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Honors World History Imperialism- China/Japan

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Imperialism Fueled industrialization; industrialized nations had a leg up on most of the world They used their technological advantage to subdue non-Western nations

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Contrasting Colonialism and Imperialism Colonialism: Indirect rule; get raw materials and ship them to the mother country; have similar if not equal rights; settlements; older form of European relationships with non-Western world Imperialism: Direct rule; occupation; territories have few rights; exist to serve as market for the mother country; starts in mid-late 19th century

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Imperialist Ambitions Starts after the unification of Germany and Italy New problem: Central Europe is no longer a playground for the great powers of Europe Imperialism: expansion of empire by gaining territories to rule as a sign of prestige Inherent in imperialism is racial superiority; European nations believed themselves to be better because of their dominant culture (military and technological)

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Attitudes and Foundations of Imperialism Social Darwinism led many to believe that they were superior because of their advancements Technological superiority enabled European states to take over less advanced states Improving impulse fueled imperialists, who desired to raise the rest of the world to European levels of culture (considered to be the best and highest form of human life) Belief in racial superiority: ex. British assimilated themselves at the top of the Indian caste system

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European Economic Dominance As industry continues to grow, new markets and raw material sources were sought European nations found overseas possessions to be the answer to both problems By owning these lands, European powers continued to enrich themselves and simultaneously export their own culture and ideals

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Communication Improvements Telegraph, telephone and rapid sea transit through steam powered vessels makes ruling easier European monarchs and presidents are able to rule through intermediaries such as viceroys and other people immediately accountable to the heads of state European dominance asserted through impressive military victories and native peoples are subdued (ex. Omdurman)

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Chinas Relationship with the West Reasons for Western Interest in China Western traders were interested in Chinese silks, tea, ceramics, spices, etc. (since Marco Polo-13 th Century) Western missionaries wanted to convert Chinese to Christianity 19 th century spirit of imperialism encouraged the conquering of territory China would be an open market for European manufactured goods

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Reaction of Chinese Government Restricted activities of missionaries Willing to sell goods to Europeans but believed Europeans had nothing to offer Europeans had to follow tribute system in which a suitable gift had to be presented to Emperor

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Reaction of Chinese Government Chinese considered all non-Chinese BARBARIANS China limited European trade to port of Canton until 1757

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Opium Wars (1839-42) British sought markets for their opium crops in Afghanistan and a means of balancing trade Defeated China, forcing them to accept opium trade and wrested control of port which becomes Hong Kong

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Opium British ships cruised the Chinese coast supplying opium Many Chinese addicted led to less production and harmful effects on families

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Chests of Opium Brought Into China

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Opium Wars (1839-42) Causes China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade with Britain Britain frustrated with Chinas failure to buy British products British had been making enormous profits off of opium trade (from poppy plant in India Chinese government appealed to British government to stop Chinese government took action confiscated and destroyed British shiploads of opium British sent warships Lets Fight!

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Treaty of Nanking 1842 unequal treaty Forced China to open five ports to trade Concessions Hong Kong was ceded to Britain China had to pay $21 million to Britain = indemnity Extraterritoriality = foreigners could live in treaty ports exempt from Chinese laws Chinese not allowed to set tariffs in treaty ports

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Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Causes Hong Xiuchuan leader self-declared brother of Jesus Called for social reforms Divide land according to household size Treat women as equals; organized into fighting units Wanted to set up Taiping (Great Peace) Heavenly Kingdom

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Taiping Rebellion Civil War Manchu rulers faced internal dissatisfaction and peasant unrest Several rebellions occurred Foreign nations were afraid trade would be disrupted

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Taiping Rebellion - Effects One of the most destructive civil wars in history 20 million people died Foreign nations sent troops Manchu government suffered a loss of power and prestige because of foreign presence signs of Manchu emperor losing Mandate of Heaven Led to a questioning within China Many scholars believed China wanted to adopt some of Western technological achievements Some industrialization was made too little, too late not enough to stop Western inroads

