02. research process
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ResearchProcess
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Doing Research
Broad Problem area Preliminary information gathering
Research problem definition/ Research questions/Objectives of the study
Theoretical Framework / Review of Literature Tentative hypothesis / models development
Research design
Execution of research study
Data preparation and analysis
Reporting results / Writing report
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGIST, 2008 3
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The formulation of the
problem is often moreessential than its solution.
Albert Einstein
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Sources of Research Topics
Thesis and dissertation of self and others
Articles in academic and professional journals
Conference proceedings
Books and book reviews Discussion with experts
Potential users of research
Research guide and colleagues
Media
Researchers own effort.
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Where do research topics come from?
Experience of practical problems in the
field
Ideas in the literature
A problem well defined is a problem
half solved!
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Identifying Research problem
Splitting the area into sub areas
Areas of research interest
Researchers favourite discipline
Locating broader topics within the sub areas
Dividing topics into sub topics
Deciding on significant issues
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Identifying Research Problem: Example
Discipline
Areas
Sub area
Topic
Sub topics
Issues
Financial Management
Financial ServicesFinancial Products
Banking Insurance Mutual Fund
Retail Corporate Treasury
DepositoryAdvisory
Product
development
Product
distribution
Product
pricing
Customer
satisfaction
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Survey / Review of Literature
One of the preliminary, essential and
purposeful tasks to be done by the
researcher in order to acquaint oneselfwith the available body of knowledge in
the chosen area of interest.
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Survey / Review of Literature
Broad areas of work and specific issues
Focused reading
Classification according to themes
Details but NOT so detailed
Pointedly critical
Thememethoddataanalysis
Review and NOT description
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Formulation of a Research Problem
Involves developing and refining initial
research idea into articulate, specific,
measurable, achievable relevantresearchable problem through a careful
search and understanding of the literature
and utilising information from othersources.
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Formulation of a Research Problem
A well defined problem is : Establishes significance of the study
o Others to agree that - Worth investigating | answers wouldadvance knowledge | improve practice | improve human
conditions in general Enhances clarity of the study
o Others become aware of the researchers views andperceives researchers position and agree with the idea ofresearch
Ensures feasibility of the studyo Appropriately operationalised
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Statement ofResearch Objectives
Problem Definition
Defining Problem Results in
Clear Cut Research Objectives
ExploratoryResearch(Optional)
Analysis of
the Situation
Symptom Detection
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Defining research problem
Ascertain
thedecision
makers
objectives
Understand
theBackground
of the
problem
Isolate and
identify theproblem,
not
symptoms
Determine
the unit ofanalysis
Determine
therelevant
variables
State the
researchquestions
and
research
objectives
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Defining research problem
Iceberg principle
The dangerous part of many business problems, likesubmerged portion of the iceberg, is neither visible
nor understood by mangers. Situation Analysis
A Preliminary investigation or informal gathering of
background information to familiarize researchers ormanagers with the decision area
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Problem DefinitionOrganization Symptoms Based on Symptom True Problem
Twenty-year-oldneighborhoodswimmingassociation in amajor city.
Membership has beendeclining for years.New water park with
wave pool and waterslides moved intotown a few years ago.
Neighborhoodresidents prefer theexpensive water
park and havenegative image ofswimming pool.
Demographic changes:Children in this 20-year-old neighborhood
have grown up. Olderresidents no longerswim anywhere.
Symptoms may be confusing
Brewery Consumer preferstaste of competitors
product
Tastes of brewerys
products needs to be
reformulated
Old fashionedpackage is
influencing tasteperception
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Components of a Research Problem
Originating Questions
Objectives
Concepts
Variables
Hypothesis
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Originating Questions
Gaps in the existing body of knowledge
Apparent inconsistencies perceived
Flashes of insight
Methods
Survey of literature
Experience Survey
First hand observation
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Research Objectives
Set the direction of the study and relate the study tospecific aspects of bits of knowledge that need tobe gathered to fulfill the information requirementshighlighted in the research problem.
Stated in action terms
Serve as standard to evaluate the quality and valueof the research
Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, timebound, appropriately worded and unambiguous.
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Developing Objectives
Breakup the research into components
Detect the elements that breakup components
Determine what aspects, facets or angle of the topic
need to be focused on Thereby delimiting the scope of the study
To study about the volatility in sensex during the period2000 2010
To find out the factors influencing placemats of MBAstudents at IBS.
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Concepts
A concept is a generalized idea about a
class of objects, attributes, occurrences or
process that has been given a name. Abstraction of reality that is the basic unit
of theory development
In organizational theory leadership, productivity,morale are concepts
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Determine the Relevant Variables
Anything that may assume different
values
Dependent IndependentCategorical Continuous
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Theoretical Framework
Is a conceptual Model of how one makes logicalsense of relationship among several factors
Is the network of relationships among the variables
considered important to the study
It offers conceptual framework to proceed withresearch
Testable hypothesis can be formulated fromtheoretical framework
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Hypotheses
A hypothesis is an unproven proposition that is empiricallytestable.
More powerful in confirmatory research, ratherexploratory.
The null hypothesis is a hypothesis about a populationparameter.
The null hypothesis is often the reverse of what theexperimenter actually believes; it is put forward to allow
the data to contradict it. The null hypothesis is like presumption of innocence.
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Types of Hypothesis
Based on Empirical Uniformities Uni-variate and descriptive
Certain property or characteristics of a group
Average height of men is 5.5 feet
Based on Association Between variable Bi-variate and explanatory
Association between variable, =, > or
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