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1KpL 1 3 1 3 a 7 o*(=21a E 723*3 1K 1K5)_Wo*t21 3 1K);aG%nda 3 o*t21 b 1 3 1>*1Ke,_2a b (,')1K;o*( 9 po;1K_ !3 ab ) 9 (, 9 o*t21 Qf aG 7 'o*(,eho at2a 723 lpnMo;1 3 o*t21 Qf eA1Kp )!_21Eo;1 o;1K_g)._@pnMo;1 3 )e b aG;o!)e=eho*t21O(, 723 (A1Kt)_ra E 73*3 1K_O)_0o*t1K )Jo 723 21K_0a g pnMo;1 3 aGe .)1 b (, 7 o;1K8 t( t ) a b .) CaGe,( 2 H ? a 3 1Ea)1 30 o*t21 7b 1 3 a 7 3 o*( 1%)eA1 3 o*4_(,_i2a)oB*1E1 b o;a C11 g 1 o*(A)15(,i 3 1E*(Ao;o*(, 9 (,_eA1 3 1K)_ o;ai1Ep 7 po;1 a 3 )1 3 %)_21K 3 y3 1K*(,_1Ko*E? e=)o a 3 )1 3 Jt)_0aGe . 3 1 b (,( bc7b a)nR1 b 1 3Y9 1K 1 '7 (A b 1K'o8kZ*ta 3 o* 9 1a)nla LL9 1K b )*L nMa 3 1 b .eA1 O )_(, a)1 3 1K_gpndo;1 3 o*t21c E (,_1Ko;o* 3 o;1K_Hk)._Do*t21 t)_g)e b aG;o2ah2a e,1K_ 9 15a 3 o 3 )(=(, 9 QCa 7 oFt2a o;a6t)_.eA152aG 3 a 7 o*(=21%1E)1Ko*E?
t1R8aGe=( 1 1 3 12a)o2a)o*(
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CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
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SYSTEMIC FACTORS
( 9G723 1HL? 3 aGt*aG\ROt 3 1E11E)1Ke|gaL_21Ke|a)n"] E (,_21K'o*
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b ah_21Kea)nOo*t21;a (Aa)o;1 t.( )e4;L*o;1 b (=)aGeA)1K_j(, 3 (,* b ) 9 1 b 1K'o 2 88= ?^]>*taFj(, ( 9G723 1HL? po#o*t21g;a (,)e)_{a 3Y9 )(AKpo*(AaG)eeA1E)1Ke,io*t21E 7 ;1W0t(,1 3 3 t.( )e aG'o 3 aGe;o 3Y7 o 723 1)RF(Ao*t{e,1E)1Ke,@nda 39 a)1 3 b 1K'oE 3 1 9G7 e,po;a 3 F)._D)*;a (,po*(AaG.E a b .)') b ) 9 1 b 1K'oE8)_D;o* g ?R]4o)e,eIeA1E)1Ke,Fo*t21E b p(,2nda 3Yb po*(,aG+h.a?4Ft21 b ah_21Ke aG 1Ko 3 po;1KaGga)C1 3 po*(AaGE8(,2nda 3Yb po*(AaGn 3 a b o*t21;h;o;1 b _21K*( 9 g)_))eAh*(, 3 a 1K*B(,!o 3 1Kpo;1K_)B(,2 7 o!o;aJo*t21Fa)C1 3 po*(AaG. 3 a 1K*K?"]4oB1K te,1E)1Ke'o*t1E b aL_1Ke.o*t21nd o;a 3 (,')aGeA)1K_ 7 *(, 9 1E)1Ko t)(,ELF(Ao*tie,(,2h!o;a>o*t211E)1Ko t)(,BpoBo*t21e,1E)1Ke 1KeAa? a)o*( 1o*t.poo*t21Ei;o*(,e,e)* 7.b 1:o*t21 3 16(= 3 aLa)o 7 ;16)._ 7 *)e t)(,a)nB1E)1K'o*E?#] 9 1K1 3 )e,(AKpo*(AaGa)nBo*t1 ) bJ7 *;1Kr)_iL)1K_ 7 9@b ah_21KehFt( ta)1 3 a b 1Ko*t1K;1e,( b (Ao*po*(AaGEh(,4 3 1K;1Ko;1K_g(, f tp.o;1 3 ? 1O 9 )(,I521E)Y 7b o*(,aG:(,"21E1K_21K_:o;a b p)1F 3 a 9)3 1K*(,>eA1K 3 (, 9 t2ao;a_21K*( 9 :)_>a)C1 3 po;1*pnd1 3 ;h;o;1 b
6>E.Jx. >E.ILEDEJd}#N)EEE)E6ILA).^IZIN6))*EE.IL);DgC}2LL!LIE8LwW.#LI.E):.d%N)EEEi2.8L;Ah
gaG;o@a)n%o*t21Z E (,_21K'o b ah_21Ke, 7 _21 3 eAh(, 9 *pnd1Eox1K 9 (,1E1 3 (, 9 o;ah_Kx;o;1 b n 3 a b o*t1D_Kh:Ft1Kxo*t21oLC1Ka)nO*L;o;1 b B16B1 3 1 O:YYYI**88e,( b (Ao*po*(AaGFa)n1E)1K'o$ t)(, b aL_1Ke, 3 1 3 16h.1 o;1K_^(,go*t21 723*3 1K'op. 3 aG t1K%o;a 7 )'o*(Ao*po*(A)1 3 (,*)*;1KY b 1K'oE b aG*oa)n4Ft( t 7 ;1@o 3 1E1Ka 3 a)o*t21 3 nMa 3}b 5a)nB1E)1Ko t)(=E? 3 a (,e=(Ao*(A1K>da 3 3 a (,e,(Ao_21KY(Aown 7 o*(AaG}J 3 1g)**( 9 21K_xo;a0o*t1Z1E)1Ko*#(,xo*t1 t)(={)_){a)1 3 )e=eFe,(A)1Ke=(,t2aLaL_wa)n50eAaGY@(, )e 7 e=po;1K_I?
