© 2011 pearson education, inc. t2/28/12 variances in development (ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

T2/28/12

Variances in Development

(Ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intro• Development = The process of improving

the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology

• More developed countries (MDCs)– aka developed countries

• Lesser developed countries (LDCs)– aka emerging or developing countries

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I. Economic Indicators of Development

A. The Human Development Index (HDI)– U.N. uses four (4) factors to assess a country’s

level of development:• Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per

capita – – total output of goods for country– measures relative wealth of country

• Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education

• Demographic = (4) life expectancy

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Human Development Index

Figure 9-1

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I. Economic Indicators of Development (cont.)

– B. Types of jobs• Primary sector – extraction of materials (agric.)• Secondary sector – manufacturing • Tertiary sector – services

– more tertiary jobs, more likely to be MDC

– C. Productivity• Measured by the value added per capita

– gross value minus costs of material & energy

– measures production costs

• MDCs are more productive than LDCs

– D. Consumer Goods• More accessible in MDCs

– Esp. transportation (cars) and communication (phones, computers)

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Figure 9-2

Gross Domestic Product (per capita)

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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4

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II. Social Indicators of Development

• A. Education and Literacy• Education rate = number of pupils per teacher

– lower ratio in MDC (usually ≤ 20); LDCs higher (often ≥ 30)

• The literacy rate = %of people who can read & write– Higher % in MDC (usually ≥ 98% in MDC; 60% in LDC)

• Greater educational access usually equals greater wealth (MDCs)

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II. Social Indicators of Development (cont.)

• B. Health and Welfare• Diet (adequate calories & proteins)

– MDCs receive more than daily requirement – LDCs receive less than daily minimum

• Access to health care– Better health access, esp. hospitals– Most MDCs have cheap public healthcare

» Paid through taxes– One exception: USA (private care about 55%)

• Welfare programs– Geared to elderly, sick, poor, disabled, unemployed– Expensive b/c based on taxes– More common in MDCs

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Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6

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III. Demographic Indicators of Development

– Life expectancy• Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in

the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s

– Other demographic indicators:• Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate

– All lower in MDCs

• Crude death rate – higher in MDCs – Why?

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More and Less Developed Regions

Figure 9-10