eighteenth-century thinkers used the ideas of the scientific revolution to reexamine all aspects of...

CHAPTER 10, SECTION 2THE ENLIGHTENMENT

MAIN IDEAS Eighteenth-century thinkers used the ideas of

the Scientific Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life.

People gathered in salons to discuss the ideas of the philosophes.

This would be known as the Enlightenment.

PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement built on the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. reason, natural law, hope, and

progress

JOHN LOCKE

greatly influenced Enlightenment thinkers. born with a mind that is a blank slate

and that knowledge comes to it through the five senses.

If people were exposed to the right influences, people could be changed and a new society created.

society was governed by natural laws Video

PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment thinkers hoped to discover with the scientific method the laws that everyone should follow to produce the ideal society

PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS

Immanuel Kant summed up the Enlightenment in two Latin words: sapere aude: dare to know (i.e. have the

courage to think for yourself. )

The philosophes used reason to overcome obstacles to free thought and social reform.

PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS

philosophe (philosopher) – enlightenment thinkers Most were writers, professors,

economists, journalists, and social reformers

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot

MONTESQUIEU

studied governments to find the natural laws governing social and political relationships – tried to use the scientific method to do this

The Spirit of the Laws identified three kinds of government:

republics (small states), despotism (large states, and monarchies

MONTESQUIEU AND POLITICAL THOUGHT

His analysis of the English monarchy is his most lasting contribution government functioned through a

separation of powers controlled by checks and balances

influenced the American framers of the Constitution.

What are the United States’ branches of government?

DISCUSSION

With the classmates around you, discuss whether or not the separation of powers is necessary.

Write down what you and your classmates discuss.

VOLTAIRE AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Voltaire– Voltaire was best

known for his criticism of Christianity and his belief in religious toleration.

– Deism- religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.

– The Encyclopedia spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

DIDEROT AND THE ENCYCLOPEDIA

Denis Diderot’s most important contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia.

TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE

The Enlightenment’s belief that Newton’s methods of the Scientific Revolution could discover the natural laws of society led to the creation of what we call the social sciences, such as economics and political science.

TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE

Adam Smith founded modern economics if people were free to pursue their

economic self-interest, all society would benefit

laissez-faire – hands off government politics

TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE

Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions:

1. protecting society from invasion (army),

2. defending citizens from injustice (police),

3. and maintaining public works like roads and canals that private individuals could not afford.

TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE

Cesare Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments No excessive brutality – doesn’t stop future

crimes

argued against capital punishment

THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT

A new generation of philosophes emerged by the 1760s.– Jean-Jacques

Rousseau -Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind

– argued that people formed governments and laws to protect their private property, but the government relationship enslaved them.

THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT--ROUSSEAU

he presented the idea of a social contract in which members of society agree to be governed by the general will, which represents what is best for society as a whole education should nurture, not restrict,

children’s natural instincts he believed that emotions, as well as

reason, were important to human development

HOMEWORK

Read ch 10 section 3 Take notes Answer questions 4, 5, & 6 on page 316

INDIVIDUAL/GROUP WORK

Adam Smith – Government has 3 basic roles 1) protecting society from invasion 2) defending citizens from injustice 3) engaging in public works that private

industry could not afford Do you support or oppose Smith’s

vision of government and state? Why

INDIVIDUAL/GROUP WORK

Research the basic platforms of the major US political parties – create own graphic organizer Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian Green

In a paragraph, explain which party Adam Smith would have been most comfortable and why. – which party aligns most with his ideas.

PART 2 OF SECTION 2

RIGHTS OF WOMEN

Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of the European and American movement for women’s rights.–She argued that women

were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens.

RIGHTS OF WOMEN - WOLLSTONECRAFT

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Power of men over women was equally wrong

women are rational beings, so they should have the same rights as men–in educational, economic, and political life

SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment ideas were most known among the wealthy and well-read

Great increase in literacy and books Businesses: magazines & newspapers

SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Enlightenment ideas also spread at the salon

SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT Salons were gatherings in the

elegant homes of the wealthy. The guests took part in conversations,

often about the new philosophical ideas.

Nobles, thinkers, artists, and government officials attended these salons. Some became very famous.

The women who hosted them could sway political opinion and influence literary and artistic taste

RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Most of the philosophes attacked the Christian churches, but most Europeans of the time were very religious

The desire of ordinary Protestants for a greater depth of religious experience led to new religious movements

RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

One new religious movement was Methodism

– John Wesley had a mystical experience in which “the gift of God’s grace” assured him of salvation.

RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Wesley preached to masses and appealed mostly to lower classes Caused conversions Many Methodists helped each other do

good works, which gave to the lower and middle classes a sense of purpose

Methodism became a separate Protestant group

HEROES OF ENLIGHTENMENT VIDEO

HOMEWORK: PROJECT

Create a political cartoon about a topic from this chapter

Depict a major event in a cartoon for a fictitious newspaper.

Topics: balance of power in Europe, alliances formed by different countries, Galileo & the Church, Enlightenment figures, Scientific Revolution Figures, Enlightened Absolutism, etc.

PROJECT

Due 11/16 (A Day) or 11/17 (B Day) Worth 35 Points Cartoon: Artwork contains an accurate and complete artistic

portrayal of the information = 10 points Colorfulness = 5 points Neatness = 5 points Title = 3 points Uses symbolism to portray a complex idea = 7 Written caption/paragraph clearly explaining

meaning = 5

CHAPTER 10, SECTION 3THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

MAIN IDEAS

Enlightenment beliefs were reflected in the art,

music, and literature of the time. Enlightenment thought impacted the politics of

Europe in the eighteenth century.

