2006 us air force guide to bare base development 104p
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AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 1
1 FEBRUARY 2006
GUIDE TO BARE BASE
DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
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BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 1SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 1 February 2006
Operations
GUIDE TO BARE BASE DEVELOPMENT
NOTICE: This publication is available digitally on the AFDPO worldwide
web site at: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil
OPR: HQ AFCESA/CEXX (Lt Colonel Kent H. Nonaka)Certified by: HQ AFCESA/CEX (Colonel Thomas D. Quasney)
Supersedes: AFH 10-222, Volume 1, 1 July 1996Pages 113/Distribution: F
This handbook is designed to assist planners in accomplishing tasks and re-
sponsibilities related to bare base preparation and development. It describeskey construction and installation steps and provides a series of checklists to
follow based on specific engineer responsibilities. When coupled with qual-
ity training and common sense, this handbook should provide a soundframework for managing establishment of a bare base operation. Note: En-
sure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publica-
tion are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 37-123, Management of
Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposi-
tion Schedule (RDS)located at https://webrims.amc.af.mil.
Chapter 1INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 6
1.1. Purpose........................................................................................ 7
Figure 1.1. Typical Bare Base in Southwest Asia............................................ 7
1.2. Situation. ..................................................................................... 7
Table 1.1. BEAR Force Module Deployment Packages. ................................. 9
Table 1.2. Harvest Falcon Deployment Packages............................................ 9
1.3. Assumptions.............................................................................. 10
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1.4. Threat. ....................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2ORGANIZING BEDDOWN FORCES ................................. 12
2.1. Organization.............................................................................. 12
Table 2.1. Command and Control. ................................................................. 12
Table 2.2. Logistics Support. ......................................................................... 13
Table 2.3. Fire Protection............................................................................... 13
Table 2.4. Utilities.......................................................................................... 13Table 2.5. Engineering. .................................................................................. 14
Table 2.6. Explosive Ordnance Disposal. ......................................................14
Table 2.7. Structural/Mechanical. .................................................................. 14
Table 2.8. Electrical. ...................................................................................... 15
Table 2.9. Equipment. ....................................................................................15
2.2. Specialized Skills...................................................................... 15
2.3. Multiskilling.............................................................................. 15
Chapter 3FORCE MODULES ................................................................ 17
3.1. Force Module Concept.............................................................. 17
Figure 3.1. Force Modules. ............................................................................ 18
3.2. Movement of Bare Base Assets. ............................................... 19
Figure 3.2. Airfield Damage Repair Equipment. ...........................................21
3.3. Stages of Development. ............................................................ 22
3.4. Initial Stage. .............................................................................. 22
Figure 3.3. Inspecting Airfield Pavement ......................................................23
Figure 3.4. Airman Operating an R-14 Refueling System. ............................ 23
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3.5. Intermediate Stage. ................................................................... 25
Figure 3.5. Installing Water System Components..........................................25
Figure 3.6. Adjusting Expeditionary Power Plant Controls. ..........................26
3.6. Follow-on Stage........................................................................ 28
Figure 3.7. Environmental Control Unit. ....................................................... 28
3.7. Sustainment Stage..................................................................... 29
Chapter 4BARE BASE SITE PLANNING ............................................ 324.1. Site Planning and Layout. ......................................................... 32
4.2. Planning Factors........................................................................ 32
4.3. Facility Group Layouts. ............................................................ 33
Table 4.1. Safety Distance Criteria. ............................................................... 33
Figure 4.1. Facility Dispersal Pattern Template............................................. 34
Figure 4.2. Mobile Aircraft Arresting System................................................ 35
4.4. Utilities...................................................................................... 36
4.5. Organizational Layouts............................................................. 36
Chapter 5WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................................... 37
5.1. Water Sourcing and Distribution. ............................................. 37
Figure 5.1. ROWPU....................................................................................... 37
5.2. Water Production Equipment.................................................... 37
Figure 5.2. Trailer-Mounted Bladder. ............................................................ 38
Figure 5.3. Onion Storage Tank. .................................................................... 38
Figure 5.4. Water Storage Bladder.................................................................39
Figure 5.5. Above Ground Water Distribution Hoses.................................... 39
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5.3. Water Distribution Equipment. ................................................. 40
Chapter 6WASTEWATER OPERATIONS .......................................... 42
6.1. Wastewater Collection System. ................................................ 42
Figure 6.1. Expedient VIP Latrine on Forklift. .............................................. 42
Figure 6.2. Field Deployable Latrine. ............................................................ 43
Figure 6.3. Wastewater Disposal Trailer........................................................ 43
Figure 6.4. Evaporation Bed Under Construction..........................................446.2. Installing Wastewater Systems. ................................................ 45
Figure 6.5. Stabilization Lagoon. ................................................................... 46
Chapter 7AIRFIELD OPERATIONS .................................................... 47
7.1. Airfield Upgrade and Support................................................... 47
7.2. Pavement Repairs...................................................................... 47
7.3. Parking Areas............................................................................ 47
Figure 7.1. Airmen Installing AM-2 Matting.................................................48
7.4. Airfield Obstacles. .................................................................... 49
