundamentalcomromise that !rought together the orth and &outh•orth /commerce clause if the &outh agreed (ith the

clause the" agreed to count -ve slaves as the euivalent ofthree freemen /three2-fths rule•Earl" &etem!er the rough draft of the constitution (asturned over to a committee of st"le•&etem!er 176 1787 the document (as aroved



e(

Constitution



Only a few had humble origins most had been born intoprosperity families. Lawyers merchants, planters and

large farms. Average age was 42. At a time when fewerthan one-tenth of ! of Americans attended collegemore than half the delegates had college educations. 22served in the army during the revolution. "o ensure freeand candid debate the deliberations too# place in

private.



Of the 3 (ho sta"ed in 4hiladelhia to (ork on the ConstitutionLM signed the ;ocument% Ben 9ranklin urged the delegates tout aside individual o!*ections and arove the document(hatever its imerfection% The older < gro( the more at < amto a" more resect to the *udgment of others%



"he $ouse of %epresentatives was made up of &'delegates. ()mall since the state of *assachusetts had2++ for its state assembly. "he )enate would be

composed of each states most distinguished citiens.



Ratif"ing the e( Constitution

&uorters of the ne( constitution (ere kno(n as Federalists(nationalistsAnti-Federalists argued against their oonents that the +rticles ofConfederation alread" rovided for a federal government of !alancedo(er !et(een the states and the $nion and that the Constitution(ould relace it (ith a national government

Believed that the constitution granted too much o(er to the centralgovernment (hich (eakened the autonom" of communities andstates• 'an" argued a reu!lican government could onl" (ork for smallcountries•Rhode <sland argued that the !asic rights of roert" (ould not !erotected

•4enns"lvania6 -rst state to convene a rati-cation convention onovem!er 1787

Convention in favor of the Constitution• suorted !" artisans and commercial farmers• linked the constitution to gro(th of a commercial societ"



• 'assachusetts 1788 /most imortant of theconventions

• ;ela(are6 4enns"lvania6 e( Derse"6 )eorge andConnecticut voted to ratif" the constitution

• Oonents of the rati-cation included suortersof &ha"s Re!ellion /small ma*orit"

• +nti29ederalists /Dohn Jancock and &amuel+dams

• On 9e!ruar" 15 the convention voted in favor ofthe rati-cation

• Rhode <sland re*ected the constitution in 'arch!ut several other states *oined the $nion (ith theromise of a Bill of Rights included in therati-cation



+uthors of

theConstitutionand ;eism



hat is eism/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjjBhc0ng_U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjjBhc0ng_U



Onl" a fe( had hum!le origins most had !een !orn into roserit"families% .a("ers merchants6 lanters and large farms% +verageage (as % +t a time (hen fe(er than one2tenth of 1 of

+mericans attended college more than half the delegates hadcollege educations% served in the arm" during the revolution% To ensure free and candid de!ate the deli!erations took lace inrivate%



+ e( Constitution

• The ;ivision and &earation of4o(ers



4enns"lvania’s constitution nolonger reuired o(nershi of

roert" !ut it retained theta,a"ing uali-cation !ut left asmall num!er mainl" auers!arred from voting

The Rati-cation ;e!ate and the



The Rati-cation ;e!ate and theOrigin of the Bill of Rights

• The Federalist

• =E,tend the &here>



?I th 4 l ?



?Ie the 4eole?

• ational <dentit"



The Bill of Rights



The Bill of Rights

• Considered !" the Constitutional Conventionthen re*ected originall"• +nti29ederalists roosed over 00 otential

amendments (ith the sole urose of rotectingthe rights of the eole against the o(er of the

central government• 178M Dames 'adison transformed these

roosed amendments into a series of roosals• Congress assed t(elve of the amendments and

sent them to the states• Onl" ten of them !ecame the Bill of Rights in

17M1



Bill ofRights

+ ti l < Bill f Ri ht



+rticle < N Bill of Rights

+rticle < contains the entire original Airginia;eclaration of Rights from the 1775Constitution% &everal of the sections have!een e,anded to incororate concetsfrom the $nited &tates Bill of Rights6including the right to due rocess6 therohi!ition against dou!le *eoard"6 and the

right to !ear arms% .ike the 9ederalConstitution6 the Airginia Bill of Rights6 in176 states that the listing of certain rights isnot to !e construed to e,clude other rightsheld !" the eole%



The Constitution created a ne( frame(ork for +merican



;eveloment% B" assigning Congress o(er over tari@s6 interstatecommerce6 coining of mone"6 atents6 rules for !ankrutc" and(eights and measure and rohi!iting states from interfering (ith

roert" rights6 it made ossi!le a national economic market% <tcreated national olitical institution reduced the o(ers of the stateand sought to lace limits on oular democrac"%



The Rati-cation ;e!ate and the



Origin of the Bill of Rights

• The Bill of Rights



The 6000 (ord of the +merican Constitution em!odies t(o !asic

rinciles all from natural la( 1 federal /division of o(ers



+ e( Constitution



+ e( Constitution

• The ;e!ate over &laver"• &laver" in the Constitution



The la("er in the &omerset case of 177 for a Iest <ndianslave !rought to Britain and o!tained his clients freedom !"invoking the memora!le (ords =The air of England is tooure for a slave to !reathe% Pet6 the ne( federalConstitution reuired all the states orth and &outh torecogniQe and hel olice the institution of slaver"



9irst 9ederal)overnment

TJE 9<R&T +;'<<&TR+T<O



9irst federal elections for Congress and residenc"•)eorge Iashington !ecame the -rst resident ofthe $%& on +ril L06178M Je (as then re2elected(ithout oosition in 17M and served until 17M7•Jis nature (as reserved and solemn "et he choseto ride around in a lavish carriage•Je (anted to adhere to the constitution•+ointed Thomas De@erson /secretar" of state+le,ander Jamilton/Treasur"6 Jenr" Gno, /Iar

;eartment and Edmund Randolh/+ttorne")eneral•Je consulted (ith his ca!inet regularl"



+n +ctive federal Dudiciar"



D "

• 'ost imortant iece of legislation2 Judiciary Actof 1789 (hich esta!lished the &ureme Court andother federal courts

• Congress esta!lished a high court of si, *ustices andesta!lished three circuit and thirteen district courts

• .ocalists successfull" fought to retain the varies!odies of la( in the states

• The act gave federal courts limited *urisdiction• Dudicial Revie( actuall" gave federal courts the right

to revie( and determine (hether or not acts assed!" Congress or state legislature (as constitutional



Iare v% J"lton6 L $%&% /L ;all% 1MM /17M5 is a $nited &tates &ureme Court case (here adivided court ruled that an article in the Treat" of 4aris6 (hich rovided that creditors on !othsides should meet no la(ful imediment (hen recovering !ona -de de!ts6 took recedenceand overruled a Airginia la( assed during the +merican Revolution (hich had nulli-ed such



and overruled a Airginia la( assed during the +merican Revolution (hich had nulli-ed suchde!ts% The full title of the case is Iare6 administrator of Dones6 4lainti@ in Error v% J"lton et al%<t is also kno(n as the British ;e!t case%

