1 geology 1001/1101 sec 003 chris paola class 13: energy
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Geology 1001/1101
Sec 003 Chris PaolaClass 13: energy
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Key ideas about energy
• Energy use is linked fundamentally to population, population density, and GDP
• Total world energy consumption, now and projected
• Geology-related energy sources
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Geology & energy
• ~85% of current energy use is from fossil fuels: oil, gas (hydrocarbons) and coal
• All fossil fuel energy is fossil solar energy• All fossil fuel energy is linked to life and thus
to carbon• Are we running out of hydrocarbons? The
“peak oil” debate• Nuclear energy• Geothermal energy
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Key points
• How hydrocarbons form• Measuring the reserves, oil field sizes• Definitions: oil and gas units,
discoveries, proven reserves, ultimate recoverable reserves
• “Unconventional” hydrocarbons: shale gas, shale oil, tar sands
• A little about coal
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Energy and power
• Energy (work) – Joules– BTUs: 1 BTU = 1055 J– Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055x1018 J (1.055 ExaJ)– Kilowatt-hour: 1 KWH = 3600000 J– Calorie (food): 1 Cal = 4187 J
• Power: energy per time (energy rate)– 1 Joule/sec = 1 Watt– 1 HP = 746 Watt
• US energy consumption (power), per capita: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)
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Energy and power
• Energy (work) – 1 gallon [U.S.] of automotive gasoline = 131.8
Mjoule– 1 gallon [U.S.] of automotive gasoline = 31470
Calorie [nutritional]– Kilowatt-hour: 1 KWH = 3600000 J– Calorie (food): 1 Cal = 4187 J
• Power: energy per time (energy rate)– 1 Joule/sec = 1 Watt– 1 HP = 746 Watt
• US energy consumption (power), per capita: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)
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Energy equivalents
• 1 Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055 x 1018 J =8 x 109 Gallons (US) of gasoline 172 x 106 Barrels of oil293 x 109 Kilowatt-hours (kWh) 36 x 106 Tonnes of coal 970 x 109 cubic feet of natural gas (~1 TCF)6 x 109 UK gallons of diesel oil 25 x 106 Tonnes of oil
• solar input at surface: 168 W/m2 x 106 x 510,065,600
km2 x 3.1x107 sec = 2.66 x 106 EJ per year
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Energy per person
• Our per-person average consumption: 11.4 kW (11,400 Watt)
• In one year: 3.59 x 105 MJ = 359,000 MJ (mega joules) = 59 barrels of oil OR332,000 cubic feet of natural gas OR15 tonnes of coal OR67.9 m2 of sunlight (at 100% conversion)
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World energy consumption
2008 total world energy consumption, per year:
474×1018 J (474 EJ or 449 Quad)
80-90% derived from the combustion of fossil fuels
Oil equivalent: 77 x 109 (billion) barrels (Bbbl)
Actual world annual, oil only: 31 x 109 (billion) barrels (Bbbl)
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Total world energy consumption
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Where in the world was oil first produced for human consumption?
Texas?
Middle east?
California?
Caucasus?
JMAJMA
The Goal - ‘Black Gold’The Goal - ‘Black Gold’
Light Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field
North Texas
Light Texas CrudePalo Pinto Field
North Texas
Heavy Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas
Heavy Texas CrudeHumble Oil FieldSouthwest Texas
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
What is Petroleum?What is Petroleum?