7.5. Revetments................................................................................ 49
Figure 7.2. Aircraft Revetment Erection........................................................ 50
Chapter 8ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION ..........................................51
8.1. Electrical Distribution Systems................................................. 51
Figure 8.1. Typical MEP Generator. .............................................................. 51
Figure 8.2. MEP Generator Connected to SDC. ...........................................52
8.2. Power Plants. ............................................................................ 53
Figure 8.3. MEP-12 Power Plant. .................................................................. 53
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Figure 8.4. Primary Distribution Center....................................................... 540
Figure 8.5. Airmen Connecting High Voltage
Cables to SDC.............................................................................. 54
Figure 8.6. Facility Distribution Panel. ........................................................ 551
8.3. Secondary Distribution. ............................................................ 55
8.4. Electrical Cable......................................................................... 55
Figure 8.7. Burying Electrical Distribution Cable.......................................... 56
Figure 8.8. Trench Requirements for Burying Power Cable. .........................57
Chapter 9BARE BASE FACILITIES .................................................... 58
9.1. Facility Erection........................................................................ 58
Figure 9.1. BEAR Shipping Containers.........................................................59
9.2. Shelters...................................................................................... 60
Figure 9.2. Small Shelter System................................................................... 60
Figure 9.3. Medium Shelter System............................................................... 61
Figure 9.4. General Purpose Shelter...............................................................61
Figure 9.5. Expandable Shelter Container...................................................... 61
Figure 9.6. Aircraft Hangar............................................................................ 62
Figure 9.7. Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelter..................................... 63
Chapter 10FORCE PROTECTION ....................................................... 64
10.1. Protective Shelters .................................................................. 64
10.2. Constructing Protective Shelters............................................. 65
Figure 10.1. Metal Culvert Shelter................................................................. 66
Figure 10.2. CONEX Container Shelter.........................................................66
Figure 10.3. Timber Shelter. .......................................................................... 67
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Figure 10.4. Soil Cement Revetment. ............................................................ 67
Figure 10.5. Timber and Soil Revetment. ......................................................68
Figure 10.6. Plywood Wall Revetment. .........................................................68
Attachment 1GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND
SUPPORTING INFORMATION ................................... 69
Attachment 2TYPICAL BARE BASE POPULATION......................... 84
Attachment 3TYPICAL RED HORSE TASKINGS ............................. 74
Attachment 4BARE BASE DEVELOPMENT TASK
TIMELINES ...................................................................... 75
Table A4.1. Bare Base Development Task Timelines.................................... 76
Table A4.8. Water and Waste Task Timelines............................................... 83
Table A4.10. Electrical Task Timelines......................................................... 85
Table A4.11. Equipment Operations Timelines. ............................................ 86
Attachment 5SITE PLANNING AND LAYOUT
CHECKLIST ..................................................................... 89
Attachment 6ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS CHECKLIST ....................... 91
Attachment 7WATER SYSTEMS CHECKLIST ................................. 94
Attachment 8WASTE SYSTEMS CHECKLIST .................................. 97
Attachment 9FACILITY ERECTION CHECKLIST .......................... 99
Attachment 10PAVEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
CHECKLIST ................................................................. 101
Attachment 11FIRE PROTECTION CHECKLIST ........................... 103
Chapter 1
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INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose. This handbook addresses actions necessary to effectively and
efficiently establish and develop a bare base location using Basic Expedition-
ary Airfield Resources (BEAR) mobile assets. This includes resources com-ing into the inventory as new expeditionary equipment as well as resources in
the older Harvest Falcon and Harvest Eagle packages. The handbook is
meant to be used primarily by engineers responsible for initial beddown plan-
ning and execution at bare base and forward operating locations. Users of
this booklet are assumed to have a basic knowledge of bare base assets andtheir use. AFPAM 10-219, Volume 5, Bare Base Conceptual PlanningGuide, provides additional information on bare base planning. Also, refer to
other handbooks in the 10-222 series, as well as applicable technical orders,
for additional guidance on bare base assets.
Figure 1.1. Typical Bare Base in Southwest Asia.
1.2. Situation. Historically, bare base force deployments under contingency
or wartime conditions used a squadron of aircraft as a basic building block.
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Table 1.1. BEAR Force Module Deployment Packages.
BEAR BEDDOWN EXAMPLE
One Squadron
1,100 Personnel
Two Squadrons
2,200 Personnel
Three Squadrons
3,300 Personnel
550 Initial (550I) Housekeep-ing Set550 Follow-on (550F) House-keeping Set
Industrial Operations Set
Initial Flightline Set
550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set
Industrial Operations Set
Initial Flightline Set
Follow-On Flightline Set
550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set
550F Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set
Industrial Ops Set
Initial Flightline Set
Follow-On Fltline SetFollow-On Fltline Set
Table 1.2. Harvest Falcon Deployment Packages.
HARVEST FALCON BEDDOWN EXAMPLE
One Squadron1,100 Personnel
Two Squadrons2,200 Personnel
Three Squadrons3,300 Personnel
Housekeeping Set
Industrial Operations Set
Initial Flightline Set
Housekeeping SetHousekeeping Set
Industrial Ops Set
Initial Flightline SetFollow-On Fltline Set
Housekeeping Set House-keeping Set Housekeeping
Set
Industrial Ops Set
Initial Flightline Set
Follow-On Flightline SetFollow-On Flightline Set
1.2.3. For purposes of this handbook, discussions will normally be predicated
on a deployment with a base population of approximately 1,100 personnel.
Attachment 2 shows a listing of the various base functions and associated
populations expected at a bare base. It is not all-inclusive and variationsshould be expected; however, the listing provides a reasonable snapshot of
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the personnel complement of a squadron-sized bare base deployment. All of
these personnel will probably not arrive on the same day. Usually the flying
operations personnel arrive early with the aircraft along with a sizable main-
tenance support element and portions of the combat support group function.The remaining base population, primarily mission support personnel, arrives
over the next few days.
1.3. Assumptions. Certain assumptions must be made to provide a defini-
tive scope and focus for the tasks addressed later.
