american imperialism - web viewit was fueled by growing hostility to the surge in immigration that...

The Roaring 20s and the Harlem Renaissance

8th grade Social Studies

Unit 5Figure 1:


LEARNING TARGETS:The Roaring 20s and the Harlem Renaissance (8.E.1.3)

1. I can evaluate the different techniques women used to bring about change during the women’s rights movement (Flappers, Suffragettes, etc.)

2. I can analyze how Prohibition lead to an increase in crime.

The Roaring 20s and the Harlem Renaissance (8.C&G.1.4)

1. I can show the correlation between Jim Crow Laws, the Great Migration, and the Harlem Renaissance

Definitions:1. Boot Legging: Smuggling illegal goods over land.2. Flashy Flapper: Nickname for women during the 1920s.3. Isolationism: The practice or belief that countries should keep to

themselves and limit their interaction/trade with other countries.4. Mass Production: The creation of many items, all at the same time,

usually in a factory and through the use of an assembly line.5. Ratification: Approval.6. Rum Running: Smuggling illegal goods over water.7. Speakeasy: A store that illegally sells alcohol.8. Suffrage: The ability or right to vote.9. The Roaring 20s: The nickname for the 1920s, so-named because

of the great increase in wealth experienced by many Americans.


Social Impact

Racial Minorities (African Americans)

Segregation Many African Americans in the South were still facing

segregation as a result of the Jim Crow laws (see the Reconstruction booklet). Therefore, millions migrated to the North in what was known as the Great Migration. Many Southern states attempted to limit the mobility of African Americans through a combination of local laws and harassment and intimidation by police and the KKK.

In 1915, white Protestant nativists organized a revival of the Ku Klux Klan near Atlanta, Georgia, inspired by their romantic view of the Old South as well as Thomas Dixon’s 1905 book “The Clansman” and D.W. Griffith’s 1915 film “Birth of a Nation.” This second generation of the Klan was not only anti-black but also took a stand against Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor. It was fueled by growing hostility to the surge in immigration that America experienced in the early 20th century along with fears of communist revolution akin to the Bolshevik triumph in Russia in 1917. The organization took as its symbol a burning cross and held rallies, parades and marches around the country. At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide.

The Great Migration When many African Americans sought a better life for

themselves in the North, eventually settling in their own neighborhoods, some of which, like Harlem, became famous for their music (Jazz) and culture.


African Americans in urban communities developed extensive commercial networks and business organizations. Of special note are the activities of the National Association of Wage Earners, National Negro Business League, National Urban League, and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. The National Association of Wage Earners, led by Nannie H. Burroughs, worked to standardize and improve living conditions for women, particularly migrant workers, and to develop and encourage efficiency among African American workers. The National Negro Business League, directed during the 1920s by Robert Russa Moton, was a national network of African American entrepreneurs and small businessmen. Several people founded the National Urban League, which developed training programs intended to help African Americans migrating from the South to the North and to this end published several surveys of black

populations in northern cities. The Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded in 1914 by Marcus Garvey, had over a million members; it advocated racial separatism and provided self-help and self-improvement services and was a source of start-up assistance for small businesses.

African American society in the 1920s expressed a strong sense of cultural identity. The Harlem Renaissance was the center of African American literary and artistic activity during this period. National African American magazines, such as The Messenger, founded

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in 1917 by A. Philip Randolph, featured articles, fiction, poetry, and advertisements for African American-owned businesses. The back covers of many of its issues feature full-page advertisements for entrepreneur Madam C. J. Walker's famous hair- and skin-care products. Opportunity, the magazine of the National Urban League, carried fiction and poetry as well as some advertising and published a regular year-end feature on outstanding African American newspapers. The Southern Workman defended the rights of African American workers.

Q1) Arrange the various organizations above into a graphic organizer. See p. 20.

Q2) What are two specific examples of African American culture developed during the Harlem Renaissance?

Q3) What do you think of African American Marcus Garvey’s position on racial separatism? How does his viewpoint compare with the views of white Southerners during the Reconstruction?

Q4) Why do you think it was important for many African Americans to develop their own music, novels, poetry, etc.?

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Women1848 - 1920

The beginning of the fight for women’s suffrage in the United States, which predates Jeannette Rankin’s entry into Congress by nearly 70 years, grew out of a larger women’s rights movement. That reform effort evolved during the 19th century, initially emphasizing a broad spectrum of goals before focusing solely on securing the franchise for women. Women’s suffrage leaders, moreover, often disagreed about the tactics for and the emphasis (federal versus state) of their reform efforts. Ultimately, the suffrage movement provided political training for some of the early women pioneers in Congress, but its internal divisions foreshadowed the persistent disagreements among women in Congress and among women’s rights activists after the passage of the 19th Amendment.

The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York. The principal organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a mother of four from upstate New York, and the Quaker abolitionist Lucretia Mott. About 100 people attended the convention; two-thirds were women. Stanton drafted a “Declaration of Sentiments, Grievances, and Resolutions,” that echoed the preamble of the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.” Among the 13 resolutions set forth in Stanton’s “Declaration” was the goal of achieving the “sacred right of franchise.”

