18 organic chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Functional Groups

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Organic Chemistry

Deals with parent molecules which are

formed by C and H atoms and other molecules which are formed or derivatized

from the parent molecule

 – Have attached functional groups which act as

reactive sites – Dictate specific chemical reactivities

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Functional Groups

Part of an organic molecule that undergoes

chemical reactions – Same functional group, same types of chemical

reactions

 – Determine in large measure, the physical

properties of a compound The units by which we divide organic

compounds into families of compounds

Serve as basis for naming organic compound

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Alcohols, R-OH

Contain hydroxy group/s attached to sp3 C

ExampleCH3OH

C

H

H

H

OH

Note: Lone pairs are not shown here and in subsequent structures.

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Classification of Alcohols

Dependent on number of carbons bonded to

the carbon bearing the –

OH group – Primary (1o)

 – Secondary (20)

 – Tertiary (3o)

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Methanol poisoning

Coconut lambanog vodka

80 proof (40% ethanol)

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Amines, R-NH2 

Contain amino group/s, -NH2 

Example

C N

H

H

H

H

H

CH3NH2 

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Classification of Amines

Depends on number of carbons bonded to

nitrogen – Primary (1o)

 – Secondary (20)

 – Tertiary (3o)

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Most simple amines have strong odors.

The odor given off by raw fish is due to an aminethat it contains.

Two particularly foul smelling amines are formed

by decaying flesh.

 – Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane)

 – Putresine (1,4-diaminobutane)

Amines –

Strong Odors

Section 14.4

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Many amines have medicinal applications.

 Amphetamines raise the glucose level in theblood resulting in less fatigue and hunger.

 – These synthetic drugs certainly have legitimate

medical uses, but can be addictive and lead to

insomnia, excessive weight loss, and paranoia. Benzedrine is one type of amphetamine.

Amines - Medicinal

Section 14.4

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Aldehydes, R-CHO

Contain a terminal carbonyl group, C=O

Example

C C

H

O

H

H

H

CH3CHO

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Formaldehyde

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Ketones, R-CO-R

Contain a carbonyl group bonded to two

carbon atoms Example CH3COCH3 

C C

O

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

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Acetone

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Carboxylic Acid, R-COOH

Contain a carboxyl (carbonyl + hydroxyl)

group Example CH3COOH

C C

O

O

H

H

H

H

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Formic acid is the simplest

carboxylic acid.

 – This is the substance that

causes the painful sting of 

insect bites.

Carboxylic Acids

Vinegar is a 5% solution

of acetic acid.

Section 14.4

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Identify the functional groups

CH

H

C

OH

H

O

C

H

OH

Lactic acid

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Identify the functional groups

CH

H

C

H

NH2 

O

C

H

OH

 Alanine

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Identify the functional groups

CH

H

C

H

H

O

C

H

OHC

O

 Acetoacetic acid

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Identify the functional groups

CHO

H

OH

H

O

C

H

HC

Glyceraldehyde