1.3.1. Engineer tasks and priorities must permit combat sortie generationwithin 72 hours of engineer force arrival.
1.3.2. Airlift capability to the bare base location exists.
1.3.3. Sufficient quantities of construction and materials handling equipment
will be available, although not always as early in the deployment as desired.
1.3.4. The bare base location could be subject to hostile fire.
1.3.5. Sufficient quantities of BEAR equipment are available to support the
aircraft and population mix.
1.3.6. Individual organizations erect their own tents and shelters with limitedtechnical support from CE personnel.
1.3.7. Climatic extremes are not being encountered, which force special ac-
tions such as installation of cold weather protection packages on bare base
assets.
1.4. Threat. One of the first items of information engineers must obtain is
the threat to the airfield to determine what type of survivability and vulner-
ability reduction measures will be required. In any environment, aircraft on
the ground must be protected, airfield systems must be kept operational, and
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Chapter 2
ORGANIZING BEDDOWN FORCES
2.1. Organization. Development of a bare base, while comprised of many
tasks, is performed with one goal in mindquickly setting up an infrastruc-
ture to support aircraft operations. Employment of engineer forces to meetthis goal must be similarly focused. One way to provide this focus is tocon-
centrate engineer efforts and manpower on the main components of the
BEAR mobile asset system. The following tables illustrate one way of orga-
nizing engineer forces for a 1,100-person bare base beddown; however, thenumber of personnel per team is subject to change.
Table 2.1. Command and Control.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
32E3 3
3E000 1
3E090 1
3E291 1
3E391 1
3E591 13E651 1
3E671 1
3E490 1
8F000 1
3E971 1
3E951 2
3E871 1
Provide command and control to the engineer force.
Set priorities and allocate resources. Operate commandcenter, serve on base command staff. Direct workforceand provide on-scene coordination. Provide communi-cation, planning and scheduling support. Perform liai-
son with other base agencies. Develop plans. Interfacewith higher headquarters and local agencies. Provide
status reports. Coordinate EOD and chemical, biologi-cal, radiological and nuclear defense operations.
Total 16
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Table 2.2. Logistics Support.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E651 2
2S051 3
2S071 1
Provide input for logistics plans and programs. Re-ceive, separate, move, inventory, and maintain ac-
countability for bare base assets. Establish and operatesupply storage areas. Order materials and performfollow-up. Develop work-arounds for supply short-
falls. Maintain holding area for bare base assets and
assist repackaging and redeployment activities. Total 6
Table 2.3. Fire Protection.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E731 7
3E751 11
3E771 5
3E791 1
Provide aircraft rescue fire fighting support for a squadronof aircraft. Provide limited structural, munitions and petro-leum, oils and lubricants (POL) fire fighting support. Op-erate fire department alarm center. Provide command and
control. Develop pre-fire plans. Perform fire extinguisherservicing. Total 24
Table 2.4. Utilities.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFS
Number of
Personnel
3E431 4
3E451 9
3E471 3
3E432 1
3E452 1
3E472 1
3E453 1
3E473 1
Establish water points. Treat and haul initial watersupplies. Layout and connect initial and long termwater distribution systems. Set up and operate water
plants. Establish expedient latrines. Set up field de-ployable latrines and shower/shave units. Installwastewater collection system. Operate sewage collec-
tion trailer. Erect and connect fuel bladders. Assist ininstallation of mobile aircraft refueling systems. Per-form refueling operations for generators and boilers.
Operate ice machines. Install grease traps. Connectwater and sewer lines to facilities. Operate demineral-ized water and insect and pest control. Total 21
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Table 2.5. Engineering.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
32E3 3
3E531 2
3E551 2
3E571 1
Perform site surveys & determine layout of functionalgroup areas, utilities & cantonment areas. Determineairfield clearance zones, arresting barrier locations,navigation aid (NAVAID) sites and revetment loca-
tions. Site roads and access ways. Lay out munitionsareas & other areas requiring cut & fill operations.Layout chemical, biological, radiological & nuclear
(CBRN) defense areas. Perform topographic surveys.Provide expedient designs & engineering guidance forutility installation. Provide input for engineering plansand construction programs. Provide engineering adviceon hardening and air base defense construction efforts. Total 8
Table 2.6. Explosive Ordnance Disposal.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E851 3
3E871 2
Provide command and control assistance. Performevaluation, identification, render safe, and disposalactions for unserviceable munitions, unexploded explo-
sive ordnances (UXOs) and improvised explosive de-vices (IEDs). Perform demolition operations. Total 5
Table 2.7. Structural/Mechanical.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E331 3
3E351 6
3E371 3
3E131 4
3E151 7
3E171 3
Construct expedient facilities. Erectbare base assets.Install flooring and hardback tents. Construct grease
traps, refuse collection boxes and forms. Mix and pourconcrete. Install AM-2 matting. Modify existing fa-
cilities. Construct defensive positions and revetments.Install and maintain heaters, boilers, kitchen equip-ment, air conditioners, refer boxes, ice machines, waterchillers, compressors, immersion heaters, decontamina-
tion units and water fountains. Assist in facility erec-tion. Perform repackaging and redeployment actions. Total 26
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Table 2.8. Electrical.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E031 4
3E051 7
3E071 2
3E032 2
3E052 4
3E072 1
Install and maintain airfield lighting systems, staticgrounds, and area lighting. Install and maintain aircraftarresting systems. Install/ maintain mobile generators.Set up and operate power plants. Install grounding
networks, fuel bladders and control panels. Layout andinstall above and below ground electrical distributionsystems. Connect electrical service to distribution
centers, facility panels and equipment. Perform rede-ployment and repackaging activities. Total 20
Table 2.9. Equipment.
Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of
Personnel
3E231 3
3E251 6
3E271 3
Repair, maintain, and upgrade airfield pavements.Provide airfield sweeping operations. Clear base pe-rimeter and airfield obstructions. Construct parkingareas, pads and roads. Perform dust and foreign object
damage (FOD) control. Perform grading, excavatingand trenching operations. Construct and operate sani-
tary land fill and operate incinerators. Perform sitepreparation and leveling. Construct berms, revetments,defensive fighting positions and obstacles. Constructevaporation ponds, lagoons, and draining structures. Total 12
2.2. Specialized Skills. The previously described organization of civil engi-
neer forces is just one of many that can be established for bare base taskings.It is predicated on the typical Prime BEEF team structure. For some work
requirements, however, specialized skills and equipment will be necessary; in
those cases RED HORSE forces are normally deployed to that location. A
listing of typical RED HORSE tasks is included in Attachment 3.
2.3. Multiskilling. It must be emphasized that although personnel are gener-
ally organized around specialties and abilities, multiskilling is inherently
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critical. Many tasks will require more than one skill for accomplishment and
many more are not solely Air Force Specialty (AFS) unique. Requirements
such as camouflage, concealment, and deception; dispersal site construction;
hardening; revetment erection; facility erection, etc., will require more man-
power than is provided by any one AFS. The main points to remember are to
remain flexible and keep a mission perspective.
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Chapter 3
FORCE MODULES
3.1. Force Module Concept. The Force Module Concept is an integration
of light and lean operational and support capabilities that are scaleable and
flexible. The concept is made up of five modules that are not executed se-quentially but rather overlap each other over time to build the capability to
support operations. As shown in Figure 3.1, the modules are: open the air-
base, command and control, establish the airbase, generate the mission and
operate the airbase.
3.1.1. The first engineers on site will likely be assigned to Airborne RED
HORSE, Contingency Response Groups, airfield assessment teams, or other
small units responsible for specific initial assessment and repair tasks ratherthan overall beddown planning and execution. They will typically deploy
with the open the airbaseforce module, complete their tasks, and then rede-
ploy home to reconstitute or forward to open a different site. The BEAR 150Housekeeping set contains a limited number of tents and support equipment
for use by open the airbaseforces and will typically be redeployed along with
those forces.
3.1.2. Prime BEEF units tasked to beddown and sustain forces at a given site
will deploy a two-person site planning team with the command and controlforce module, and the remainder of the tasked Prime BEEF forces with theestablish the airbasemodule. The site planning team, UTC 4F9ES, consistsof a field grade officer and engineer assistant from the primary tasked Prime
BEEF UTC (e.g. 4FPEA) and deploys ahead of the rest of the team. These
two people reunite with the primary UTC when it arrives.
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Figure 3.1. Force Modules.
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3.1.3. The 49thMaterial Maintenance Group (49 MMG) provides deployable
teams to assist Prime BEEF and RED HORSE forces with deployment and
redeployment of BEAR assets. The 13-person XFBJ1 Housekeeping Tech
Supervision team provides expertise and training on housekeeping sets, whilethe 4-person XFBJ2 Large Structures Tech Supervision team does the same
for BEAR aircraft hangars, dome shelters and other large structures. These
teams are under operational control of the air component commander andtasked through the air component engineer to provide temporary force bed-
down or redeployment support as needed throughout the theater of opera-
tions.
3.1.4. The BEAR 550I Initial Housekeeping, 550F Follow On Housekeeping,
Industrial Operations, Initial Flightline, and Follow On Flightline sets will be
deployed with the establish the airbase and/or operate the airbase force
modules, depending on logistic constraints and the sites required capabilities.
To help the Prime BEEF team maintain accountability of these assets andestablish resupply channels and reachback support, the 49 MMG also deploys
a supply technician under UTC XFBKB, to be assigned to the deployed BCE.
Refer to AFH 10-222, Volume 2, Guide to Bare Base Assets, and AFPAM10-219, Volume 5, for detailed information on the contents and employment
of the various BEAR sets.
3.2. Movement of Bare Base Assets. The proper flow of bare base assets
into a contingency location is critical to establishing the airbase and generat-ing the mission. Obtaining non-essential assets early in the logistics flow
merely congests off-load areas, increases the potential for loss or damage to
items, and does little to provide immediate mission capability. As users andinstallers of much of the bare base equipment, and in some cases planners for
bare base contingency operations, civil engineers have a vested interest in,
and responsibility for, influencing the flow of bare base equipment. Selectionand time-phasing of BEAR assets for a given site is usually determined by the
theater logistics (A4/LG) staff, with input from the civil engineer (A7/CE)
staff. Engineers can influence the process by working with their unit-level
logistics plans office and the theater civil engineer staff.
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3.2.1. The BEAR assets that are generally transported first is the housekeep-
ing set, followed by the industrial operations set, then the initial flightline
support package (for a single squadron deployment). This sequencing en-
sures a rudimentary airbase infrastructure to support aircraft mission. Assetsare usually airlifted to their final location, although in major contingency op-
erations some assets could be sealifted. In overseas theaters, where bare base
assets are sometimes prepositioned, over-the-road or rail movement may beused.