?The treat" of eace concluded !et(een the $nited &tates and )reat Britain6 in 178L6ena!led British creditors to recover de!ts reviousl" o(ing to them !" +merican citiQens6not(ithstanding a a"ment into a state treasur"6 under a state la( of seuestration% +nindividual citiQen of one state cannot set u the violation of a u!lic treat"6 !" the othercontracting art"6 to avoid an o!ligation arising under such treat" the o(er to declare atreat" void6 for such cause6 rests solel" (ith the government6 (hich ma"6 or ma" not6e,ercise its otion in the remises%?S1 Dustice <redell delivered the controlling oinion of the

Court%

?4atrick Jenr"6 Dohn 'arshall6 +le,ander Cam!ell6 and Dames <nnis aeared for the+merican de!tors6 and +ndre( Ronald6 Dohn Iickham the elouent6 the (itt"6 and thegraceful6 and &tarke6 and Baker6 for the English creditors%?S

Dohn 'arshalls argument !efore the !ar (on him great admiration at the time of its deliver"6and enlarged the circle of his reutation%SL 9landers also added the reader of 'arshalls

argument ?cannot fail to !e imressed (ith the vigor6 rigorous anal"sis6 and close reasoningthat mark ever" sentence of it%?

Oral argument in the case (as reenacted at 'ount Aernon in 0116 (ith $%&% &ureme Court+ssociate Dustice &amuel +lito residing% Jistoric 'ount Aernon and the $%&% &ureme CourtJistorical &ociet" cosonsored the event

Chisholm v% )eorgia6 $%&% 1M /17ML6 is considered the -rst $nited&tates &ureme Court case of signi-cance and imact% )iven its date6there (as little availa!le legal recedent /articularl" in +merican



la(%S1 <t (as almost immediatel" suerseded !" the Eleventh+mendment

Iashington aointed and the &enate con-rmed the si,&ureme Court Dustice including Dohn Da" the Chief Dustice%;uring the court’s -rst decade it heard relativel" fe( cases "et



;uring the court s -rst decade it heard relativel" fe( cases "etmanaged to raise considera!le olitical controvers"% <nChisholm v% )eorgia the court ruled in favor of t(o &outh

Carolina residents suing the &tate of )eorgia for the recover"of con-scated roert" thus suorting the Constitution’sgrant of federal *urisdiction of disutes =!et(een a state andcitiQens of another state%

'ostl" !ecause of Chisholm v% )eorgia6 the Eleventh +mendment (asrati-ed in 17M3 and all ending court actions from Chisholm (eredismissed% This removed federal *urisdiction in cases (here citiQens ofone state or of foreign countries attemt to sue another state Jo(ever



one state or of foreign countries attemt to sue another state% Jo(ever6citiQens of one state or of foreign countries can still use the 9ederalcourts if the state consents to !e sued6 or if Congress6 ursuant to a

valid e,ercise of 9ourteenth +mendment remedial o(ers6 a!rogatesthe states’ immunit" from suit

The Eleventh +mendment6 (hich (as the -rst Constitutionalamendment after the adotion of the Bill of Rights6 (as adotedfollo(ing the &ureme Courts ruling in Chisholm v% )eorgia6 $%&% 1M/17ML% <n Chisholm6 the Court ruled that federal courts had the



authorit" to hear cases in la( and euit" !rought !" rivate citiQensagainst states and that states did not en*o" sovereign immunit" from

suits made !" citiQens of other states in federal court% Thus6 theamendment clari-ed +rticle <<<6 &ection of the Constitution6 (hichgave diversit" *urisdiction to the *udiciar" to hear cases ?!et(een astate and citiQens of another state%?

4roosal and rati-cationSedit

The Eleventh +mendment (as roosed !" the Lrd Congress on 'arch6 17M6 (hen it (as aroved !" the Jouse of Reresentatives !" voteof 81 N M6S having !een reviousl" assed !" the &enate6 L N 6 on

Danuar" 1%SL The amendment (as rati-ed !" the state legislatures ofthe follo(ing state



Jamilton’s

9iscal

4olicies



Jamilton’s =Reort on the 4u!lic Credit> recommending thefederal =redemtion> at full value of the national de!t o(ed toforeign domestic creditors as (ell as the assumtion of the

o!ligations accumulated !" the states during the revious-fteen "ears% Congress readil" agreed to settle the U11million o(ed to foreign coeditors through a com!ination of ta,revenue and loans !ut !alked at the redemtion of thedomestic de!t of U million and the assumtion of the statede!ts of another U3 million% Jamilton roosed issuing ne(interest !earing government !onds that (ould !e e,changedfor the full value of all the notes (arrants and securities thegovernment had distri!uted during the Revolution%



Ihile the current residential ca!inet includes si,teen mem!ers6 )eorgeIashington’s ca!inet included *ust four original mem!ers: &ecretar" of&tate Thomas De@erson6 &ecretar" of Treasur" +le,ander Jamilton6&ecretar" of Iar Jenr" Gno,6 and +ttorne" )eneral Edmund Randolh%Iashington set the recedents for ho( these roles (ould interact (ith

the residenc"6 esta!lishing the ca!inet as the chief e,ecutive’s rivate6trusted advisors%



4olitics in an +ge of 4assion



Hamilton’s Program

https011www.youtube.com1watch/vnot3u5678w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=notJuFGXQ9w






$amilton9s five step

program0:;reate credit worthiness2: <ew national debt=: ;reation of a ban# of the>nited )tates modeled after?ritain4: "o raise revenueproposed a ta@ onproducers of whis#ey.

': %eport on *anufacturedimposition of a tariff

)ecretary of the "reasury

resident 5eorge ashington appointed $amilton as the first >nited )tates )ecretarythe "reasury on )eptember , BC8. $e left office on the last day of 3anuary B8'.



y p , y y*uch of the structure of the government of the >nited )tates was wor#ed out in thosefive years, beginning with the structure and function of the cabinet itself. orrest

*conald argues that $amilton saw his office, li#e that of the ?ritish irst Lord of the"reasury, as the eDuivalent of a rime *inisterE $amilton would oversee his colleaguesunder the elective reign of 5eorge ashington. ashington did reDuest $amiltonFsadvice and assistance on matters outside the purview of the "reasury epartment.

Gn the ne@t two years, $amilton submitted five reports0

irst %eport on the ublic ;redit0 ;ommunicated to the $ouse of %epresentatives,3anuary 4, B8+. Operations of the Act Laying uties on Gmports0 ;ommunicated to the $ouse of%epresentatives, April 2=, B8+. )econd %eport on ublic ;redit H %eport on a <ational ?an#. ;ommunicated to the$ouse of %epresentatives, ecember 4, B8+. %eport on the Istablishment of a *int0 ;ommunicated to the $ouse of%epresentatives, 3anuary 2C, B8. %eport on *anufactures0 ;ommunicated to the $ouse of %epresentatives, ecembe', B8.

