America’s Economic Revolution

Chapter 10

Factors that allow Industrial Growth

*Population

*Transportation/communication

*Technology

*Business organization

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1 2 3 4 5 6

Series1

1790 1800 1820 1830 1840 1860

US Population

Factors for Population Growth

*Public Health Efforts

*High Birth Rates

*Immigration

Growth of Cities*1860 – 26% of North in cities *Growth along Miss. R. & tribs *Growth along Great Lakes *Poor immigrants stay in cities

Immigration Sources 1820-40

43%

27%

18%

11% 1%

Irish

German

English

Northern European

Other

Different groups settle in different parts of the US

Based on economic circumstances

NATIVISM

*Immigrants inferior *Breed urban slums *Corrupt politics – sell votes *Stealing jobs from real Americans

*Catholic –Pope will take over

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled

Banner

American Party

The

Know-Nothings

CANALS

ERIE CANAL*Started 1817 finished 1825 *$7 million *Easier transportation of goods 1820 1 ton flour 3 weeks $120 1825 1 ton flour 8 days $6 *13,000 boats 1st year

DeWitt Clinton

Effect on NYC

*Population from: 123,000 in 1820 to 814,000 in 1860

*1800 - 9% of US Exports

*1860 - 62%

RAILROADS

Growth

1830 23 miles 1840 2818 miles 1850 9021 miles 1860 30626 miles

2/3 of track in North

Major RR lines

New York Central

New York And Erie

Pennsylvania

Baltimore & Ohio

1844

Samuel Morse

By 1860 50,000 miles

Connects East to West

Changes in Newspapers

*Steam Cylinder Rotary Press *Telegraph *1846 Associated Press *Raymond-Times *Greely-Tribune *Bennett-Herald

Value of Manufactured Goods

1840 $483,000,000 1850 $1,000,000,000

1860 $2,000,000,000

74,000 of 140,000 manufacturers are in Northeast

1830- 544

1850 - 993

1860 - 4778

Patents

1839 Charles Goodyear

Vulcanized Rubber

Sewing Machine

1846 Elias Howe

Improved by Isaac Singer

Clipper Ship

300 miles per day

1840’s & 50’s peak

LABOR

Opening of new farmland in Midwest & new farm equipment allows surplus of food to be grown

Better transportation allows it to get to cities

2 ways to recruit workers

1.Mid-Atlantic – bring whole families from farms2.Young women- mostly from farms 17-20

Lowell Girls

Immigrants

Many need money-will work for less-will accept poor working conditions

Factory Workers

Average Hours 12-14 per day

Skilled Male $4-10

Unskilled Male $1-6

Women & kids less

Skilled artisans hurt by mass production

Form trade unions

Unions don’t do well

Some help for workers:•Some states pass max workday laws at 10 hours•Some pass child labor laws-limit at 10 unless parents agree to more•Massachusetts Supreme Court says unions legal

Poor & Rich

In 1860 5% of families own 50% of the wealth

Character of wealth changes

With merchants and industrialist wealth goes from property to

MONEY

Culture of wealth begins to change*live in opulent neighborhoods*belong to clubs*show off wealth

Central Park

Destitute-Bottom of Society*Widows & orphans*unemployed immigrants*Mentally ill*Physically unable to work*Forced to menial labor:

Irish Free Blacks

Possibility for change:

*Social mobility

*Geographic mobility

Move to cities changes family structure

*Father loses control-no longer can use land distribution

*Home no longer center of all activity

Separation of private (home) and public (work) lives

Women and the Cult of Domesticity

Change for women comes with the middle class

Husband is the income producer

Work is seen as only for lower class women

Middle class wives stay home

Women become guardian of domestic virtue

*Nurture the children*Provide proper living space*companion & helper

Women develop unique culture

Begin to form clubs and associations

Women’s literature and magazines

AGRICULTURE

New EnglandFarmers not able to compete with Mid-West in grains

Some will leave farms for cities

Some farmer change crops:

*grow fruit and vegetables

*dairy farms

*hay

With growth of factories & cities the demand for farm goods increases

Relationship develops between Northeast and Midwest

This economic connection further links the two sections

Who is left out?

The South

Necessity for growth of cities is increased agricultural

production

•More land•Better seeds/crops•Better animals•Better tools

John Deere – Steel Plow

Thresher Man 7 bushels per day Thresher 25 bushels per hour

1 man with scythe

1 acre per day

Cyrus McCormick – Reaper

1 man w/reaper - 8 acres per day

Increased production per person allows % of Americans on farms to decline yet still feed growing urban population