1 structure and function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems chapter 29

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Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic SystemsChapter 29

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Circulatory System Heart

Right heart Pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary

circulation)

Left heart Pumps blood through the systemic circulation

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Circulatory System

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Circulatory System Heart

Mediastinum Heart wall

Pericardium Parietal and visceral Pericardial cavity and fluid

Myocardium Endocardium

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The Heart Wall

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The Chambers of the Heart Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle

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The Chambers of the Heart

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The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular valves

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve

Semilunar valves Pulmonic semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve

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The Valves of the Heart

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The Great Vessels Superior and inferior venae cavae Pulmonary artery (trunk)

Right and left pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins

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Blood Flow Cardiac cycle Diastole Systole Phases of the cardiac cycle

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Blood Flow

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Normal Intracardiac Pressures A wave V wave X descent Y descent C wave

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Normal Intracardiac Pressures

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Normal Intracardiac Pressures

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The Coronary Vessels Right coronary artery

Conus Right marginal branch Posterior descending branch

Left coronary artery Left anterior descending artery Circumflex artery

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The Coronary Vessels Collateral arteries Coronary capillaries Coronary veins

Coronary sinus Great cardiac vein Posterior vein of the left ventricle

Coronary lymphatic vessels

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The Coronary Vessels

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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac action potentials Conduction system

Sinoatrial node (SA) Intranodal pathways

Atrioventricular node (AV) Bundle of His (AV bundle) Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers

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Conduction System of the Heart

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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac excitation Propagation of cardiac action potentials

Depolarization Repolarization

Electocardiogram Automaticity Rhythmicity

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Structures That Control Heart Action Cardiac innervation

Sympathetic nerves Parasympathetic nerves

Adrenergic receptor function α- or β-adrenergic receptors Norepinephrine or epinephrine

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Autonomic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System

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Myocardial Cells Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells Intercalated disks Actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin

complex Troponin T, I, and C

Myocardial metabolism Myocardial oxygen consumption

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Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation

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Cardiac Performance Preload Afterload Frank-Starling law of the heart

End-diastolic volume Laplace law

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Cardiac Performance Heart rate

Cardiovascular control center Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers

Neural reflexes Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes

Atrial receptors Hormones and biochemicals

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Cardiac Performance Myocardial contractility

Stroke volume Inotropic agents Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

Cardiac output Volume of blood flowing through either the

systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute

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Cardiac Output

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Systemic Circulation Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

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Structure of Blood Vessels Lumen Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa (adventitia)

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Endothelium

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Structure of Blood Vessels

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Poiseuille law Pressure

Force exerted on a liquid per unit area Resistance

Opposition to force Diameter and length of the blood vessels

contribute to resistance

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Neural control of total peripheral resistance

Change in diameter of the vessels Baroreceptors Arterial chemoreceptors

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Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow Velocity Laminar vs. turbulent flow Vascular compliance

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Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

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Regulation of Blood Pressure Arterial pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Effects of cardiac output Effects of total peripheral resistance Effect of hyperemia Effects of hormones

Epinephrine and norepinephrine Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and

natriuretic peptides

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Regulation of Blood Pressure Adrenomedullin Insulin Venous pressure

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Regulation of Coronary Circulation Coronary perfusion pressure Autoregulation Autonomic regulation

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Lymphatic System Special vascular system that picks up excess

fluid and returns it to the bloodstream Lymphatic fluid Lymphatic veins and venules Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels

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Lymphatic System

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Noninvasive assessments

Sensorium of the individual Mucous membrane color Manually palpated pulse Auscultation of heart sounds Cardiography

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Noninvasive assessments

Pulse tracing Magnetic resonance imaging Doppler studies Stress testing Chest x-ray examinations

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Invasive assessments

X-ray films with barium Nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals

Hot spot imaging Cold spot imaging

Tomographic studies

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function Invasive assessments

Atrioventricular bundle electrocardiography Cardiac catheterization Coronary angiography

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Aging and the Cardiovascular System Arteriosclerosis

Cross linking of collagen Increased collagen Changes in elastin

Atherosclerosis

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Aging and the Cardiovascular System