%eport on ublic ;redit

Gn the %eport on ublic ;redit, the )ecretary made a controversial proposal that would have the federalgovernment assume state debts incurred during the %evolution.J'8K "his would give the federal government

h b l i th t F t i fi i l bli ti i th h d f th f d l



much more power by placing the countryFs most serious financial obligation in the hands of the federalgovernment rather than the state governments.

"he primary criticism of the plan was from )ecretary of )tate "homas 3effersonJ'8K and %epresentative 3ames*adison. )ome states, such as 3effersonFs irginia, had paid almost half of their debts, and felt that theirta@payers should not be assessed again to bail out the less provident. "hey further argued that the plan passedbeyond the scope of the new ;onstitutional government.

*adison obMected to $amiltonFs proposal to lower the rate of interest and postpone payments on federal debt asnot being payment in fullE he also obMected to the speculative profits being made. *uch of the national debt was inthe form of bonds issued to ;ontinental veterans, in place of wages the ;ontinental ;ongress did not have themoney to pay. As the bonds continued to go unpaid, many had been pawned for a small fraction of their value.*adison proposed to pay in full, but to divide payment between the original recipient and the present possessor.Others, such as )amuel Livermore of <ew $ampshire, wished to curb speculation, and reduce ta@ation, bypaying only part of the bond. "he disagreements between *adison and $amilton e@tended to other proposals$amilton made to ;ongress, and drew in 3efferson when he returned from serving as minister to rance.$amiltonFs supporters became #nown as ederalists and 3effersonFs as %epublicans. As *adison put it0

NG deserted ;olonel $amilton, or rather ;olonel $. deserted meE in a word, the divergence between us too#place from his wishing to administration, or rather to administer the 5overnment into what he thought it ought tobe...NJ&+K

$amilton eventually secured passage of his assumption plan by stri#ing a deal with 3efferson and *adison.$amilton would use his influence to place the permanent national capital on the otomac %iver, and 3effersonand *adison would encourage their friends to bac# $amiltonFs assumption plan. Gn the end, $amiltonFsassumption, together with his proposals for funding the debt, overcame legislative opposition and narrowlyassed the $ouse on 3ul 2& B8=



"he ?an# of



"he ?an# ofennsylvania,

hiladelphia wasdesigned by?enMaminLatrobe. .

$amilton9sprogram was aintended to givethe country9sfinancial leaders asta#e in thestability of thefederal government



Jamiltons Controversial 9iscal4rogram



g

• 9iscal and economic a@airs ressed uon the ne( government• The government took o(er in a virtuall" !ankruted eriod

• Tari@ of 178M (as suose to increase revenue and not rotect+merican manufacturers from foreign cometition

• Jamilton lanned to address Revolutionar" (ar de!t

• 4roosed to charter a national !ank /Bank of the $nited &tates• !ank (ould !e a u!lic cororation funded !" the Treasur"

• Congress arove and the !ank (as esta!lished in 17M1

• 4roosed increased tari@ rotection

• Jis lan (ould restore the -nancial health of the $%&



$amilton proposed a #ing and )enatorsserving live time careers "his received no



serving live time careers. "his received no

support.

Ale@ander$amilton9s homewhich was movedout of <ew or#



Jamilton !elieved in a looseinterretation of the



constitution% +rticle < section8 of the constitution or theelastic clause of theconstitution%

The Reort on the &u!*ect of 'anufactures6 generall" referred to !" itsshortened title Reort on 'anufactures6 is the third reort6 and magnumous6 of +merican 9ounding 9ather and 1st $%&% Treasur" &ecretar"+le,ander Jamilton% <t (as resented to Congress on ;ecem!er 36 17M1



and recommended economic olicies to stimulate the ne( reu!licseconom" and ensure the indeendence (on (ith the conclusion of theRevolutionar" Iar in 178L%Jamiltons ?Reort on 'anufactures? laid fortheconomic rinciles rooted in !oth the 'ercantilist &"stem of EliQa!eth <sEngland and the ractices of Dean2Batiste Col!ert of 9rance% The rincialideas of the ?Reort? (ould later !e incororated into the ?+merican&"stem? rogram !" &enator Jenr" Cla" of Gentuck" and his Ihig 4art"%

+!raham .incoln6 (ho called himself a ?Jenr" Cla" tari@ Ihig? during hisearl" "ears6 (ould later make the rinciles outlined in the ?Reort? andfurthered !" Cla"s ?+merican &"stem? rogram cornerstones6 together(ith oosition to the institution and e,ansion of slaver"6 of the#edgling Reu!lican 4art"% Jamiltons ideas formed the !asis for the+merican &chool of economics

5eorge ashington tal#s



g gin terms of Pwill of the

nationQ and the Pability toserve to organiedfactionsQ olitical rhetoricbecame inflamed

because the sta#esseemed so high nothingless than the legacy of the%evolution and servingPe the eople



*aria %eynolds 2=had an affair with



had an affair with

the married Ale@ander $amilton=4. Although theaffair was #ept

secret for awhile."homas 3effersonused thisinformation asleverage on hisopponent Ale@ander$amilton

Affair

Gn B8, 2=-year-old *aria %eynolds approached the married =4-



year-old Ale@ander $amilton in hiladelphia, reDuesting his help.

;laiming that 3ames %eynolds had abandoned her and herdaughter, *aria as#ed him for enough money to transport thembac# to <ew or# ;ity, where her family lived. $amilton consented,and delivered the money in person to *aria later that night. As$amilton himself later confessed, NG too# the bill out of my poc#etand gave it to her H )ome conversation ensued from which it was

Duic#ly apparent that other than pecuniary consolation would beacceptable.N "he two began an illicit affair that would last at leastthree years.

Over the course of B8 and B82 while the affair too# place,3ames %eynolds was well aware of his wifeFs unfaithfulness. $e

continually supported the affair to regularly gain blac#mail moneyfrom $amilton. "he common practice in the day was for thewronged husband to see# retribution in a pistol duel, but %eynolds,realiing how much $amilton had to lose if his activity came intopublic view, again insisted on monetary compensation instead.

)candal

$amilton eventually paid %eynolds more than R,+++ in blac#mail over several years to continue sleeping with*aria without his interference. ?ut when %eynolds, being a professional con man, became entangled in aseparate scheme involving speculation on unpaid bac# wages intended for %evolutionary ar veterans, he usedhis #nowledge about $amilton9s se@ affair to bargain his way out of his own troubles. %eynolds #new $amilton



g g y ywould have to choose between revealing his affair with *aria, or admitting complicity to the speculation charges.;ongressional investigators 3ames *onroe and rederic# *uhlenberg were the first men to hear of thisincredible possible corruption within their new government system. *onroe and *uhlenberg had the option to gostraight to resident ashington with this news, but as gentlemen they felt compelled to bring it to $amilton first.$amilton chose the former course, admitting his se@ual indiscretion to *onroe and *uhlenberg, and even turningover his love letters from *aria to them.

