15038_modern welding processes2
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Plasma Arc Welding
PLASMA ARC WELDING
PLASMA ARC WELDING
PLASMA ARC WELDING
Inner orifice-Argon gas-plasmaArc- concentrated and straightNozzle-squeezing actionConstricted Arc – 11,000 ⁰CKeyhole technique – downhand weldingHigh metal deposition rateLess HAZExpensive equipmentFrequent replacement of nozzle
FRICTION WELDING
SolidState
Welding
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
Friction Pressure &Deformation
FrictionWeld
Friction welding is a solid state joining process that produces coalescence by the heat developed between two surfaces by mechanically induced surface motion.
Definition of Friction Welding
Continuous drive
Inertia
Categories of Friction Welding
One of the workpieces is attached to a rotating motor drive, the other is fixed in an axial motion system.
One workpiece is rotated at constant speed by the motor.
An axial or radial force is applied.
Continuous Drive
WorkpiecesNon-rotating viseMotor
ChuckSpindle Hydraulic cylinder
Brake
Continuous Drive Friction Welding
The work pieces are brought together under pressure for a pre-determined time, or until a preset upset is reached.
Then the drive is disengaged and a brake is applied to the rotating work piece.
Continuous Drive
WorkpiecesNon-rotating viseMotor
ChuckSpindle Hydraulic cylinder
Brake
Continuous Drive Friction Welding
One of the work pieces is connected to a flywheel; the other is clamped in a non-rotating axial drive
The flywheel is accelerated to the welding angular velocity.
The drive is disengaged and the work pieces are brought together.
Frictional heat is produced at the interface. An axial force is applied to complete welding.
Inertia Drive
Spindle
WorkpiecesNon-rotating chuck
Hydraulic cylinder
FlywheelMotor
Chuck
Inertia Welding Process Description
Friction Welded Hand Tools A Jet Engine Compressor Wheel Fabricated by Friction Welding
Applications
Courtesy AWS handbook
Friction Welds
Aluminum to Steel Friction Weld
Dissimilar Metals – Friction Welded
One of the work pieces is connected to a flywheel; the other is clamped in a non-rotating axial drive
The flywheel is accelerated to the welding angular velocity.
The drive is disengaged and the work pieces are brought together.
Frictional heat is produced at the interface. An axial force is applied to complete welding.
Inertia Drive
Spindle
WorkpiecesNon-rotating chuck
Hydraulic cylinder
FlywheelMotor
Chuck
Inertia Welding Process Description
Titanium Engine Valve
Titanium AluminidesorTitanium Borides(Brittle at RT)
Titanium Alloy(Ductile)
Inertia Weld
Jette, P , Sommer, A., “Titanium Engine Valve”, US Patent 5,517,956 May 21, 1996
Diffusion Welding
A solid-state welding process that produces coalescence of the faying surfaces by the application of pressure at elevated temperature.
The process does not involve macroscopic deformation, or relative motion of the workpieces.
A solid filler metal may or may not be inserted between the faying surfaces.
Work pieces
Schematic representation ofdiffusion welding using electrical resistance for heating
A
B
Force
Diffusion Welding
Welding ProcessesDiffusion Welding
• Parts forced together at high temperature (< 0.5Tm absolute) and pressure
Kalpakjian, S., Manufacturing Engineering & Technology, p. 889, 1992
• Atoms diffuse across interface
• After sufficient time the interface disappears
• Good for dissimilar metals
• Heated in furnace or by resistance heating
• Bond can be weakened by surface impurities
1st stagedeformation forming
interfacial boundary.2nd stage
Grain boundary migration and pore elimination.
3rd stageVolume diffusion and
pore elimination.
asperities come into contact.
2nd stage grainboundary migrationand pore elimination
1st stage deformationand interfacial boundary formation
3rd stage volumediffusion poreelimination
Diffusion Welding Working Principles
J1
= - D 1dcdx
Mass L2t
L2 t
Mass/L3 L
2 MethodsInert gasDead weights (for ferrous metals)
Features & ApplicationsMetallurgically soundNo further processingLarge area-making laminates
Plate/Fin heat exchanger (Titanium alloy)
History of Explosive weldingDuring the first world war it was observed
that fragments of steel shells of bombs occasionally stuck to metallic objects in the vicinity of the explosion. This, had it been realized, was an example of explosive welding.
Explosive welding was perhaps first noted by Carl in 1944.
Principle of ExplosionCladder metal can be placed parallel or
inclined to the base plateExplosive material is distributed over top of
cladder metalUpon detonation, cladder plate collides with
base plate to form weld
AdvantagesNo heat-affected zone (HAZ)Only minor meltingMaterial melting temperatures and
coefficients of thermal expansion differences do not affect the final product
The shock front compresses and heats the explosive material which exceeds the sonic velocity of undetonated explosives
AdvantagesSimplicity of the process.Welds can be produced on heat treated
metals without affecting their microstructures.
Lack of porosity, phase changes and structural changes impart better mechanical properties to the joints.
Limitations • In industrial areas use of explosives will be
severely restricted by the noise and ground vibration caused by explosion.
• Metals to be bonded by this process must possess some ductility and some impact resistance. Metals harder than about 50RC are extremely difficult to weld.
• Metal thickness grater than 62mm of each alloy cannot be joined easily and require high explosive loads.
ApplicationsCan weld large areas of metalCan weld inside and outside surfaces of pipesTransition joints can be made
Common industries that use explosion welding
• Chemical ProcessingPetroleum RefiningHydrometallurgyAluminum SmeltingShipbuildingElectrochemicalOil & GasPower GenerationCryogenic ProcessingPulp & PaperAir conditioning & ChillersMetal Production
Examples
Examples
3” Diameter AI/SS Ring Copper/Stainless 12” UHV Assembly
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