The sometimes-fractious suffrage movement that grew out of the Seneca Falls meeting proceeded in successive waves. Initially, women reformers addressed social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights; including family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, a Massachusetts teacher, met in 1850 and forged a lifetime alliance as women’s rights activists. For much of the 1850s they agitated against the denial of basic economic freedoms to women. Later, they unsuccessfully


lobbied Congress to include women in the provisions of the 14th and 15th Amendments (extending citizenship rights and granting voting rights to freedmen, respectively).

In the wake of the Civil War, however, reformers sought to avoid marginalization as “social issues” zealots by focusing their message exclusively on the right to vote. In 1869 two distinct factions of the suffrage movement emerged. Stanton and Anthony created the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), which directed its efforts toward changing federal law and opposed the 15th Amendment because it excluded women. Lucy Stone, a one-time Massachusetts antislavery advocate and a prominent lobbyist for women’s rights, formed the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Leaders of the AWSA rejected the NWSA’s agenda as being racially divisive and organized with the aim to continue a national reform effort at the state level. Although California Senator Aaron Sargent introduced in Congress a women’s suffrage amendment in 1878, the overall campaign stalled. Eventually, the NWSA also shifted its efforts to the individual states where reformers hoped to start a ripple effect to win voting rights at the federal level.

During the 1880s, the two wings of the women’s rights movement struggled to maintain momentum. The AWSA was better funded and the larger of the two groups, but it had only a regional reach. The NWSA, which was based in New York, relied on its statewide network but also drew recruits from around the nation, largely on the basis of the extensive speaking circuit of Stanton and Anthony. Neither group attracted broad support from women, or persuaded male politicians or voters to adopt its cause. Susan B. Anthony and Ida H. Harper cowrote, “In the indifference, the inertia, the apathy of women, lies the greatest obstacle to their enfranchisement.” Historian Nancy Woloch described early suffragists’ efforts as “a crusade in political education by women and for women, and for most of its existence, a crusade in search of a constituency.”

The turning point came in the late 1880s and early 1890s, when the nation experienced a surge of volunteerism among middle-class women—activists in progressive causes, members of women’s clubs


and professional societies, temperance advocates, and participants in local civic and charity organizations. The determination of these women to expand their sphere of activities further outside the home helped legitimate the suffrage movement and provided new momentum for the NWSA and the AWSA. By 1890, seeking to capitalize on their newfound “constituency,” the two groups united to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Led initially by Stanton and then by Anthony, the NAWSA began to draw on the support of women activists in organizations as diverse as the Women’s Trade Union League, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), and the National Consumer’s League.

For the next two decades, the NAWSA worked as a nonpartisan organization focused on gaining the vote in states, though managerial problems and a lack of coordination initially limited its success. The first state to grant women complete voting rights was Wyoming in 1869. Three other western states—Colorado (1893), Utah (1896), and Idaho (1896)—followed shortly after NAWSA was founded. But prior to 1910, only these four states allowed women to vote. Between 1910 and 1914, the NAWSA intensified its lobbying efforts and additional states extended the franchise to women: Washington, California, Arizona, Kansas, and Oregon. In Illinois, future Congresswoman Ruth Hanna McCormick helped lead the fight for suffrage as a lobbyist in Springfield, when the state legislature granted women the right to vote in 1913; this marked the first such victory for women in a state east of the Mississippi River. A year later, Montana granted women the right to vote, thanks in part to the efforts of another future Congresswoman, Jeannette Rankin.

Despite the new momentum, however, some reformers were impatient with the pace of change. In 1913, Alice Paul, a young Quaker activist who had experience in the English suffrage movement, formed the rival Congressional Union (later named the National Woman’s Party). Paul’s group freely adopted the more militant tactics of its English counterparts, picketing and conducting mass rallies and marches to raise public awareness and support. Embracing a more confrontational style, Paul drew a younger generation of women to her movement, helped resuscitate the push


for a federal equal rights amendment, and relentlessly attacked the Democratic administration of President Woodrow Wilson for obstructing the extension of the vote to women.

In 1915, Carrie Chapman Catt, a veteran suffragist since the mid-1880s and a former president of the NAWSA, again secured the organization’s top leadership post. Catt proved an adept administrator and organizer, whose “Winning Plan” strategy called for disciplined and relentless efforts to achieve state referenda on the vote, especially in non-Western states.Key victories—the first in the South and East—followed in 1917 when Arkansas and New York granted partial and full voting rights, respectively. Beginning in 1917, President Wilson (a convert to the suffrage cause) urged Congress to pass a voting rights amendment. Another crowning achievement also occurred that year when Montana’s Jeannette Rankin (elected two years after her state enfranchised women) was sworn into the 65th Congress on April 2, as the first woman to serve in the national

legislature.

