15 - advent of rome[1]
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15. Advent of Rome
The Advent of Rome
Overview of the periods of Roman history; thequestion of Imperialems; areas of expansion;
Rome and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
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Phases of Roman History
The Monarchy of Rome (753510 B.C.)
The Republic (50927 B.C) Early Republic, Romes expansion in Italy (509264 B.C.) Middle Republic, Romes expansion in the Mediterranean
(264133 B.C.) Late Republic, period of civil war and upheaval (13327
B.C.)
The Augustan Age, peace and prosperity restored
(27 B.C.A.D. 14) The Empire (A.D.14235) The Late Empire (A.D. 235476)
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The Question of Imperialism
Definitions
The creation, maintenance, or extension of empire;controlling many nations and areas
Exploitation of inferior states through military andpolitical pressures
A system of imperial government, esp. government byan emperor
Roman context
Imperium: supreme authority, power to command;dominion or realm (territory under Roman command)
Rome, of course, had an empire long before she hadan emperor!
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Motives for Roman Expansion
Ancient
Roman prayer: Subdue to the Latins and extend theimperiumof the Roman people
Polybius: defensive imperialism
Modern
Accidental, Rome stumbled into empire, drawn in byentangling alliances and commitments
Preemptive, defensive; concerned about balance of
power and potential enemies Economic
Desire for power, glory, and opportunity (individual andcollective)
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Sources
Livy, 2145
Augustan age historiographer
Ab urbe condita
Polybius, 1549
Second century B.C. historiographer
Plutarch
2nd century A.D. biographer
Flamininus, Cato Maior, Aemilius Paullus[major Romanconquerers]
Appian
Early 2nd century A.D. historiographer
Macedonica, Syriaca, Iberica, Libyca[histories organized bytheater]
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The Punic Wars against Carthage
Made Rome a great power in the Mediterranean World
Transformed her into a sea power
Gave Rome her first overseas provinces
I Punic (264-241 B.C.): Sicily, first provinces
Sardinia and Corsica gained shortly thereafter
II Punic War (218-201 B.C.): Spain, two provinces
Carthage defeated after a desperate struggle in Italyfollowing Hannibals invasion
III Punic War (149-146 B.C.): North Africa Carthage itself besieged and destroyed
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Punic Wars: the Battles and the Territory
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The Roman West
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The Eastern Kingdoms Fall . . .
Above:Macedonia, after fightingfour wars, became a Romanprovince along with Greece. Right:the Seleucid Empire lost most ofAsia Minor to Roman provincesand clients. Upper right:The lastking of Pergamum left his kingdomto the Roman people; it becamethe province of Asia.
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The Balance of Power in the East
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Supremacy of Roman Power in the East
After weakening the Seleucid kingdom, Rome intervenesonly to maintain a balance of power
Antiochus IV Ephiphanes tries to reinvigorate SeleucidSyria
Rome thwarts Antiochus expansion into Ptolemaic Egypt
C. Popillius Laenas forces Antiochus to break off siegeof Alexandria with a circle in the sand (Liv. 45.12 =Mellor, 347)
Rome supports the Maccabean revolt in Judea, leadingto the Hasmonean Jewish state
Egypt effectively becomes a Roman protectorate
Rome intervenes in dynastic disputes, ensures royalwills, maintains kings
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Roman Administration
Inside Italy
Full citizens (civitas optimo iure)
Half citizens (civitas sine suffragio), numbers decliningas more gain full citizenship
Socii(including Latin colonies with special rights)
Outside Italy
Provinces
In Faith allies with moral obligations (Rome had
helped previously, dependant upon Roman support) Client Kingdoms
Free states (amicitia, or friendship alliances)
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Provincial Administration
Patchwork quilt of allies, subjects, and statuses
Provincia
From provincereto conquer, a governors sphere ofmilitary responsibility
Civitates foderatae(treaty states)
Independent with treaties with Rome, but withingovernors sphere
Civitates liberae et immunes(free and tax-free)
Civitates stipendaria(tibutary states)
Subject to land and poll tax
All states self-governing, all pay tariffs and tolls
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Provincial Governors
Praetors, propraetors, proconsuls
no new praetors elected after Sicily, Sardinia-Corsica, andthe Spains
Duties
Defend province
Apply jurisdiction
Between communities
When Roman citizen involved
Increasingly heard appeals
Administration Quaestor (largely financial)
Legati(lieutenants)
Assessors
Household servants and staff!