3.2.2. The order of deployment flow within each of the major packages has a
direct bearing on how well the buildup of the base can progress. If plannersare in a position to influence the flow of bare base assets to their installation,
there are some key items they should normally attempt to obtain first. From
within the housekeeping package, efforts should be concentrated on deploy-ing the reverse osmosis water purification units (ROWPU), initial water dis-
tribution system, mobile electric power (MEP) generators, remote area light
sets (RALS) and a couple of secondary distribution centers (SDC) initially.These assets should be followed by a reasonable amount of tentage and the
electrical distribution system components. It is not good logistically to re-
ceive all tentage and environmental control units (ECU) up front since no one
will be available to set them up, nor will there be utility service to support
them.
3.2.3. From the industrial package, the first items received should include thewater source lines, additional generators and initial shop facilities. The
common use, multipurpose and admin facilities as well as the water loop sys-
tem and air conditioners should arrive later. The initial flightline support
package contains mostly aircraft maintenance related facilities and the main-tenance community should determine their priority. Included in this package
are the mobile aircraft arresting system and emergency airfield lighting set.
Consider requesting these items be shipped up front with the ROWPUs and
generators if the operational situation requires their use.
3.2.4. Vehicle sets have been established to provide base-wide transportation
and construction capability to support BEAR beddown operations. A basic
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bare base vehicle support package provides about 60 vehicles, mostly engi-
neer and materials handling types. Other vehicle sets are added to this pack-
age as necessary. These additive packages include M-series vehicles, general
purpose vehicles, tractor trailer sets, aircraft maintenance and support vehi-cles, and small quantities of airfield damage repair (ADR) equipment (Figure
3.2). All of these assets are usually shipped into deployment locations either
from prepositioned stocks or major command (MAJCOM) assets. However,vehicle support will likely be a genuine limitation in day-to-day work efforts,
at least initially. Most deployed general-purpose vehicles will not be ear-
marked for specific organizations; they support the entire base populace.
Sharing vehicle assets will be a common practice.
Figure 3.2. Airfield Damage Repair Equipment.
3.2.5. The using organization for special purpose vehicles is much easier to
determine; however, do not expect to see a full complement of engineer
heavy equipment arrive on the first day of deployment. Potentially, much of
it might be sealifted to your location. See AFH 10-222, Volume 2 for a list-
ing of the various bare base vehicle and equipment sets and a recommended
engineer vehicle package (be sure to make your needs known to the board or
agency responsible for base-wide vehicle allocation). If deployed to a loca-
tion where an ADR capability is necessary, be prepared to ask for vehicle
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packages that are adjusted to that requirement [tailor the basic bare base vehi-
cle unit type code (UTC)].
3.3. Stages of Development. There are normally four stages of bare base
development. They are the initial, intermediate, follow-on and sustain-mentstages. Beddown tasks within these stages are generally prioritized as
shown below. During the initial and intermediate stages most of the tasks to
be accomplished will fall in the upper two priorities; once the follow-on stage
is reached, tasks will shift more and more toward the lower priorities on thelist. Although timeframes are given with the various stages, some task efforts
will overlap stages because of their scope or manpower requirements.
3.3.1. Operational requirements.
3.3.2. Utility systems and services.
3.3.3. Transportation network.
3.3.4. Essential support facilities.
3.3.5. Other support facilities.
3.4. Initial Stage. During the initial stage of bare base development, engi-neer efforts are concentrated on accomplishing those tasks that are necessary
to meet the requirement for combat sortie generation within 72 hours. These
tasks (not in sequential order) include:
3.4.1. Establishing and developing water points.
3.4.2. Inspecting airfield pavements for serviceability and accomplishing
expedient repairs and marking if required (Figure 3.3).
3.4.3. Hauling water from water points to purification site.
3.4.4. Establishing expedient field latrines.
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3.4.5. Establishing basic water treatment plant (facility and purifica-
tion/storage).
Figure 3.3. Inspecting Airfield Pavement.
3.4.6. Verifying arresting barrier serviceability or installing mobile aircraft
arresting system (MAAS).
3.4.7. Verifying airfield lighting serviceability or installing emergency air-
field lighting set (EALS).
3.4.8. Providing site preparation support for NAVAIDs and mission criticalfacilities.
3.4.9. Assisting set up of R-14 refueling system.
3.4.10. Providing mission-essential power to critical facilities using mobile
generators (up to 100 kW in size).
3.4.11. Setting up emergency security/area lighting.
3.4.12. Performing EOD inspection of the entire installation.
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Figure 3.4. Airman Operating an R-14 Refueling System.
3.4.13. Preparing a site plan for the entire installation to include facilitygroup, road and utility system locations.
3.4.14. Laying out facility groups and roads.
3.4.15. Starting layout and trenching for utility systems.
3.4.16. Grading of primary roads and access ways to major facility group
areas.
3.4.17. Establishing basic base defense network.
3.4.18. Establishing a munitions holding area.
3.4.19. Establishing engineer supply points for receiving, sorting and releas-
ing BEAR assets.
3.4.20. Setting up engineer command and control center and billeting/diningarea.
3.4.21. Establishing a taxi/bus service to move work crews to and fromwork areas (vehicles will be in short supply).
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3.4.22. Establishing alerting system and contamination control areas.
3.4.23. Establishing a fire protection capability.
3.4.24. Establishing 24/7 support for the airfield (sweeping and maintenance
of airfield lights, MAAS, etc.).
3.4.25. Establishing CBRN monitoring points.
3.5. Intermediate Stage. During the intermediate stage of bare base devel-
opment, emphasis is on erecting all BEAR facilities and placing utility sys-tems in service. Some engineer manpower is devoted to system operations
and maintenance. The thrust in this stage is to provide the ability for all base
agencies and functions to establish basic operating capability within the first
ten days of deployment. Engineer tasks (not in priority order) include:
3.5.1. Establishing fully functioning water plant(s).
3.5.2. Installing over-the-ground pipeline and pumps from water source totreatment plant (Figure 3.5).
Figure 3.5. Installing Water System Components.