Bach Handel Haydn

Frederick the GreatMaria TheresaCatherine the Great

People to Identify

Mozart

THE ARTS

The Enlightenment had a large impact on culture European monarchs tried to

emulate Versailles, but in the Italian baroque style, not the French classical

They created a new kind of architecture

By the 1730s, a new artistic style–rococo–had emerged

THE ARTS

While the baroque style stressed grandeur and power, the rococo style emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action

– It was highly secular, valuing the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love

– The greatest rococo painter was Antoine Watteau

THE ARTS Enchantment and enthusiasm are

also part of rococo, as is evident in the paintings of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo– His masterpiece is the

ceiling of the bishop’s residence at Würzburg, a huge scene representing the four continents

THE ARTS—MUSIC & LITERATURE

The eighteenth century was one of the greatest in history for European music

Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart Henry Fielding: presents scenes of

English life Slums to aristocracy

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

The philosophes believed in natural rights for all people (i.e. the rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence).

The philosophes believed that enlightened rulers were to establish and preserve these. These rulers were to nurture the arts,

sciences, and education, and to enforce the laws fairly over all subjects

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

Enlightened absolutism is a term used to describe the monarchies that emerged at this time According to this view, monarchs of

this time tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal power.

We examined three states where philosophes tried to influence rulers to make enlightened reforms: Prussia, Austria, and Russia

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - PRUSSIA

Frederick William I and Frederick II made Prussia a European power in the eighteenth century Frederick William I tried to maintain a

highly efficient bureaucracy, whose values were obedience, honor, and service to the king.

Nobles who owned large estates were officers in the Prussian army

They believed in duty, obedience, and sacrifice, and were loyal to the king

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - PRUSSIA

Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, was one of Europe’s most cultured kings He knew and adopted some

Enlightenment ideas He abolished torture, except in treason

and murder cases, and granted limited freedom of speech, limited freedom of the press, and greater religious toleration.

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - AUSTRIA

Austria was major power by the 18th century Empress Maria Theresa, who came to

the throne in 1740, centralized the Austrian Empire and strengthened the state’s power

Her successor, Joseph II, was more influenced by the philosophes.

Abolished serfdom and the death penalty. He recognized equality before the law and

enacted religious reforms, including toleration

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - RUSSIA

After several weak rulers following Peter the Great’s death, Catherine the Great, the German wife of the murdered Peter III, came to the Russian throne She ruled from 1762 to 1796 She knew the ideas of the

Enlightenment and even invited Diderot to speak in Russia

In the end, she did not adopt Enlightenment reforms because she needed the support of the Russian nobility

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

The theory of enlightened absolutism seems questionable and was ultimately unsuccessful Most of these three governments did

not institute Enlightenment reforms The decisions the rulers made were

ultimately about the well-being of their states and increasing the state’s power

PAIR WORK

Create a graphic organizer or table to compare and contrast the reforms of Joseph II of Austria with those of Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia.

Write a paragraph in which you explain whether or not one or all of the rulers actually followed the advice of the philosophes and became enlightened. – Work on the paragraph together

Each group turns in one graphic organizer and one paragraph

HOMEWORK: PROJECT

DAY 2 OF SECTION 3

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

The War of the Austrian Succession

(1740 to 1748) was fought in Europe, the Far East, and North America Maria Theresa succeeded her father

to the Austrian throne after his death in 1740

The Prussian king took advantage of having a woman on the throne and invaded Austria

France allied with Prussia, and Britain allied with Austria

WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

In 1748, the War of Austrian Succession ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and all occupied territories but Silesia were returned to their original owners Two new rivalries took center stage:

France and Britain over colonial empires and Austria and Prussia over Silesia

Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia

SEVEN YEARS WAR

In 1756, another worldwide war broke out–in Europe, India, and North America– The superb Prussian

army was able to defeat the French, Austrians, and Russians for time

SEVEN YEARS WAR

SEVEN YEARS WAR

Prussian forces were being worn down, however, and Frederick the Great faced disaster until the czar Peter III withdrew his troops from the war A stalemate led to peace

In 1763, under the Treaty of Paris, all occupied territories were returned and Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia

SEVEN YEARS WAR

The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America The French colonies in North America

(Canada and Louisiana) were thinly populated trading outposts because the French settlers would not move to North America

The 13 British colonies were thickly populated with more than 1 million people by 1750 and were also were quite prosperous

SEVEN YEARS WAR

The British and French fought in the waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and in the Ohio River valleyThe French tried to establish forts in this valley to keep the British settlers from expanding into new territory

SEVEN YEARS WAR

At first the French were winning, but then William Pitt the Elder, Britain’s prime minister, revived Britain’s cause He focused the British navy against

the French and defeated the smaller, weaker French navy

The British soon scored a series of land victories in the Great Lakes area and the Ohio River valley

SEVEN YEARS WAR

The French made peace, and the 1763 Treaty of Paris transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain Spain, an ally of France, transferred

Florida to British control, and France gave Spain its Louisiana territory

By 1763, Britain was the world’s greatest colonial power

7 years war - crash course

THESIS STATEMENT LESSON

HOMEWORK

Read Section 4 Take Notes Answer the green reading check

questions