"he letters proved $amiltonFs innocence in the speculation scandal. Gn addition, because his confession wasmade in confidence, $amiltonFs involvement with *aria %eynolds was not made public in the wa#e of the

speculation investigation. *onroe and his colleagues assured $amilton that the matter was settled. $owever,*onroe too# the love letters and sent them to his close personal friend, "homas 3efferson. 3efferson and$amilton were self-described nemeses, and five years after receiving the letters, 3efferson used the #nowledge tostart rampant rumors about $amiltonFs private life. "he final straw came in B8B, when pamphlet publisher 3ames;allender obtained the secret letters and printed them in his newspaper. ;allender also revived the corruptioncharges against $amilton. $amilton responded by printing his own 8' page pamphlet called Observations on;ertain ocuments in which he denied all charges of corruption. $e did not, however, deny his relationship with*aria %eynoldsE instead, he openly admitted it and apologied for it.



4olitics in an +ge of 4assionThe mergence of !""osition



The Je#erson-Hamilton $argain

3efferson opposed $amilton0: )tanding army held a threat to freedom.2: "he national ban# and assumption of state debts they feared



2: "he national ban# and assumption of state debts they feared

would introduce American politics the same corruption thatundermined ?ritish liberty.=: uring the BC+9 speculators had bought up at great discountsbonds and paper notes that had been used to pay those whofought in the %evolution to supply the army. A few cents was thepurchasing price.>nder $amilton9s plan speculators would reap a windfall by beingpain at face value while the original holders received nothing4: *any bac# country farmer were used to distilling their grain

harvest into whis#ey. $amilton9s whis#ey ta@ single out only thefarmers



3efferson bro#ered a deal with $amilton.Gn e@change for accepting the monetarypolicies, the Anti-ederalist and the

)othernFs wanted to have the nations firstcapital built in the south in irginia.ashington ;.



+merican9oreign4olic"

The Beginnings of 9oreign4olic"

• 9ederalist olitical coalition strained !" indi@erence over- l li /& th i d th it li t



-scal olic" /&outhern agrarians and orthern caitalists

• 9rench Revolution of 178M• Reign of Terror 17ML /hundreds of aristocrats (ere

e,ecuted• The e,ecution of Ging .ouis VA< and (ar !et(een Britain

and 9rance divided +merican oinion• The issue of (hether or not +merica (ould have to aid

9rance in (ar (ith Britain due to the 9ranco2+mericanalliance of 1778

• Caused Iashington and ca!inet mem!ers to agree uonneutralit" /neutralit" W(indfall ro-t

• Jighl" unlikel" 9rance (ould need aid from +merica

during the (ar• ationalists !elieved in a necessit" of accommodation(ith )reat Britain

• ;emocrats (anted more international indeendence

ith rench %evolution inprogress Americans brought



bac# button, liberty poles

and caps to the streets of American towns and cities."o ashington $amiltonand their supporters

however the %evolutionraised the steps closer toanarchy. America believedthat it had no choice but todraw closer to ?ritain.



)enets arrived in Charleston6 &outh Carolina on the (arshi Em!uscade on +ril 8% <nstead oftraveling to the then2caital of 4hiladelhia to resent himself to $%&% 4resident )eorgeIashington for accreditation6 )enXt sta"ed in &outh Carolina% There he (as greeted (ithenthusiasm !" the eole of Charleston6 (ho thre( a string of arties in his honor%

) Xt l i & th C li t it d + i i t h ld * i



)enXts goals in &outh Carolina (ere to recruit and arm +merican rivateers (ho (ould *oin9rench e,editions against the British% Je commissioned four rivateering shis in total6including the Reu!licaine6 the +nti2)eorge6 the &ans2Culotte6 and the CitiQen )enXt% Iorking(ith 9rench consul 'ichel +nge Bernard 'angourit6 )enXt organiQed +merican volunteers to-ght Britains &anish allies in 9lorida% +fter raising a militia6 )enXt set sail to(ard4hiladelhia6 stoing along the (a" to marshal suort for the 9rench cause and arriving on'a" 18% Je encouraged ;emocratic2Reu!lican &ocieties6 !ut 4resident Iashingtondenounced them and the" uickl" (ithered a(a"%

Jis actions endangered +merican neutralit" in the (ar !et(een 9rance and Britain6 (hichIashington had ointedl" declared in his eutralit" 4roclamation of +ril % Ihen )enXtmet (ith Iashington6 he asked for (hat amounted to a susension of +merican neutralit"%Ihen turned do(n !" &ecretar" of &tate Thomas De@erson and informed that his actions (ereunacceta!le6 )enXt rotested% 'ean(hile6 )enXts rivateers (ere caturing British shis6and his militia (as rearing to move against the &anish%

)enXt continued to def" the (ishes of the $nited &tates government6 caturing British shisand rearming them as rivateers% Iashington sent )enXt an 860002(ord letter of comlainton De@ersons and Jamiltons advice N one of the fe( situations in (hich the 9ederalist+le,ander Jamilton and the ;emocratic2Reu!lican De@erson agreed% )enXt reliedo!stinatel"%

The Daco!ins6 having taken o(er in 9rance !" Danuar" 17M6 sent an arrest notice (hichasked )enXt to come !ack to 9rance% )enXt6 kno(ing that he (ould likel" !e sent to the

guillotine asked Iashington for as"lum <t (as Jamilton )enXts -ercest oonent in the



3ay9s "reatywasunpopular

with the Anti-ederalist

andoppositionto $amilton

Da"s and 4inckne"s Treaties



•+merican occuation of the Iest encouraged Britainto comromise (ith the $nited &tates so that the"could concentrate on defeating the 9rench

• Chief Dustice Dohn Da" met in .ondon to arrange asettlement

• Da" signed an agreement that forced the British to

(ithdra( from +merican territor"• the treat" also limited +merican trade (ith the British• The treat" eventuall" made it to the u!lic (hich

stirred heated de!ate• The treat" (as a s"m!ol of +merican neutralit" during

(ar• The De@ersonians (ere enraged over the treat"• Jamilton eventuall" rati-ed the agreement



"he ?ritish seied hundreds of Americanships trading with the rench est Gndies andresumed the hated practice of impressment.



p p

Gn #idnapping sailors to serve the ?ritish<avy. ;hief 3ustice 3ohn 3ay negotiated anagreement in B84 that produced a greatcontroversy. 3ay9s "reaty contained no ?ritishconcession on impressment or the rights of

American shipping. ?ritain did agree toabandon outposts o the western frontier,which it was supposed to have don in BC=.Gn return the >nited )tates guaranteed

favored treatment to ?ritish imported goods."he treaty canceled the American Hrenchalliance and recognie the ?ritish economicand naval supremacy as fact of life