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Open Door Policy 1899 Proposed by US Secretary of State John Hay Purpose: prevent US exclusion from trade with China US encouraged Western nations to adopt this policy that all nations would have equal trading rights in China and would recognize the territorial integrity of China

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Boxer Rebellion 1900 Chinese rebellion against foreign presence in China and the Empress inability to do anything about it Boxers = Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists Symbol = clenched fist

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Boxer Rebellion Boxers organized attacks against Chinese Christians and foreigners Killed about 250 foreigners and attacked embassies in Beijing where the foreigners fled for protection Troops held off Boxers for two months Western response: An international relief force of 20,000 American, French, British, German, Russian, and Japanese troops put down the rebellion Chinese had to pay indemnities to each foreign nation and had to allow foreign troops within the capital

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Opening Japan Historically, Japanese had expelled all Europeans Mainly feudal society One Japanese port remained open once a year to European trade with the Dutch United States asserts itself in 1853 Recovering shipwrecked sailors from maltreatment Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into Edo bay with a major gunship force to open negotiations Edo was location of new shogunate Some daimyo tried to fight US forces and were demolished

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Results of Perrys Visit: Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 Japans Reaction: amazed by fire power of US warships; were against American demands but realized American technology was more powerful; decided to cooperate and learn US technology Japan agreed to allow US ships to refuel and resupply in Japanese ports Japan agreed to aid shipwrecked sailors (instead of killing them!) Japan agree to trade with US in two ports

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Many Japanese saw Tokugawa shogun as weak because he agreed to US terms Other countries like Britain, Netherlands, and Russia signed similar agreements with Japan Americans got right of extraterritoriality Known as the unequal treaties Japan wanted to avoid being carved up into spheres of influence like China so they adapted quickly to the new technology

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Sadahide (sa-dah-hee-day) was one of the few artists who drew Yokohama from direct observation Foreigners in Treaty-Port 1859-1872

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1868 Meiji Restoration Daimyo overthrew Tokugawa Shogun due to his weakness Motto: Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians! Restored 15-year old Emperor Matsuhito to power Ended 700 year rule of shogunate Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)

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1868 Meiji Restoration Meiji = peace and enlightenment 100 daimyo ruled in name of the emperor and used Western technology to modernize Japan Plan: borrow Western inventions, technology, and institutions that would enable Japan to take its place among the worlds great powers Abolished feudalism Divided daimyo land into prefectures ruled by governors; paid daimyo for the land Goal: a rich nation, a strong army Ended samurais official status as warrior class by requiring peasants to serve in military on equal basis

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1877 Saigo Takamori led an army of 40,000 samurai to overthrow Meiji government 9 months of bloody fighting rebellion was finally crushed and Saigo committed seppuku

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Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration New land tax based on land ownership and paid in cash New monetary system based on the yen Modern banking system Created a postal system Created a telegraph system Built railroad lines connecting key cities and ports Improved harbors to help shipping and trade Built factories and mills to industrialize Japan Brought in experts and engineers from Western nations to teach them Set up technical schools

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Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration Opened up weapons factories and naval shipyards to build up Japans military power Built a modern army and navy Zaibatsu family business monopolies that worked with Japanese government to build economy (ex. Mitsubishi) Visited Western nations to learn from businesspeople, industrialists, government officials and military leaders Created a national system of public education to train Japan to be a modern society

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Japans March of Aggression Real plan: Modernize and create the Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere Become the greatest power in Asia, subordinate other Asian nations to Japan Asian nations would provide Japan with raw materials and markets and Japan would sell them manufactured goods and provide protection

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Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Japan v. China Over Korea (buffer zone) Japan overran Korea and entered Manchuria Destroyed Chinese fleet Treaty of Shimonoseki: Japan got Formosa (Taiwan) and a piece of Manchuria from China

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Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan v. Russia Russia took their spot in Manchuria and seized control of naval base at Port Arthur 1904 launched surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur, sinking part of the Russian fleet destroyed whole fleet (38 ships) by 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth arranged by Teddy Roosevelt; Japan back in Manchuria and took Korea

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