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Administrative Abuses
Governor supreme
No checks and balances as in Rome
Lacked colleague, comitiae, plebeian tribunes, etc.
Extortion, violence, arbitrariness
Galba acquitted by Senate for Spanish action
Led to establishment of a standing court, quaestio derebus repentundae, to deal with provincial misconduct,especially extortion
Jury still composed largely of senators!
Financial exactions and abuses
Publicanior tax farming corporations
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Mithridates and the Pontic Threat
Taking advantage of the SocialWar in Italy (9188 B.C.),Mithridates, King of Pontus,seized Cappadocia and Bithyniain 88 B.C.
A Roman envoy forced him towithdraw, but he subsequentlyinvaded the province of Asia aswell
Pontic invasion of Greecefollowed
Throughout the East, oppressedprovincials welcomed Mithridatesas a liberator Romans and Italians
massacred
Sulla brutally retakes Greece(8786 B.C.)
Treaty of Dardanus withMithridates (85 B.C.)
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Togate Roman versus Hellenistic Nude
Left: Honorific statue of
a municipal aristocrat, c.
80 B.C.
Right: Roman generaldepicted as a Hellenistic
king, c. 150 B.C.
Glorification of the
individual: first
equestrian statue
commissioned by theSenate of Sulla (now
lost; see Zanker 3-4)
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Realistic, and individualized,portraiture
Left to right:Now-anonymous man from Sardinia; M. Licinius Crassus; C. Iulius Caesar
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Rise of Pompey
71 B.C., M. Licinius Crassus defeats Spartacus Pompey returns from Spain as Crassus is mopping up
Tension between two resolved by decision to run for joint consulship
70 B.C., Consulship of Crassus and Pompey Consulship is Pompeys first office!
67 B.C., lex Gabiniagives Pompey imperium maiusagainst pirates Destruction of Seleucid and then Rhodian naval power had left a vacuum on
the seas
A resurgent Mithridates and his son-in-law Tigranes encouraged piracy
66 B.C., lex Maniliagives Pompey Lucullus Mithridatic command Lucullus has already driven Mithridates into hiding; vulture comment
64 B.C. Pompey in Syria
Dismissal of Antiochus XIII Asiaticus and Philip II Philoromaeus endsSeleucid dynasty
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Grand Pretensions: Pompeys imitationof Alexander the Great
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Rome and Parthia
Parthian, a central Asian people who had took some of the Iranianhighlands from the Seleucids The Arsacid Dynasty ruled Iran from 248 B.C. until their overthrow by the
Persian Sassanid Dynasty in A.D. 224 In 139 B.C. Mithridates I captured Demetrius II Nicator and occupied
Mesopotamia Ctesiphon, across from Seleucia-on-Tigris, became their Western capital
Do not forget about the large Babylonian Jewish community!
The annexation of Syria brought the Roman frontier in contact with theParthian Empire Parthian strengthtwo types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured
cataphracts and lightly armed but highly-mobile mounted archers (cf.Roman heavy infantry)
Parthian weaknesseslittle skill in siege warfare, had difficulty occupyingand administering territory (tended to be feudal)
Battle of Carrhae (53 B.C.) Crassus, trying to imitate or outdo Pompey, invaded Mesopotamia Roman army wiped out, Pompey killed
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Caesar: Civil War
and Dictatorship The die is cast
Invaded Italy in 49 B.C. whenpolitical opponentsthreatened him
Dictator I Civil War in Greece
Victory over Pompey atPharsalus (red circle)
Flight of Pompey to Egypt, hisdeath
Alexandrian War
Intervention into Ptolemaicdynastic struggle putsCleopatra VII on throne assole ruler (green circle)
Caesars affair and son 47 B.C., Caesar dictator II
Defeats Pharnaces at Zela:Veni, vidi, vici(blue circle)
46 B.C., Caesar dictator III (againstNumidian allies of optimates) andconsul III Reforms begin
45 B.C., Caesar dictator IV (dicatorrei publicae constituendae causa) forten years, consul IV Exceptional honors begin
March 15, 44 B.C. Assassinated
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