;omestic

4olic" of+merica

4olitics in an +ge of 4assion



Political Parties

The %his&ey 'eellion



3oseph 5ales was aMournalist who found



Mournalist who foundhimself editing%epublicannewspaper that

condemned socialprivilege on both sidesof the Atlantic chargedthe ederalist with

attempting tointroduce Iuropeantyranny in America



The $nited&tates andthe <ndian

4eole



<n 17M1 .ittle Turtle leader of the 'iami Confederac" in#icted ahumiliating defeat on +merican Territor" (ith 5L0 ;ead this(as the most losses ever su@ered !" the $nited &tates +rm" atthe hands of the <ndians% <n 17M +merican Troos L6000 under



+nthon" Ia"ne defeated .ittle Turtle’s forces at the Battle of9allen Tim!ers



An engraving from The Farmer’s



&anish

9loridaand

BritishCanada

&anish 9lorida and BritishCanada

•



• The osition of the $nited &tates in the Iest(as comlicated even more !" the hostilit" of&ain and Britain (ho controlled ad*oiningterritories

• &ain introduced li!eral reforms to revitaliQe

the rule2!ound econom" of its +merican emire/causing the econom" of e( &ain to gro(• &ain acuired the 9rench claim to .ouisiana !"

the end of the &even Pears Iar /territor" alsoincluded California6 the )ulf Coast and 9lorida

• &ain held an anti2+merican olic" making itimossi!le for trade to take lace through theort of e( Orleans



Treat" of )reenville 17M3



The

Crisis of

17M



Iashingtons 9ar(ell +ddress



• .ast months of Iashingtons term• Iashington gave a fare(ell address

to the nation



9ederalist and

+nti29ederalist



The Rise

of4olitical

4arties

9E;ER+.<&T& +; DE99ER&O<+ RE4$B.<C+&

The Rise of 4olitical 4arties



The Rise of 4olitical 4arties• The election of 17M5 esta!lished t(o rimar"olitical factions• Federalists /9ederalism !elief is a sharedgovernment

• 'e"ulicans /!elief in limited government• The t(o olitical factions had an imortant role inthe residential elections of 17M5•4artisan organiQation (as strongest in the 'iddlestates (hile olitical forces (ere (eak in e(

England and the &outh• There (as no art" disciline /the ne(administration (as divided



9E; Y10WThis essa"6 the -rst of 'adisons contri!utions to the series6 (as arather long develoment of the theme that a (ell2constructed union (ould !reakand control the violence of faction6 a ?dangerous vice? in oular governments%

+s de-ned !" 'adison6 a faction (as a num!er of citiQens6 (hether a ma*orit"or minorit"6 (ho (ere united and activated ?!" some common imulse of assion6 orof interest6 adverse to the rights of other citiQens6 or to the ermanent and



o e es 6 ad e se o e g s o o e c e s6 o o e e a e a daggregate interests of the communit"%?

There (ere t(o (a"s of removing the causes of factions6 or olitical arties% The-rst (as to destro" the li!ert" essential to their e,istence% This remed" (ould !e(orse than the disease% The second (as to give ever"one the same oinions6assions6 and interests% This (as imossi!le% Ioven into the fa!ric of all societies6

deel" lanted in the ver" nature of man6 (ere con#icting ideas6 interests6 andassions% The greatest source of factions had al(a"s !een the various and uneualdistri!ution of roert"6 said 'adison:

Those (ho hold6 and those (ho are (ithout roert"6 have ever formed distinctinterests in societ"% Those (ho are creditors6 and those (ho are de!tors6 % % % alanded interest6 a manufacturing interest6 a mercantile interest6 a monied interest6

(ith man" lesser interests6 gro( u of necessit" in civiliQed nations6 and divide theminto di@erent classes6 actuated !" di@erent sentiments and vie(s% The regulation ofthese various and interfering interests forms the rincial task of modern.egislation%

The inference to (hich (e are !rought6 is6 that the causes of factioncannot !e removed and that relief is onl" to !e sought in the means ofcontrolling its e@ects%

&uch e@ects could !e !etter controlled in a large societ" under areresentative form of government than in a small societ" under a oular



g " form of government% The roosed constitution (ould check the o(er offactions !" !alancing one against the other% 9actious leaders might ?kindle a#ame? in one state6 !ut (ould !e una!le to sread a general con#agrationthroughout the states%

?+ rage for aer mone"6 for a!olition of de!ts6 for an eual division of

roert"6 or for an" other imroer or (icked ro*ect6 % % %? (as not likel" tosread if those rofessing themselves reu!licans sho(ed Qeal in ?suortingthe character of 9ederalists%?

+nal"sis

'adisons de-nition of a ?faction6? or olitical art"6 is interesting and

most signi-cant in vie( of the fact that 'adison soon ceased to !e one of the9ederalists (ho !elieved in a one2art" s"stem6 and !ecame De@ersons mostactive lieutenant in organiQing in oosition the ;emocratic2Reu!lican 4art"6(hich (as strongl" +nti29ederalist and took o(er after 1800%



The urose of o% 31 is6 according to 'adison6 to ?form a more correct *udgment of the rinciles and structure of the government lanned !" theConstitutional Convention%?S <n the aer6 this is done !" informing the reader ofthe safeguards created !" the convention to maintain the searate !ranches ofgovernment6 and to rotect the rights of the eole%;eendenc" and encroachment



'adisons ke" oint is that the mem!ers of each deartment should !e as littledeendent as ossi!le from the mem!ers of the other deartments6 and to sta"indeendent6 their o(n deartment must not encroach on the others% To secure theseends6 'adison suggests that ?the great securit" against a gradual concentration ofthe several o(ers in the same deartment?SL is to ena!le each deartment /or theleader of the deartment to fend o@ attemts to encroach uon the government of

each others deartments%.egislature

<n a reu!lican form of government6 'adison asserts6 the legislative !ranch isthe strongest6 and therefore must !e divided into di@erent !ranches6 !e as littleconnected (ith each other as ossi!le6 and render them !" di@erent modes of

election% Je deems the legislative !ranch to !e the strongest since it is essentiall"the true voice of the eole%/Before the &eventeenth +mendment6 the Jouse ofReresentatives (ere chosen directl" !" the eole6 the &enate (as !" statelegislatures% Je stresses the need for the checks and !alances%$surations and securit"

• The government is guarded from usurations !ecause it is divided into



distinct and searate deartments%

• <n 17886 o(er over eole (as divided !oth through federalism /!et(eenthe federal government and the state governments and through !ranches/legislative6 e,ecutive6 and *udicial (ithin the national /or federalgovernment% Because of the division of o(er6 a ?dou!le securit" arises tothe rights of the eole% The governments (ill control each other6 at thesame time that each (ill !e controlled !" itself?S%

