06 analysis of crime
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ANALYSIS OF CRIME
CJS 380 Crime Science:Principles, Strategies and Practice of
Crime Prevention and Reduction©
J.A. Gilmer
What is Crime Analysis“Crime analysis is the systematic study of crime and disorder problems as well as other police-related issues—including sociodemographic, spatial, and temporal factors—to assist the police in (1) criminal apprehension, (2) crime and disorder reduction, (3) crime prevention, and (4) evaluation.”
Rachel Boba
Boba, Rachel (2009) Crime Analysis with Crime Mapping, 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, p. 3.
Components of Crime Analysis• Qualitative data and methods– Non-numerical data to discover underlying meanings and patterns
(e.g., field research, content analysis)• Quantitative data and methods– Statistical analysis of numerical or categorical data
• Sociodemographic information– Personal characteristics of individuals or groups (gender,
race/ethnicity, income, age, education, etc.)• Spatial information– Crime locations relative to features of the environment
• Temporal information– Long-term (annual, seasonal), short-term (monthly, weekly, daily)
patterns
Development of Crime Analysis
• Vollmer’s vision – professionalize policing
• Police deployment– Used pin maps for calls for
service in police beats • MO (modus operandi) analysis– Tool in offender identification
and apprehensionAugust Vollmer
(1876-1955)
Chief of Police, Berkeley, CA, 1905-1932
Other Factors in Development of CA
• Crime analysis unit to systematically review all daily reports (O.W. Wilson – Vollmer’s protégé)
• Response time effectiveness challenged(Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment)
• Detective units highly unproductive(RAND, 1975. The Criminal Investigation Process.)
• Routinely identify habitual offenders(Integrated Criminal Apprehension Program)
• Rise and development of computer-aided technology
Professionalizing Crime Analysis
• 1980 – IALEIA –
• 1989—SCCA (Society of Certified Crime Analysts)– Now part or IALEIA
• 1990—IACA–
Int’l Assoc of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts
Int’l Assoc of Crime Analysts
Law Enforcement Analytic Standards
IACA Certification
Challenges of Crime Analysis• Computerized data for police record-keeping is
not always easily accessed for analytic purposes• Usually limited to the specific jurisdiction• ‘Turf’ issues hinder sharing across jurisdictions• Inter-jurisdictional sharing issues– Software compatibility– Differential reporting/recording of incidents
• Limited to information the PD already collects– Non-routine data collection (surveys, interviews etc.)
are difficult to obtain permission/resources to conduct
Types of Crime Analysis
• Administrative—Analytic reports for executives, legislators, public
• Investigative—part of a criminal investigation, e.g., offender or geographic profiling
• Tactical—daily summaries/compilations (incidents, arrests, FIRs, CFS, etc.) to determine a crime pattern or series
• Strategic—longer-term (months) analysis of crime problem area or pattern
‘Hot Spots’ and ‘Burning Times’
Hot Spots• Crime concentration/cluster• Distinct geographic location
– address, corner, ‘place’– Less than a ‘high crime area’
• Hot spot underlying causes– Crime Generators: numbers of
people interacting in one place– Crime Attractors: locations
known for crime opportunity– Crime Enablers: little or no
regulation of behavior
Burning Times• Repeated moments of high
crime in a temporal cycle• Not analyzed as often as hot
spots• Affected by ‘routine
activities’ (daily, weekly)
3 X 3 Hotspot Matrix – ConceptsTemporal
• Diffused –various time of day or day of week
• Focused—occurring at various but regular times throughout period
• Acute—occurring at regular frequency in narrow window
Spatial• Dispersed—fairly evenly
spread• Clustered—most incidents
occurring at a few places• Hotpoint—single location
that triggers most incidents
Jerry Ratcliffe
“…the aim of this work is to enable operational police officers to include spatial and temporal factors in their thinking. Although there may be some disagreement between officers as to the exact nature of a crime hotspot, chances are that the discussion will still generate positive thinking about the best operational tactic to employ to combat the particular hotspot problem.” Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004) “The Hotspot Matrix: A Framework forthe Spatio-Temporal Targeting of Crime Reduction”. Police Practice and Research 5(1):5–23
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction
Jerry Ratcliffe. The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction
Jerry Ratcliffe. The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction
Jerry Ratcliffe. The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.
Hotspot Matrix and Crime Reduction
Jerry Ratcliffe. The Hotspot Matrix as a framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction. Paper from the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, 20th June 2003, held in Cincinnati, OH. Used by permission.
Strategic Crime Analysis• Use more ‘immediate’ data from tactical crime
analysis to identify/analyze problems to generate more innovative solutions (responses)– Community problems may include both criminal activity
and quality of life issues• Crime analysis – the most important element of the
problem-solving process.“Crime analysis often focuses on generating reports on overall reported crime or searching for patterns to solve individual crimes. For problem-solving to be effective, analysis must be a more mainstream police activity than is traditionally the case. Although there is no one specific method or structure to best accomplish this, the analysis function must be central to the problem-solving process.” Bynum, T. S. (2001). Using Analysis for Problem Solving: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Study Points
• What are the components of crime analysis?• How can crime analysis be used to further the
goals of policing?• What are the different types of crime analysis
and when is each appropriate?• What is Ratcliffe’s Hotspot Matrix and how
can/should it be used?• How does strategic crime analysis fit with
community policing?
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