• Petroleum:Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black a natural yellow-to-black flammable flammable liquid hydrocarbon found liquid hydrocarbon found beneath beneath the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface
• Hydrocarbon:Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made an organic compound made up up of carbon and hydrogen of carbon and hydrogen atomsatoms
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
Gasoline - 19.5 gallonsGasoline - 19.5 gallons
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallonsFuel Oil - 9.2 gallons
Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallonsJet Fuel - 4.1 gallons
Asphalt - 2.3 gallonsAsphalt - 2.3 gallons
Kerosene - 0.2 gallonsKerosene - 0.2 gallons
Lubricants - 0.5 gallonsLubricants - 0.5 gallons
Petrochemicals,Petrochemicals,other products - 6.2 gallonsother products - 6.2 gallons
One Barrel =One Barrel =42 gallons42 gallons
American Petroleum Institute, American Petroleum Institute, 19991999Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
024839-2
Projected World Energy SuppliesProjected World Energy Supplies
19001900 19201920 19401940 19601960 19801980 20002000 20202020 20402040 20602060 20802080 30003000
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100100 BILLION
BARRELS
Billion Barrels
of Oil Equivalent
per Year (GBOE)
Billion Barrels
of Oil Equivalent
per Year (GBOE) Natural
GasNatural
Gas
HydroelectricHydroelectric
Crude OilCrude Oil
Solar, Wind Geothermal
Nuclear Electric
1993
CoalCoal
24929
Decreasing
Decreasing
Fossil F
uelsF
ossil Fuels
Ne
w T
echno
logies
Ne
w T
echno
logies
World Energy DemandWorld Energy Demand
after Edwards,AAPG 8/97
Careers inCareers inOil & GasOil & Gas
Remain ImportantRemain Important
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
Global ExplorationGlobal Oil and Gas Fields
GasGasOilOil
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
US HydrocarbonUS HydrocarbonOccurrenceOccurrenceLargest 25 Oil FieldsLargest 25 Oil Fieldsby Ultimate Recoveryby Ultimate Recovery
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Deposition
Erosion
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Hydrocarbon formation
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Hydrocarbon formation
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Hydrocarbon formation
JMAJMA
Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes
24803
Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation
Source Source RockRock
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes
• Generation Generation -- Burial of source rock to temperature and Burial of source rock to temperature and pressure regime sufficient to convert organic pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter into hydrocarbon matter into hydrocarbon
• MigrationMigration - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the source - Movement of hydrocarbon out of the source rock toward and into a trap rock toward and into a trap
• AccumulationAccumulation - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into - A volume of hydrocarbon migrating into a trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an a trap faster than the trap leaks resulting in an
accumulation accumulation
• PreservationPreservation - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is - Hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is not altered by biodegradation or “water-washing” not altered by biodegradation or “water-washing”
• Timing Timing - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon - Trap forms before and during hydrocarbon migrating migrating Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
JMAJMA
A hydrocarbon “trap”: anticlineA hydrocarbon “trap”: anticline
GasGas
OilOil
WaterWater
Petroleum Accumulates in Structural ClosurePetroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure
Source: J. Armentrout, AAPG
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More hydrocarbon traps
JMAJMA
3D Seismic Image - Submarine Fan3D Seismic Image - Submarine Fan
Armentrout Armentrout et al.et al., 1996, 1996
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11
22
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Less Less Confined Confined
FlowFlow
Confined Confined FlowFlow
New Tools Better Data Improved UnderstandingNew Tools Better Data Improved Understanding
Hummocky Channel Levee
Lobate Mound
Sheet-Form Fan
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Hydrocarbons: drilling
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Where in the world was oil first produced for human consumption?
China (349)
Pennsylvania (1859)
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Are we running out of oil?
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Who was M. King Hubbert and what is “Hubbert’s Peak”?
Hubbert the person… …Hubbert the icon
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Hubbert’s prediction
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Source: J. LaHerrere, Oil & Gas Journal, 2000
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
Resources have limits, but is the limit quantifiable?
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
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Hubbert’s prediction revisited
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From Steve Gorelick, Stanford Univ.
Note: we have used ~ 1 Trillion bbl so far
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Unconventional hydrocarbons
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Tar sand
Athabaska sands, Alberta
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Tar sand reserve: 3.6 x 109 (trillion) barrels in Canada and Venezuela alone
For comparison:
Current world total energy consumption in oil equivalent: 77 billion bbl
Conventional oil reserves: 1.75 trillion bbl
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Shale gas
Gas-bearing shale, Alberta
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Shale gas
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Shale gas
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Shale gas reserve: 616 x 109 (trillion) cubic feet (TCF) in US alone
For comparison:
Current world total energy consumption in gas equivalent: 77 billion bbl
Conventional gas reserves: 6300 TCF
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What we don’t like about hydrocarbons…
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Gulf Coast Oil Spill, 2010
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Coal: fossilized marsh
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and CompanyFIGURE 14.13 Coal strip mine, Buskin, Indiana.
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Coal reserves
• Estimated total reserve: 843 Gton
• Current usage: 6.4 Gton/yr
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Other Earth-based energy sources
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company
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