• 9actions

• 'adison discusses at great length at the end the issue of olitical factions%Je recogniQes that factions (ill al(a"s !e resent and that the onl" (a" tocounteract the e@ects of factions is to have numerous factions% <n other(ords6 even if individuals mingle (ith other mem!ers of the same socialgrous6 ideals6 and goals6 no articular grou should !e a!le to !ecome so

strong as to th(art the interest of all other grous%

• 9actions had !een further discussed in 9ederalist o% 10%

Anti-Federalists:



The leading oonents from the ma*orstates included Thomas De@erson DohnJancock64atrick Jenr"6 )eorge 'ason6 and

Richard Jenr" .ee fromAirginia6 )eorge Clinton6 Ro!ert Pates6and 'elanesian &mithfrom e( Pork6 Dohn Iinthro and El

!ridge )err" from'assachusetts and Ro!ert Ihitehall6Iilliam 9indle"6 and Dohn&milier from 4enns"lvania%

E,tend the &here the multilicit" of religious denominations heargued o@ered the !est securit" for religious li!ert"% E,tend thesheres he (rote% The multilicit" of religious denominations heargued o@ered the !est securit" for religious li!ert"% .ike(ise in aaction as large as the $nited states6 so man" distinct interests



economic6 regional and olitical (ould arise that no single one(ould ever !e a!le to take over the government and oress therest% Ever" ma*orit" (ould !e a coalition of minorities and thusthe rights of the individuals (ould !e secure

The Rati-cation ;e!ate and theOrigin of the Bill of Rights



• The +nti29ederalists

9ederalist num!ers 10 and 31 (ritten !" Dames 'adison moved !e"ondassurances to develo a strikingl" ne( vision of the relations shi!et(een government and societ"% 'adison identi-ed the essentialdilemma government must !e !ased on the (ill of the eole6 "et theeole had sho(n themselves to dangerous enthusiasms% 'ost



(orrisome the" had threatened roert" rights6 (hose rotection (asthe -rst o!*ect of government% Ihat (as to revent them rom usingtheir olitical o(er is to secure a more eual distri!ution of (ealth% 'enare no angels and the earth is not heaven% There is a need for man"various factions



+nti29ederalist reudiated'adison’s arguments in9ederalist num!er 10 and31% anti29ederalist insisted

th t t i



that a ver" e,tensiveterritor" cannot !e governedon the rinciles of freedom%4oular self government#ourish !est in smallcommunities (here rulersand ruled interacted dail"%

Onl" men of (ealth ignorantof the sentiments of middlingand lo(er class of citiQen(ould have the resources to

.i!ert" (as the

+ ti 9 d li t



+nti29ederalist(atch(ord%+merica’s

hainess the"insisted arises fromthe freedom of outinstitution and thelimited nature ofour government%



?Ie the 4eole?

Bl k d th R !li



• Blacks and the Reu!lic

+t -rst to !e an +merica all one had to do (as to commitoneself to an ideolog" of li!ert"6 eualit" and democrac"% 9romthe onset6 ho(ever +merican nationalit" com!ined !oth civicand ethnic de-nitions for most of our histor"6 +mericancitiQenshi has !een de-ned !" !lood as (ell as !" oliticalll i



allegiance

17M5 El ti



17M5 Election+dams

9ederalistversus

De@erson



The +dams 4residenc"

The lection of 179,



Th



The

+dams4residenc

"



The +dams 4residenc"

The 'eign of %itches2

The 3irginia and 4entuc&y 'esolutions



VPZ +@ i



VPZ +@air

VPZ +@air



"he 6S Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in B8Band B8C, early in the administration of 3ohn Adams, involvingthe >nited )tates and %epublican rance. Gts name derivesfrom the substitution of the letters 6, and S for the names ofrench diplomats in documents released by the Adamsadministration.

An American diplomatic commission was sent to rance in 3ulyB8B to negotiate issues that were threatening to brea# out intowar.Jclarification neededK "he diplomats, ;harles ;otesworth



inc#ney, 3ohn *arshall, and Ilbridge 5erry, were approachedthrough informal channels by agents of the rench oreign*inister "alleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan beforeformal negotiations could begin. Although such demands werenot uncommon in mainland Iuropean diplomacy of the time, the

Americans were offended by them, and eventually left rance

without ever engaging in formal negotiations. 5erry, see#ing toavoid all-out war, remained for several months after the othertwo commissioners left. $is e@changes with "alleyrand laidgroundwor# for the eventual end to diplomatic and militaryhostilities."he failure of the commission led to an undeclared naval warcalled the 7uasi-ar (B8C to C++:, and caused a politicalfirestorm in the >nited )tates when the commissionFsdispatches were published. ederalists who controlled thegovernment too# advantage of the national anger to build up thenationFs military. "hey also criticied the emocratic-%epublicanarty for its pro-rench stance, and Ilbridge 5erry (anonpartisan at the time: for what they saw as his role in thecommissionFs failure.



+liens and



+liens and

&editions +ct



The +lien and &edition +cts

• Congress assed acts that severel" limited freedomof seech and ress and threatened foreign li!ert"

in the $%&% t li ti + t t d d i d f id



• aturaliQation +ct e,tended eriod of residencereuired for $%&% citiQenshi

• +lien +ct and +lien Enemies +ct authoriQed theimrisonment or deortation of susected aliens

during (artime• &edition +ct rovided heav" -nes and

imrisonment for an"one seaking or (ritingagainst the government

• 9ederalists used these acts to defeat the

Reu!licans• Reu!licans oosed acts



4enns"lvania’s constitution nolonger reuired o(nershi ofroert" !ut it retained theta,a"ing uali-cation !ut left a

small num!er mainl" auers!arred from voting



Lyon had the distinction of being the first member to have an ethics violation charge filed

against him when he was accused of Ngross indecencyN for spitting in %oger 5riswoldFs face.5riswold, a ;ongressman from ;onnecticut, had insulted Lyon, calling him a scoundrel, whichat the time was considered profanity. On 3anuary =+, B8C. ;ongress planned to have ameeting to remove illiam ?lount, of "ennessee, from office. 5riswold was trying to attractLyonFs attention, but Lyon was ignoring him on purpose, since they belonged to opposingpolitical parties (Lyon was a emocratic-%epublican and 5riswold a ederalist:. 5riswoldfinally lost his temper and insulted Lyon. "heir clash began when Lyon began a ;ongressionaldiscussion by declaring himself willing to fight for the interest of the common man. *oc#ingly,;ongressman 5riswold as#ed if Lyon would be fighting with his wooden sword a reference to



;ongressman 5riswold as#ed if Lyon would be fighting with his wooden sword, a reference toLyonFs dismissal from 5atesF command during the %evolution. urious, Lyon spat on the;ongressman, earning himself the nic#name N"he )pitting LyonN. On ebruary ', B8C,5riswold retaliated by beating Lyon about the head with a wooden cane in view of otherrepresentatives on the )enate floor. Lyon retreated to a fire pit and defended himself with the

tongs until other ;ongressmen bro#e up the fight.J&K 5riswold had to be pulled by his legs tourge him to let go of Lyon.JBK Although the Ithics ;ommittee recommended censure, the$ouse as a whole reMected the motion to censure him.JCK $aving married the daughter of5overnor ;hittenden, it is possible Lyon had too much influence to have been removedEJ8Kthough others argue it was because any actions ta#en against Lyon would have to be pursuedagainst 5riswold.J+KLyon also has the distinction of being the only person to be elected to ;ongress while in Mail.