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3.5.3. Laying out flexible hose water distribution system for initial water
supply to latrines, kitchens and storage bladders.
3.5.4. Installing field latrines and shower/shave units.
3.5.5. Connecting facilities and systems requiring water to the flexible hose
distribution system.
3.5.6. Establishing a waste collection capability using sewage collection
trailers.
3.5.7. Starting above ground layout and connection of a hardwall water dis-
tribution system once basic softwall distribution system is in service.
3.5.8. Leveling of sites and constructing berms and dikes for POL storage
areas.
3.5.9. Grading road network throughout installation.
3.5.10. Clearing hazards in airfield clearance zones, if necessary.
3.5.11. Constructing expedient berms for munitions storage area.
3.5.12. Expanding aircraft parking surfaces, if necessary.
3.5.13. Installing static grounds at fueling points, arming pads, hot cargo
pads, maintenance areas, etc.
3.5.14. Establishing power plant(s) using the Deployable Power Generation
and Distribution System (DPGDS) or the MEP-012A 750 kW generators.
3.5.15. Laying out and burying the high-voltage distribution cabling and
connecting the primary and secondary distribution centers.
3.5.16. Connecting base facilities to power system as they are erected.
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3.5.25. Increasing engineer supply point operations to include storage of
BEAR shipping containers and engineer related BEAR equipment.
3.5.26. Establishing hazardous waste control areas.
3.5.27. Laying out and begin constructing aircraft revetments.
3.5.28. Clearing perimeter areas and expanding the base defense network.
3.6. Follow-on Stage. During the follow-on stage, final installation of
BEAR assets takes place and survivability enhancements to the base are con-sidered. Most of these types of tasks should becompletedwithin the first 30
days. Engineer tasks (not in sequential order) for this stage include:
3.6.1. Burying of the hardwall water distribution system.
3.6.2. Installing ECUs in facilities (Figure 3.7).
Figure 3.7. Environmental Control Unit.
3.6.3. Constructing aircraft and vehicle wash racks.
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3.6.4. Installing the BEAR sewage collection system.
3.6.5. Connecting showers and latrines to the sewage collection system.
3.6.6. Connecting all facilities requiring water to the hardwall system.
3.6.7. Retrieving and repacking the softwall water distribution system.
3.6.8. Burying electrical distribution cables that were originally on the
ground surface.
3.6.9. Establishing ice-making capabilities in water plant(s).
3.6.10. Building fixed defensive fighting positions around the base perime-
ter.
3.6.11. Building and placing obstacles supporting base defense requirements.
3.6.12. Modifying host-nation-provided facilities for US use.
3.6.13. Constructing basic personnel shelters for survivability purposes.
3.6.14. Siting and developing dispersal locations.
3.6.15. Performing camouflage, concealment, and deception activities with
available resources (primarily netting).
3.6.16. Hardening critical facilities/utility nodes with revetments, sandbags
and berms.
3.6.17. Preparing an emergency disposal range for EOD use in munitions
destruction.
3.7. Sustainment Stage. When the sustainment stage begins, most BEARasset support work has been completed and the engineers focus shifts to op-
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erations, maintenance and upgrade activities. The extent of many of these
activities will be predicated on the anticipated duration of the deployment
this is a command decision that should be made early in the bare base opera-
tion. Typical engineer tasks during this period include:
3.7.1. Providing maintenance and repair support to BEAR assets and US
used in-place facilities.
3.7.2. Providing essential services such as utility plant operation, refuse col-lection, airfield sweeping, fire protection, environmental protection, hazard-
ous waste management, etc.
3.7.3. Upgrading roads using soil cement, asphalt paving or crushed stone.
3.7.4. Constructing flooring in non-critical facilities.
3.7.5. Establishing material stocks for potential base recovery efforts.
3.7.6. Developing contingency response plans for base recovery and natural
disasters and writing accompanying checklists.
3.7.7. Establishing supply and services contracts with local vendors, as secu-rity considerations allow, for such things as refuse collection/disposal, sew-
age disposal, water supply, etc.
3.7.8. Developing contingency training and exercise programs.
3.7.9. Providing quality of life improvements such as increased square foot-
age, additional air conditioning, hot water, etc.
3.7.10. Constructing basic recreational facilities.
3.7.11. Providing increased utility support to outlying and heavily populated
areas.
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3.7.12. Improving personnel protective shelters.
3.7.13. Increasing hardening features of base facilities.
3.7.14. Increasing security measures such as area lighting and fencing.
3.7.15. Constructing protective structures such as sun shades and windbreaks.
3.7.16. Replacing temporary pavement surfaces or repairs with permanent
fixes.
3.7.17. Constructing permanent berms for munitions storage areas.
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4.3. Facility Group Layouts. Next, place these facility groups on paper (on
a base map if available) to determine if everything can fit well and the muni-
tions/POL/liquid oxygen (LOX) safety distance criteria can be met (Table
4.1). Attempt to build the overall facility group layout around a road network
that provides easy access to various points on the flightline; since much of the
initial base traffic will be operating from flightline locations. Also determine
the locations for utility plants, stabilization lagoons and evaporation beds at
this time. Ensure the locations of sewage lagoons are downwind from the
base. For additional information on dispersal and safety separation distances,
refer to AFMAN 91-201, AFPAM 10-219, Volume 5 and Unified FacilitiesCriteria (UFC) 3-260-01. For information on force protection standoff and
separation distances, refer to UFC 4-010-01 and AFPAM 10-219, Volume 6.
