© student handouts, inc.. what was the industrial revolution? the industrial revolution was a...

© Student Handouts, Inc.

What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a

fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines

The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

The Industrial Revolution Machines were invented which

replaced human labor New energy sources were developed

to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)Some historians place advances in atomic,

solar, and wind energy at the later stages of the Industrial Revolution

Increased use of metals and mineralsAluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

The Industrial Revolution Transportation improved

Ships○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered

boilersTrainsAutomobiles

Communication improvedTelegraphTelephoneRadio

Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England

Steam Engines

By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories

Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports

Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron minesManchester, Liverpool

Transportation

Before the Industrial Revolution•Canal barges pulled by mules•Ships powered by sails•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution•Trains•Steamships•Trolleys•Automobiles

Agriculture and Industry The Industrial Revolution brought

machinery to farms The use of farm machinery meant that

fewer farm workers were needed Displaced farm workers moved to the

cities to find work in factoriesThis is called rural-to-urban migration

Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more cropsFood to eatRaw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

Problems of the Factory System Factories were crowded, dark, and

dirty Workers toiled from dawn to dusk Young children worked with

dangerous machinery Employment of women and children

put men out of workWomen and children were paid less for

the same work Technological unemployment –

workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines

Rise of Labor Unions Before labor unions, workers bargained

individually – “individual bargaining”Before factories, a worker could bargain for

better wages and working conditions by arguing his or her particular skills

But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace another

With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”Organized groups of workers elected leaders to

bargain on their behalfUsed tools (such as strikes) to gain rights

Legal Protections for Workers Limited hours for women

Later – equal pay for equal work Eventual end to child labor

Schools and requirements for school attendance grew as children were removed from the workforce

Health and safety codes Minimum wage Legalization of unions

Tokugawa Isolation European traders first arrived in Japan in the 1500’s. In 1600’s Tokugawa shoguns had gained control of Japan. They brought stability but also banned almost all contact with the

outside world. They also limited trade.

Treaty of KanagawaShogun of Japan opens Japan’s ports to American ships, had powerful

impact, some Japanese felt Shogun had shown weakness, some felt Japan needed to modernize, caused a rebellion that overthrew the Shogun and restored the emperor

Meiji Restoration In 1867 daimyo and samurai led a rebellion to remove Tokugawa Shogun from

power Meiji means enlightened rule and in 1868 the Meiji Emperor was established as

the ruler of Japan In this time they ended feudalism and began to modernize by selectively

borrowing from the west in Japan.

Borrowing from the West

The Meiji reformers were determined to strengthen Japan against the West. Members of the government traveled abroad to learn about western government ,

economics, and customs Foreign experts from the U.S., Great Britain and Germany were invited to Japan. The Japanese took western manufacturing and modernized the country by

building factories, railroads and roads. Using western ideals allowed Japan to modernize in about 40 years. Japan now went from and imperialized nation to an imperialistic nation.

Japanese Military Power Japan began to create a modern military with help from the United States and

Great Britain. The United States taught them tactics the they would use on the United States when the bombed Pearl Harbor

By 1890 Japan had modernized its army and navy. No longer were the samurai the only warriors. Because of the all men had to enter into the military.

When Japan fought Korea in 1894 they won easily. Soon the Japanese beat Russia in Manchuria. This marked the first time that an

Asian power had defeated a European power and made Japan a world power

Sino-Japanese War In 1876, Japan had grown in their military, political and economical strength. Japan later wanted to invade Korea, as did China. China and Japan signed a “Hands off” agreement, to keep Korea off limits to

each other. In June of 1894, China broke the agreement. This turned into the Sino-Japanese war. Japan won.

Russo- Japanese War Russo-Japanese War  (1904-05). The war began on Feb. 8, 1904

The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict in which a Japan fought Russia

The Reason for the war was to abandon Japans expansionist policy in the Far East.

The Russo-Japanese War developed out of the rivalry between Russia and

Japan for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. Japan easily won making them a world power