On October +, B8C, Lyon was found guilty of sedition, in violation of the Alien and )edition ActsE which prohibited malicious writing of the American government as a whole, or of thehouses of ;ongress, or of the resident. Lyon was the first person to be put to trial for violatingthe acts on charges of criticiing ederalist president 3ohn Adams for his pretense of going towar against rance.



.i!ert" of the 4ress

• 1773 !eginning of revolution there (ere L7

(eekl" or semi2(eekl" ne(saers in 1Lcolonies



colonies• 178M the num!ers gre( to M including 8

dallies• There (ere more ne(saers in the $%&% thenan"(here else in the Iorld

• M0 ercent of the oulation in e( Englandcould read

• 9ederalist )aQette of the $%&%

• ational )aQette• Essa" on .i!ert" of 4ress /freedom of ress



Election of



Election of

1800



The Revolution of 1800• +lien and &edition +cts overthro(n !" De@ersonian

Reu!licans

• +dams residential term coming to end

• 9ederalists (ere divided

9 h d l di i h $ i d &



• 9rench (anted to settle disute (ith $nited &tates

• +dams acceted the settlement !ut angered 9ederalists

• Iith the 9ederalists divided the De@ Reu!licans took over the

state governments of 4enns"lvania and e( Pork• The residential camaign of 1800 (as the -rst (ith t(o

arties

• De@ Reu!licans favored state rights and li!ert"

• 9ederalists (ere divided !et(een a strong central

government and u!lic order• De@erson and Burr candidac" (as an attemt at sectional

!alance

;emocratic 4olitical Culture• Custom of cele!rating <ndeendence ;a" -rst

took lace in 4hiladelhia

• 1800 9ourth of Dul" (as the nations mostimortant holida



imortant holida"

• <ncrease in su@rage

• Iomen6 minorities and a ortion of free men(ere e,cluded from voting

• <ncreased cometition !et(een the 9ederalistsand Reu!licans

• romoted a universal (hite manhood su@rage• caused an increase in turn out at olls in allstates

Commerce

(as muchaart of



aart ofthe

freedomsthe e(

countr"resented



9enno (as !orn in Boston6 the son of Ehraim 9enno6 leather2dresser and alehouse keeer6 and

'ar" Chaman% Je (ed 'ar" Curtis6 of Ro,!ur"6 'assachusetts6 on 'a" 86 17776 and the coulehad thirteen children% 9enno sent some earl" "ears as a teacher6 and (as secretar" to )eneral+rtemas Iard during art of the +merican Revolution% 9ailure of an imort !usiness led to amove to e( Pork Cit"6 (hich at that time (as the nations caital% Javing reviousl" (ritten forthe 'assachusetts Centinel6 9enno on +ril 116 178M in e( Pork Cit" u!lished the -rst issue ofthe )aQette of the $nited &tates to suort 9ederalist 4art" ositions% 9enno moved it to4hiladelhia (hen the national caital moved there in 17M0%

+s oosing factions6 centered around +le,ander Jamilton and Thomas De@erson6 develoed(ithin 4resident Iashingtons administration6 olitical ne(saers such as the )aQette !ecamei i l i t t 9 littl th l f li i t d h t t ! t t



increasingl" imortant% 9ennos little three2column folio6 rinted on a sheet seventeen !" t(ent"2one inches6 !ecame the semi2oKcial government ne(saer6 (ith a share of the governmentsrinting and (ith contri!utions from rominent 9ederalists such as Dohn +dams% Jamilton (aseseciall" active6 (riting articles under various seudon"ms and rescuing the editor from!ankrutc" in 17ML !" raising U6000 to a" o@ creditors%

De@erson and his colleagues6 angr" at 9ennos attemt ?to make (a" for a king6 lords6 andCommons? set u rival ne(saers6 the +urora edited !" Ben*amin 9% Bache and the ational)aQette edited !" 4hili 9reneau6 to romote the ne(l" formed ;emocratic2Reu!lican 4art"% +sa highl" visi!le 9ederalist sokesman6 9enno (as engaged in ver!al disutes that once led to-sticu@s (ith Bache% The tone of the )aQette of the $nited &tates (as some(hat a!ove theaverage of its contemoraries6 and the 9ederalists (ere (ell served through its columns6although the circulation never e,ceeded 1600% Coies circulated to ma*or cities (here other

9ederalist ne(saers freel" coied the ne(s and editorials%

9enno6 along (ith his (ife and a ne(!orn daughter6 died in 4hiladelhia during the "ello( fevereidemic of 17M8% Jis son6 Dohn Iard 9enno6 carried on (ith the aer until 18006 (hen he soldit%



Iar of t(o ne(saer )aQette of Jamilton and

ational )aQette of De@erson

Te!!el and Burns are rimaril" referring to The )aQette of

the $nited &tates and the ational )aQette6 (hich (ere the18th centur" euivalent of '&BC and 9OV EI&% The+urora )eneral +dvertiser6 4orcuine’s )aQette and e( PorkEvening 4ost are three other titles often included in the darkages%

The )aQette of the $nited &tates6 edited !" Dohn 9enno6

suorted the 9ederalist art"6 (hich (anted a !ig6 centralgovernment and (eak states% +le,ander Jamilton (as theart"’s s"m!olic -gurehead% ational )aQette6 edited !"



" " g "4hili 9reneau6 reresented the Reu!licans6 (ho (antedmore state o(er and (eak central government% Dames'adison and Thomas De@erson (ere the Reu!lican’ss"m!olic -gureheads%

+ccording to Burns6 Jamilton and De@erson !oth usedgovernment mone" [ funds from the &tate ;eartment [to launch their resective )aQettes6 (hich rovided as muchcometitive !ack2and2forth entertainment as an +gassi2&amras tennis match% 9or e,amles of the !ar! e,changes(atch chater 1 of Burns’ C2&4+ resentation /starts atM:3%

+s "ou’ll learn from Burns6 Thomas De@erson had a ver"devious side to him% =De@erson (ould leave the door to thestate det unlocked at night on occasion and he (ould leavedocuments on the desk (hich6 if taken out of conte,t or(illfull" misinterreted6 could make the Iashingtonadministration look !ad% 4hilli 9ernau (as the editor of the

’ ’