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Protective barriers to control flowafter release of hazard. Acceptabledowntime of individual barriersselected according to predictedoverall risk of major accidents.
Critical event:Hazard releasecause
Root Causalchain flow of effects
Accidental Targetvictim
PublicbarriersFlowLoss of control of
major energy balance
Government
of evaluation philosophy
Staffing and managementperformance as assumed for riskanalysis. Explicit priority rankingwith reference to risk analysis.
Safety reviews, accident analyses,comparisons across branches,international state of the art.
Regulators, Branch Associations
Industry standards, operational Incident reports, review of companypractices, organizational structureand internal audit practice and results
Acceptance criteria, industrystandards and regulations
Documentation of system designbasis, analysis of accident scenarios,prediction of overall risk to society.
System OperationSystem Design
and Analysis
CompanyOperational reviews with emphasison compliance with preconditionsfor safe operation.staffing, and work resources
management performance, plantCompany policy with respect to
Management
Workload and plan evaluations.and unusual occurrences. maintenance of defenses, incidents, Logs and work reports emphasizing
according to safety preconditions.specifications. Work plans work resources according toStaffing, competence, and
maintenance.operational practice, in particular forrespect to staffing, competency, andPreconditions of safe operation with
Staff
and repairtest, calibration, equipment faults, of protective systems; records ofObservations on operational state
barriers.maintenance of safety Test, calibration, and
and repair time.terms of acceptable test intervals Preconditions of safe operation in
Safety legislation, definitionPublic Opinion
specifications and constraints,regulations
Work and Hazardous ProcessChain of Events
( 9G73 1HL? Ot21 ) bJ7 *;1K
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evolution and
DESIGNERS OPERATORS
MODELMODEL
originaldesignspec
operationalexperience
operationalprocedures
training
changes over timeand constructionvariances
continually test
constructed system
Designer dealswith ideals oraverages, not
Operators
their modelsagainst reality
ACTUAL
SYSTEM
manufacturing