Catt’s steady strategy of securing voting rights state by state and Paul’s vocal and partisan protest campaign coincided with the Wilson administration’s decision to intervene in the First World War—a development that provided powerful rhetoric for and a measure of expediency for granting the vote. The

NAWSA publicly embraced the war cause, despite the fact that many women suffragists, including Rankin, were pacifists. Suffrage leaders suggested that the effort to “make the world safe for democracy” ought to begin at home, by extending the franchise. Moreover, they


insisted, the failure to extend the vote to women might impede their participation in the war effort just when they were most needed to play a greater role as workers and volunteers outside the home. Responding to these overtures, the House of Representatives initially passed a voting rights amendment on January 10, 1918, but the Senate did not follow suit before the end of the 65th Congress. It was not until after the war, however, that the measure finally cleared Congress with the House again voting its approval by a wide margin on May 21, 1919, and the Senate concurring on June 14, 1919. A year later, on August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment, providing full voting rights for women nationally, was ratified when Tennessee became the 36th state to approve it.

DIRECTIONS: Create a graphic organizer that details the different techniques women used to achieve their goal of suffrage, and rate the effectiveness of each technique.


Other Important Facts about women in the 1920s Education – women for the first time began entering college in large

numbers. Flashy Flappers – Women started wearing clothing that showed

their arms and legs and began cutting their hair short. Women also began smoking in public (before that it was considered a man’s habit).

Dance clubs became a popular hangout for both men and women, with Jazz being the most popular music style for young people, particularly young women.

Q5) REVIEW: The 15th Amendment granted what group of people the right to vote back in 1870?

Q6) Why do you believe women began dressing and acting differently and pursuing an education?

Q7) What economic effect do you think shorter women’s dresses would have? Explain.

Q8) How do the women of today compare to the women of the 1920s in terms of their attitudes and personalities?


Political Impact

IsolationismAfter the Great War (1914-1918), the United States entered into a period of isolationism (it limited its contact with other countries), focusing on its own economy and politics.

Q11) Why do you think the United States would focus on itself, rather than contact with other countries?

Q12) How does the United States act today, is it isolationist? Is this a good or bad thing? Explain.


Economic Impact

Mass Production The creation of many items all at the same time, usually in a factory. All of the following technology was made possible by mass production.

o AutomobilesQ13) How would this technology change the lives of ordinary people? Explain.

o RadiosQ14) How would this technology change the lives of ordinary people? Explain.

o HighwaysQ15) How would this technology improve the ability of companies to make more money?

o SkyscrapersQ16) Why would people want to build a building upwards rather than outwards?


ProhibitionWhat was it?

The period of time from 1920 – 1933 in the United States when the sale, manufacturing, and transportation of alcohol was illegal according to the 18th Amendment.

The 18th Amendment (January 16th, 1919)Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all the territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Why did it happen?

By the late nineteenth century, most Protestant denominations and the American wing of the Catholic Church supported the movement to legally restrict the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. These groups believed that alcohol consumption led to corruption, prostitution, spousal abuse and other criminal activities. Brewers and distillers resisted the reform movement, which threatened to ruin their livelihood, and also feared women having the vote, because they expected women to vote for prohibition.


Energized by the anti-German sentiment during World War I, the ASL achieved its main goal of passage on December 18, 1917—the 18th Amendment. Upon ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures by January 16, 1919, National Prohibition was established.

How did people react to Prohibition?

Organized criminals like the notorious gangster, Al Capone, created an illegal empire by selling alcohol.

Watch the following video: http://www.biography.com/people/al-capone-9237536 and answer questions 21 - 23.

Q17) What was the 18th Amendment?

Q18) What potential loophole(s) exist in the 18th Amendment?

Q19) What was the rationale for the 18th Amendment?

Q20) How did the rationale for the 18th Amendment correlate with the women’s rights movement?

Q21) Who was Al Capone? What kind of childhood did he have?

Q22) What did he do? How did he keep getting away with his crimes?

Q23) How did the government respond to Al Capone’s activities?

http://www.biography.com/people/al-capone-9237536


Q24) Do you agree with how the government dealt with Al Capone? Why?

Ordinary people

o Speakeasies : A speakeasy, also called a blind pig or blind tiger, is an establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages. Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during the period known as Prohibition (1920–1933, longer in some states). During this time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States.

o Bootlegging (smuggling over land)o Rum running (smuggling over water)

Q25) How do you think they came up with the term “speakeasy”?

Q26) What do you think is the origin of the term “blind pig” or “blind tiger”?

Q27) What do you think is the origin of the terms “bootlegging” and “rum running”?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage


Create your own Speakeasy!

Explain in one paragraph or more how you would create your own speakeasy and draw a diagram of your establishment in the space provided below. Be sure to include a title and map key for your speakeasy diagram.

Explanation:


Your Speakeasy Diagram

Map Key:


African-American Organizations o f the early 20 th

centuryOrganization Name Founder Purpose

american imperialism - web viewit was fueled by growing hostility to the surge in immigration that...

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