The Rising



The Rising

)lor" of+merica

TJE R<&E +; ).ORP O9+'ER<C+

• +merican +rtists

• 9irst +merican artist Ben*amin Iest



achieved rominence in Euroe (ith hisaintings of his native 4enns"lvania

• Dohn &ingleton Cole" /.o"alist famousfor his ortrait of &amuel +dams

• Charles Iilson 4eale famous for his

(artime roaganda and a ortrait of



Books Books



Books Books

Books

The Birth of +merican.iterature

• ;uring the era ma*orit" of the !estsellers (ere of olitical nature and



content

• Book stores gre( throughout the

countr" after the Revolution• .ife of Iashington introduced

anecdotes /Iashington and the

Cherr" tree

There (ere Mne(saers in the$nited &tates in 1787

onl" 1 u!lished asigni-cant num!er of



+nt29ederalist ieces%'adison gainedsuort for theconstitution !"!argaining (ith

Thomas De@erson (ithagreeing to a =Bill of

Rights> at the end ofthe Constitution



Dohn 9ilson (as !orn in Chester Count"6 4enns"lvania6 around 177% Je (as the son of ;avison9ilson6 also of Chester Count"% Je attended the Iest ottingham +cadem" in Colora6 'ar"land6and studied (ith the Reverend &amuel 9inle"6 after(ards resident of the College of e( Derse"/later 4rinceton% Jeitmans Jistorical Register of Colonial OKcers reorts a Dohn 9ilson servedas an Ensign in 'ontgomer"s 4enns"lvania Battalion of the 9l"ing Cam and (as takenrisoner at 9ort Iashington on 15 ovem!er 17756 during the Battle of e( Pork%

Je (orked as a schoolteacher and surve"or in 4enns"lvania until 178 or 178L6 (hen heacuired over 1L6000 acres /3L km\ of (estern lands and moved to Gentuck"% Je settled in.e,ington6 taught school6 surve"ed land claims6 and travelled the region intervie(ing thesettlers and leading citiQens Je (rote The ;iscover" &ettlement and 4resent &tate of Gentucke



settlers and leading citiQens% Je (rote The ;iscover"6 &ettlement and 4resent &tate of Gentuckeduring this eriod6 and travelled to Iilmington6 ;ela(are6 to have it u!lished in the summer of178% Je also had a ?'a of Gentucke? engraved and rinted in 4hiladelhia% The edition6including !oth !ook and ma6 consisted of 16300 coies and (as riced at U1%30% The ma (asrerinted several times !efore 17ML% 9ilsons lan for a second edition6 to !e endorsed !"

)eorge Iashington6 fell through%

The !ook (as almost immediatel" translated into 9rench and re2u!lished in 4aris /1783 andsome(hat later a )erman edition aeared /.eiQig6 17M0% The aendi, relating theadventures of ;aniel Boone (as e,tremel" oular6 and (as reference%



'ason .ocke Ieems /Octo!er 116 173MN 'a" L6 1836 generall" kno(n as4arson Ieems6 (as an +merican !ookagent and author% Je is !est kno(n as

the source of some of the aocr"halstories a!out )eorge Iashington% Thef t l f th h t /?<



famous tale of the cherr" tree /?<cannot tell a lie6 < did it (ith m" littlehatchet? is included in The .ife ofIashington /18006 Ieems mostfamous (ork% This nineteenth2centur"!estseller deicted Iashingtonsvirtues and rovided an entertainingand morall" instructive tale for the"outh of the "oung nation



'ar" Iollstonecraft /](^lst_n%kr`ft 7 +ril 173M N 10 &etem!er 17M7 (as aneighteenth2centur" English (riter6 hilosoher6 and advocate of (omens rights% ;uring her!rief career6 she (rote novels6 treatises6 a travel narrative6 a histor" of the 9renchRevolution6 a conduct !ook6 and a childrens !ook% Iollstonecraft is !est kno(n for +Aindication of the Rights of Ioman /17M6 in (hich she argues that (omen are notnaturall" inferior to men6 !ut aear to !e onl" !ecause the" lack education% &he suggeststhat !oth men and (omen should !e treated as rational !eings and imagines a social orderfounded on reason%

$ntil the late 0th centur"6 Iollstonecrafts life6 (hich encomassed severalunconventional ersonal relationshis6 received more attention than her (riting% +fter t(oill f t d @ i ith J 9 li d )il! t < l /! h h h d d ht 9



ill2fated a@airs6 (ith Jenr" 9useli and )il!ert <mla" /!" (hom she had a daughter6 9ann"<mla"6 Iollstonecraft married the hilosoher Iilliam )od(in6 one of the forefathers of theanarchist movement% Iollstonecraft died at the age of thirt"2eight6 ten da"s after giving!irth to her second daughter6 leaving !ehind several un-nished manuscrits% Jer daughter'ar" Iollstonecraft )od(in (ould !ecome an accomlished (riter herself6 as 'ar" &helle"6the author of 9rankenstein%

+fter Iollstonecrafts death6 her (ido(er u!lished a 'emoir /17M8 of her life6 revealingher unorthodo, lifest"le6 (hich inadvertentl" destro"ed her reutation for almost a centur"%Jo(ever6 (ith the emergence of the feminist movement at the turn of the t(entiethcentur"6 Iollstonecrafts advocac" of (omens eualit" and critiues of conventionalfemininit" !ecame increasingl" imortant% Toda" Iollstonecraft is regarded as one of the

founding feminist hilosohers6 and feminists often cite !oth her life and (ork as imortantin#uences%



3udith )argent *urray one of the era9s most

accomplished American women wrote essays for the*assachusetts *againe under the pen name Pthe5leanerQ 3udith9s father an brother who went to $arvardtaught 3udith how to thin#. "his tutorial process help the

success for writing

Dudith &argent 'urra" /17312180 (as !orn in )loucester6 'assachusetts6and sent most of her life in e( England6 (here her e,traordinar"

intellectual achievements gained recognition in literar" and oliticalcircles of the late eighteenth centur"% +uthor of ?On the Eualit" of the&e,es? /17M06 'urra" (as one of +mericas earliest feminist (riters and a



gifted satirist% &he (as one of the -rst (omen in +merica to have her o(nliterar" column /in 'assachusetts 'agaQine6 and the -rst +merican tohave a la" roduced on the Boston stage% <n addition to (riting essa"s6

la"s6 oetr"6 and -ction6 'urra" (as a roli-c letter (riter% Throughouther long career6 she focused on the themes of (omens education6 histor"6and contri!utions to +merican culture% <n 17M86 one hundred of her essa"sfrom 'assachusetts 'agaQine (ere collected and u!lished in a singlevolume6 The )leaner% The &elected Iritings features 'urra"s ?On theEualit" of the &e,es? and other essa"s from The )leaner selected

corresondence a la"6 The Traveller Returned and 'urra"s onl" novel6 The &tor" of 'argaretta% This latest addition to the Iomen Iriters inEnglish series reintroduces an imortant earl" feminist voice6 one thatshould engage the intellect and imagination of readers !oth inside andoutside the academ"%

american history - chapter 8

Documents