Table 4.1. Safety Distance Criteria.
FACILITY GROUP AREASNON-DISPERSED
Facility GroupAll Areas ExceptLOX, Munitions
& POL (feet)
LOX(feet)
Munitions(feet)
POL(feet)
All areas except LOX,Munitions, and POL 150 1500 3150 2640
LOX 1500 3150 2640
Munitions 3150 3150 1800POL 2640 2640 1800
4.3.1. Mark the locations of all large facilities, such as aircraft hangers,
Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelters or dome shelters on the base layoutmap and a representative sampling of the more common medium and small
shelter systems. Provide an indication of the dispersal pattern (Figure 4.1) as
a general template for the survey crews who will eventually stake out the
facility groups.
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Figure 4.1. Facility Dispersal Pattern Template.
4.3.2. Once the base layout plan is completed (should be within the first few
hours after arrival), engineer survey crews must begin the sizable task ofphysically marking the locations of the various bare base assets. Use more
than one crew and augment with other shop personnel (or base personnel) if
necessary. If required, identify and mark the locations of the mobile aircraft
arresting barriers (Figure 4.2) and airfield lighting components. A surveycrew qualified in theodolite/transit operation is mandatory here.
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Figure 4.2. Mobile Aircraft Arresting System.
4.3.3. Have crews initially mark the boundaries (corners and a few interme-
diate points if distances are long) of the various facility groups. Use markers
that are relatively permanent (e.g. driven stakes) since they will become
bench marks for starting the location marking of individual facilities and as-
sets. Expedient survey methods are used during this process, for example,"walking off" distances, using vehicle odometers, or using a hand compass
for turning angles.
4.3.4. Once facility groups are laid out, concentrate on locating individual
facilities within each facility group. In smaller groups (e.g., aerial port,
squadron operations, alert area, etc.), the location of all facilities can be pin-pointed at one time. In large groups, such as the billeting complex, locate
only a portion of the total requirement initiallydont get hung up on trying
to locate positions of facilities for people who wont be arriving for a few
days. These large areas can be marked after other more important operational
portions of the base are completed. Use expedient survey methods for layingout individual facilities as well. Because individual facility layout is repeti-
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tious with respect to distances between buildings, a couple of pieces of rope
cut to the proper spacing intervals can be used as a quick and accurate way of
measuring and locating facility positions.
4.4. Utilities. Plan the locations of water and electrical plants and distribu-
tion systems, in relation to facility siting, early in the site layout process. Site
facilities and electrical secondary distribution centers (SDCs) to optimize
both the number of facilities each SDC serves (more is generally better, up to
a maximum of 12 with air conditioners or 16 without air conditioners) and the
length of secondary cable runs (shorter is generally better, ideally no morethan 150 feet). Coordinate plans with the shop superintendents and survey
crews to optimize constructability, serviceability and speed of initial setup.
4.5. Organizational Layouts. Some functional areas will have sufficient
expertise to site their own requirements. These organizations may also rear-
range their facility sites to streamline their operations. This should not be a
problem provided the implications to base wide utility service are considered.
Communications (for NAVAIDS and communications equipment) and Secu-rity Forces (for fighting positions and obstacles) are prime examples. Let
these groups do the initial siting of such requirements; just give them an en-
gineering sanity check to ensure something isnt grossly wrong with the loca-tions chosen.
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eventually pipelines. This could involve clearing a road to the source, setting
up an expedient water intake system or even building a temporary dam to
create an expedient reservoir. Once a suitable location is found and made
usable, install and use raw water pumps to fill trailer-mounted bladders (Fig-
ure 5.2) or water buffaloes for transport to the site chosen for the water
plant(s). Set up the ROWPUs along with the associated small operational
storage tanks (Figure 5.3) as the water source location is developed.
Figure 5.2. Trailer-Mounted Bladder.
Figure 5.3. Onion Storage Tank.
5.2.1. When setting up the ROWPUs, leave sufficient space to later installseveral 20,000-gallon water storage bladders (Figure 5.4). Water production
is started as soon as possible. Be sure that crews installing MEP generators
are aware of water plant location(s) and that power is provided when needed.
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Also be sure that the brine discharge lines from the ROWPUs lead to an area
that can accommodate a large volume of water or more ideally, back to the
source itself. Once ROWPUs are in operation, dedicate manpower both for
plant and pump operation and water hauling 24/7. While the plants and watersources are being established, another utilities crew lays out the above ground
flexible hose distribution system (Figure 5.5) to key facilities requiring pota-
ble water. These include the kitchen, showers, latrine areas, laundry, hospitaland selected shop facilities. Establish fill points for both potable and nonpo-
table water to support fire department and remote location requirements.
Figure 5.4. Water Storage Bladder.
5.2.2. Begin upgrades and operational improvements after the remaining
components of the water distribution system arrive. If received, install the
source run additive package before the hardwall loop system to alleviate the
requirement for constant hauling of water from the source to the treatment
plants. The length of this line is limited to about two miles so keep this in
mind when choosing water plant locations with respect to the source. Also be
prepared to provide heavy equipment support for clearing and grading right-
of-ways for the source line.
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5.3.2. The water bladders provided in the water production, initial distribu-
tion and standard package should be sufficient to provide a 5-day storage
capacity for 1,100 people. These bladders should be allocated more or less
evenly between water plants for dispersal purposes. About 60% of the bases
water storage capacity should be dedicated to treated water; the remaining
40% can be untreated.
