1. urbanization and the lure of the city 2. city problems and machine politics
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1. Urbanization and the Lure of the City
2. City Problems and Machine Politics
GILDED
GILDED
GILDING
Urbanization Growth of
cities due to industrialization◦Labor and
markets1900 40%
Urban population
1920 50+%
Changes in CitiesExpansion
outwardStreetcars and
transportation◦Trolleys, railroads,
early subways◦Commute
Beginnings of suburbs, segregated workers by income
The ‘BurbsUpper and middle class escape
from city lifeFactors:
◦Abundant cheap land◦Cheap transportation◦Cheap construction◦Ethnic and racial prejudice◦Privacy/individual homes
Frederick Law Olmstead
1900 – suburbs in every major city
World’s first suburban nation
SkyscrapersExpansion
upward1885 –
Home Insurance in Chicago, first with a steel skeleton (10 stories)
Wainwright BuildingLouis
Sullivan – St. Louis 1890 (10 stories)
Carson Pririe Scott BuildingLouis
Sullivan, Chicago, 1899 (12 stories)
ALICO BuildingRoy Lane,
Waco, 1910 (22 stories)
Private city versus public city
At first, no call for services from government. Cities didn't keep up with the waste, pollution, disease, crime, and other hazards
Advocates had to convince citizens and governments to purify water, build sewage systems, waste disposal, police, zoning, etc.
City LifeEthnic
Neighborhoods◦Culture, newspapers,
cuisine, languageTenements
◦Crowded inner-city houses, often one room
◦Up to 4000 people/block
◦NYC window law Ventilation shafts
◦Led to rampant disease
Water, isolated oat product, salt, chili pepper, onion powder, tomato powder, oats (wheat), soy lecithin, sugar, spices, maltodextrin (a polysaccharide that is absorbed as glucose), soybean oil (anti-dusting agent), garlic powder, autolyzed yeast extract, citric acid, caramel color, cocoa powder, silicon dioxide (anti-caking agent), natural flavors, yeast, modified corn starch, natural smoke flavor, salt, sodium phosphate, less than 2% of beef broth, potassium phosphate, and potassium lactate.
All that plus 36% beef. Thirty-six percent—plus all the above making up for the other 64% of the party in your mouth.
According to the USDA, they can't call their mixture "beef" at all. Beef is defined by the USDA as "flesh of cattle", and ground beef is defined as:
Chopped fresh and/or frozen beef with or without seasoning and without the addition of beef fat as such, shall not contain more than 30 percent fat, and shall not contain added water, phosphates, binders, or extenders.
MACHINE POLITICS
CampaignsElections close. Split electoral
and popular voteCongress and President dividedParty identity and loyalty
PatronagePolitics about gaining office,
holding office, and providing jobs to faithful
Tammany Hall – NYC run by Boss Tweed
Issue 1: Civil Service ReformJames Garfield – Beset by job
seekers. Charles Guiteau shoots him in the back
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1881) – applicants took a test to qualify for jobs
Civil servants couldn’t make political contributions
Issue 2: CurrencyTo expand or not
expandHaves vs. Have notsDebtors, farmers,
entrepreneurs want expansion
Bankers, creditors, investors◦Increase in dollar’s
value by 300% 1865-1895
◦Gold standard
Greenback PartyMoney not backed by Specie like
in Civil WarDemands for silver money
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