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_\ 2 sD 2 O \ 2 J2 D Y1e 2x2 \ DD 2 Y"g ]u? ?uY=cY2 2 Y2 D2 J TBT 2Y TP b D TB62 ? = - 2 2 ?2 YC2 u &zJ u? 2 T 2Y Y Tg 2Y T] 2 2 O 2 JQ 2 T g J2 u \ P D2 J 2Y\Y=x 2huD YuY1 2Y?uY1n ( ? 2 D Q YT 2\u 2Yc > s2 ^ 1B2 u u D J x 2>O c\ 2Y 2 ]T \\D x2 s O 2 2h = ? 6 2 e\ D 2 T : T.i JIj B2\?Q T B 2\ Y \\ K 2 ( ? T( Y ? Y 2 ( ?2 \ D \ 1lYR (D 2K2 22? 2 du D 2 z u \ J Y ?2Yd ( ? \2 Y \2e Ae 2 2 2 2 n\ D " 2s T2Y Td D 2dY D T2 Mh ( 2 c ?> ? 2\?e 82 c ] 2 ( \" s Y2P S2YT u2 :hzu ?2Y>K2 J \ x2 2 T2 ? hJB ~ 52\hR82 n Rd \ AD fO ?2Y?( 62 T \ D ] 2 2? ~2 Rd2 =
Direct PerceptionProcess
Controls
Displays
Operator
2g L ? \J 2 (D 2Ys \ D 6 \u T
] T \\ 2Y \\ T "Y* ( ? B u D 2 ? ~ 2 D b2 Td2 D O2\ 2Yu cY2 z2 \\ d g Y 2B Ag]\? 2 D (* > d2\?e ( ? dYenYQ Qb ?2?( 2 l\ D 2 Y 2 \ D =2? 2 2Y 2 T d q R b D \Y u J 8 D h\O ?2Y?( 2 x\ D 2 22? 2 T d2 S Q] 2Y c\ 2 l\ ? 2 B\ D 2? g2 ( ? fdx 2T~ D 2Y 2 ~hJ8T \\D 2 b 2 2 O \ c\?]\O ?2Y2 ( ? h 2Y[? Y T z2 ]\ D ~F(2 c 2 \ -T2 ? 2 Y ?2Y u b YB2 \} \ 2Y|2 YTB2 ? 2 2
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Synthesized PerceptionOperator
Displays
Controls
Sensors
Actuators
Process
Y 2g L ( ? \J] 2 6\O ?2Y?( \ D 2? 2
2Y n\ \ u 2 2Yne2 ( ? qTb 2 2\?g\ \22 P] x * ? cY2 e2 x 2K 2 \ D > 2 ? gYTge*?( gYB TI2 \\ 22 u QD \i T/ \ \B] e r2 -u 2 ? ( 2D u 2\?c2 \ \c 2 1Y\ g52\ J 2 2 P e Q 2 u z 2u? * \ \ 2 P"2\?B2 \ Y "\Y 2 Y2 z ?( \D e / \2 6 T | 2c 2 x2 Sz ]2 2 h 2 = 6b 2 \\ 2 2 T]2 d2 2Y*c" 2 ? 2YY=l Y 2e Ahh2 2 2 D2 ? 2YzY2 ~b 6 2Y ( ? 6 2\?e\ \ D 2 \ l cY s \\ T SQ] ? T ?\\ 2 u YY2 T P K u Y2Y\- T2? " x x 2 Q2 B T 2d 2Y T \\D 2 2uY=b c2 - 1 \\ P S \ = D K u x2\?h K\2 \?u Y 2n T2 u u S _ 2 gYK\ n\ 2 2 Y2 62d =]2\? ? l c Rd
Synthesized Perception
Indirect Control
Controls
Operator
Displays Sensors
Computer
Actuators
Process
Y 2 L ( ? \J z & ? n | P T 2 \ D ~2 " z
FQc2 2 T]2\?e? d2 P 2Y \ Sm ^ Y T2 b D D Y12d 2Y> A\ 2Yf x ?2Y>n] x 2 T282\ ( \ 2YB2\? T2Y Y ?u " T2 T \ D b ?2Y ( ? \ 2 \2 \ D
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2? 1 T b D 2 \ 2Y K( 2 b D 2 ]\ \ D d u x 2" ^ Ycb D b \Y& Sd2\l2 P Jg u\ u Jg2 D Y 2A( 2 "2 2 A2 Y>b gD 2 dJ ?2\c2 h =8]kN6(Vi8/:aQkN\R $a$a52d =K2 L 2 Ad2 S6 2d J6\ A \ u 2 c Q ~"2 2 Y=Bz2 ?2"Y 2\?8 T~ P T?cuY >YR Q |YR 1 \ Y T \ D | ( ? = f 2 hu D 8?8YR ~P2 \ T] \ D b D 2 2? 1 2 Tcb cu 2 \ D Q 2Yu Tx \ c 2 \ D \ \ \ ? T ] 2 ? = 2 T 2 Y? s2 \ Y ~2 Y* 1 T
\ D Yun \ g =eKs\ A T T ~uJ 2 u \I\S 2?2Y ] D T s2 2 " \ 2Y~
