1 notes 3/25 essays back end of class quiz thursday 3/27 no items today what about those boxes?
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Spanish and MexicanSW Environmental History
• Historical Documents Methods• Spanish Explorers & Climate• Huge cultural & Technological
differences• Spanish History and Institutions
– Crown and Church
• Mexican Period (very brief)
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Historical Methods: Examples
• Inscriptions– El Morro NM• Diaries, including indirect
observations– First robin of spring etc.
• Governmental records (census)• Church Records
(birth/death/marriage)• Private estate records (taxes)• Land survey records/scarred trees
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Historical Methods: Eyewitness Accounts
• Temporal proximity?• Spatial proximity?• Expert or amateur?• Changes in recorders?• Scaled data or
opinions?– 28°F. vs. “Very cold”
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Historical Documents: Can They Be Trusted?
• Purpose of document?• Biased recorder?
– Extreme events– Budget motives
• Was the witness willing to tell the truth?
• Independent corroboration** KEY***
Worlds Collide: Columbian Consequences
• Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502
7http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/
Cortez—1521--Mexico
Pizarro—1532--Peru
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Spanish Explorers/Colonizers of the Southwest
• Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca
don Diego de Vargas
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
don Juan de Oñate
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Spanish Explorers of the Southwest
• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado– Search for 7
Cities of Cibola– 1540-1542– 300 Spaniards– 700 Indian
Auxiliaries– 1000s of head
of Livestock– An INVASION
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Coronado’sRoute in AZ?
• Maps lost• Documents vague• Names ambiguous
– Despoblado ???– Disease???
• Native guides may have been lost– No longer familiar
with AZ Highlands?
to Pecos
Zuni
Culiacan
Tucson
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1598: Don Juan de Oñate
• Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico
• Livestock, supplies • Traveled through Rio
Grande Pueblo country • First Spanish
settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe.
• Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma
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Revolt and Reconquestencomienda= tribute
repartimiento=paid forced labor
• 1680 Pueblo Revolt– Puebloans organized and
revolted against Spanish settlements
– Pope-- Pecos– Spaniards retreated to El Paso
• 1692 Reconquest– don Diego de Vargas
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Yalu’s Question?
• Intelligence?– Racist
• Technological ability?– Proximate
• Cold vs. warm climate?– Exceptions exist
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Continental Axes Differ• Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude• Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate,
environmental barriers
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Domestication dates• Early in Eurasia• Late in the Americas
– Little independent domestication in SW
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Mammalian Domestication• Few candidates in the Americas (Llama,
Alpaca)• In the SW: turkey and dog only
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Infectious Disease• Eurasians evolved with it, Americans
didn’t• Germs could invade prior to the people• Devastating– 95% Mortality?
Modern Homework: Disease
• Killed: 20 M world wide• Infected 25% of pop• Killed 600,000 US
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Influenza Pandemic 1918
Most deaths: 20-40 y/olds
Most deaths:Sept-Nov
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According to Diamond:
• Environmental determinism– Grand-scale geography key
• Eurasians had environmental advantages– Domesticated plants and animals
early– Shared ideas easily– Developed metallurgy and writing– Co-evolved with infectious diseases
• Dominated Americans at first contact
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Environmental Determinism (ED) vs. Environmentalism
• ED = Environment sole determinant – Equatorial cultures unproductive:
hot– Temperate cultures productive
cooler– Racist, now discredited
• Environmentalism– Environmental exerts influence,
but not sole determinant– Culture plays a major role
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More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest
• Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino– 1692-1711– Reached
Tucson– Jesuit– Technology– Livestock– Agriculture
What did he see?
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Spanish Presidios
• Military Forts• Protection
– Indian Raiding• Livestock (cattle,
horses) abundant• Farming nearby• Tucson, Tubac, El
Paso• Ended in 1821.
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Spanish Missions• San Xavier del Bac
(White Dove of the Desert)– Kino 1692– 1770s rebuilt by
Franciscans– Just SW of Tucson– Still active church– Still active
farming• Tumacácori.
http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/
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European Native American Exchange
• Cattle, Horses• Sheep, Goats, Pigs• Citrus, Figs• Metal tools• Guns• Distilled Alcohol• Epidemic Diseases• Writing
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Native American European Exchange
• Corn• Beans• Squash• Turkey• Chili Pepper• Tomatillo• Sunflower
• Walnut• Acorn• Mesquite Bean• Agave• Pine Nut• Amaranth• Chocolate
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1800s Historical Dates• Mexican Independence 1821• Mexican-American War 1846• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848• Gadsden Purchase 1854
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Mexican Independence, 1821
• Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s
• Abandoned 1830s and 1840s– Apache raiding
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