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uJ2Y 2 2YuY1b 2? =A\ ? 2? = 2\?h D 22 2Yn?h"Y* : \ ? Y \ ? h\ D u n?( T b D T 6D ( ?2Y\? u e 2? K 2 \ 2Y Q\ D\2 n2 ( ? u 2 \? \ 2 \ 2Y2u? b D2 2? = c ]2 ( ? d 2 2 c ( ?2Y]\? RQ\ 2 u \\ 2?z2 2\? 2? 2 \ 2Y] 2P\ 2\?e\ 2? = ? \ 2 2 ] \PbY* Y l 2*s1 Y Y \u e\ \ m2? 1 T I A\ 2 x2 ? 2? 1T D Y2 - u 2 uY 2? \ J 2?2Y> f g \ YI ( ? 2 2" \J1huJ2 u \ T A\ 2 b \ Y Tlbq2 bA" O ( ?2Yb2 YTA cY2T 2YB 1 2 Q AD ?O" / 2 8b BD YTB\\ d2 Y T \ Ye ? " :> Y2? 1 e(2 \ Y T ( ?2Y\ 62 D ?O~ Y2 2 \D l?2Y L" ? 1\ ( ?2Y ( 2Y2 Y\ 2Y Y " 2Y K 2 T u ?2Y \ ?2Y u\ Kx \ 1 2 1h \ q D u D ?bc b \2 c \ ? n2 c c2 J 2Yc? ]2 ( ?2Y\ \ cu 2 ? =\Y2eJuJ |Jg JO ?2Y?( 2? ( ?2 \ D\ 8] ( ?2Y\ \ T WYu2 \ A > \ K z "2 / 2 ?( h2 e O D |2 2d YhY 2
h 1 P2 \ u > [? = : u 2 K 2 h \ ?2Y \u 2 I2 RQ =r(= Gs- 5R \ h2 b ?2 D 2 dQ 2? 1 2 R h [ ]Pt ^us- vR" \ u ?( *K( 2 Y2 Tc 2 S2?2 Y 2 xwA \ u l D Y2 >Ts A \ \ 2 :] l n 2 u n \2 6x 2 \ Y6 \ T z \ 2 2 c 2d 2 2 1h" 8 n(2 h T X A\ 2
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(Feedback)
ConstraintsControl Commands
MeasuringChannel
LEVEL N+1
LEVEL N
Channel
OperationalExperience
Reference
Goals, Policies,
Y \2g xw L u ?2Y \u h 1 F
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Control
Process Behavior
Inadequate Enforcement
HazardousProcess
Hierarchical Safety Control Structure
Hazardous System State
Inadequate
of Safety Constraints on
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Sensor
Component failures
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Feedback Delays
missing feedbackInadequate or
control actionineffective or missing
Inappropriate,
Delayedoperation
Controller
Actuator
Controlled Process
extermal informationControl input or
wrong or missing
Changes over time
Measurement
Feedback delays
information provided
inaccuracies
InadequateOperation
operationInadequate
1
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Algorithm
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Process Modelinconsistent,
incomplete, orincorrect
3
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Process outputcontributes to
disturbance
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Airspace Control Order (Guidance for all local air operations in OPC)ACO
AI
ATO
Air Force BaseAirborne Intercept:(a type of radar on fighter aircraft)Aircraft Read Files (supplement to the ACO including the ROE)Air Surveillance Officer (one of the positions in the AWACS)Air Tasking Order (specific mission guidance for the day)
CTF
Air to Air Interrogation (used with IFF)Airborne Command Element: (the commanders representative in the AWACS)
Airborne Warning and Control System (a military air traffic control system in the sky)Black HawkBattle Staff Directive (
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