5.3.3. If the base receives ice machines (not the ones supporting the 9-1
kitchen), install them at one of the water treatment plants. These machines
are meant to supply the base populace, e.g., work crews on the flightline or atremote locations and medical support requirements. Co-locate a 150-cf re-
frigeration unit with the ice machines to provide ice storage capability.
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Chapter 6
WASTEWATER OPERATIONS
6.1. Wastewater Collection System. Wastewater must be properly col-
lected and discharged to maintain hygienic conditions throughout a bare baseand prevent spread of disease. Initially, expedient methods are exclusively
used since BEAR assets comprising the wastewater collection system will not
arrive early in a deployment. Additionally, manpower will most likely not be
available at the onset of a deployment to fully install the wastewater sys-
tempersonnel will be primarily tied up with establishing the water system.
6.1.1. From a wastewater collection perspective, the immediate need is to
provide expedient latrine facilities for the initial personnel on the ground and
those arriving over the first days of a deployment. This need is normally met
by constructing urine soakage pits and ventilated improved pit (VIP), straddle
trench, burnout or pail latrine facilities at base wide locations (Figure 6.1).
Plan to rely solely on locally available materials for these facilities.
Figure 6.1. Expedient VIP Latrine on Forklift.
6.1.2. When the BEAR field deployable latrines start to arrive, they are first
set up in the cantonment areas where the maximum usage will occur (Figure
6.2).
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Chapter 7
AIRFIELD OPERATIONS
7.1. Airfield Upgrade and Support. Many airfield related tasks are poten-
tially necessary when establishing a bare base. Most tasks will require heavy
equipment operators who will likely be stretched extremely thin throughoutthe initial beddown process. Additionally, many of the heavy equipment
items needed may not be on the first series of incoming airlift sorties. When
these items do arrive, be prepared to use them immediately; in the interim,
work with the contracting officer to find local sources of heavy equipmentand materials.
7.2. Pavement Repairs. Immediate requirements include expedient repairs
to aircraft operating surfaces, pavement sweeping and cleaning, pavement
marking and striping and site preparation for installation of NAVAIDs and
arresting barriers. Pavement repairs during this initial period of beddownmust be rapid in nature, e.g., compacted crushed stone, cold mix, quick set
cements, etc. Come back later to make permanent fixes. The goal is to en-
able combat aircraft operations to commence by the end of the initial 72-hour
window, sooner if possible. Plan on immediately dedicating equipment and
personnel to around-the-clock airfield sweeping operations since there will beconsiderable aircraft and vehicular traffic on pavement surfaces as bare base
assets are delivered, off-loaded and transported from ramp areas. Support forNAVAIDs includes clearing and leveling various sized areas for setting upmobile communications equipment. Normally these areas are not particularly
large (2,500 sq ft or so), but plan on having to clear and grade vehicle access
ways up to 1,000 feet long to these sites.
7.3. Parking Areas. After initial airfield operational requirements are met,
concentrate efforts on aircraft parking pavement expansions (if required);
requirements supporting aircraft servicing operations such as arming pads,
grounding points and tie downs; and clearance of airfield hazards. Someparking pavement expansion requirements will be self-evident. In case of
severe problems in expeditiously off-loading transport aircraft, additional
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ramp space may be needed. Expanded parking areas can be constructed adja-
cent to existing aircraft pavements using expedient techniques such as graded
and compacted earth, compacted crushed stone or AM-2 matting (Figure 7.1)
over a compacted subbase.
Figure 7.1. Airmen Installing AM-2 Matting.
7.3.1. Start these efforts as soon as problems are realized; otherwise a mas-
sive backlog of aircraft flows and serious congestion in material and assetmovement on the ground could occur. Pavement expansion could also be
required for parking of incoming deployed aircraft. Contact wing operationsduring the site planning process to identify the probable numbers of aircraft
to be supported. Check with maintenance personnel concerning aircraft park-
ing plans and, if more parking positions are needed, similar constructiontechniques to those used for ramp expansion can be employed.
7.3.2. Potential tasks in support of aircraft servicing operations include spe-
cial pavement areas such as arm/dearm pads, hot cargo pads, quick turn areas,
compass rose, wash racks, etc, along with the accompanying tie downs andstatic grounds. Sometimes existing pavements can double for some of these
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requirements; however, if forced to provide these items be sure the safety
distance criteria associated with them are maintained (arm/de-arm, hot cargo,
etc).
7.4. Airfield Obstacles. At most bare bases there should not be many obsta-
cles or hazards in the airfield clear zones, but if some exist, remove or at least
mitigate them early on in the beddown process. Be especially observant ofterrain features or obstacles that could affect wing tip clearance of wide-body
aircraft. On the other hand, dont waste time attempting to remove items in
the outer edges of the clear zones that produce minimal danger (a culvert
head wall for example)in some cases accept the risk initially. Also checkthe shoulders of runways and taxiways and the grounds around and access
routes to aprons and ramps for potential FOD-producing areas. Use a soil
cement mix or an oil-based spray to help stabilize these areas.
7.5. Revetments. Contingency experience has shown that installation of
aircraft revetments (Figure 7.2) is a major airfield support task for civil engi-neers. In all likelihood, manpower will not be available to start this task dur-
ing the first few days of the deployment and the revetment materials probably
will not be received until later on in the asset flow. However, some prelimi-
nary planning should be accomplished in preparation for this job. Identify the
locations for the revetments and their configuration early and coordinate thisinformation with the wing operations and maintenance communities. Also
identify a source (on-base quarry or off-base vendor) for revetment fill mate-rial. Erection of revetments is normally a RED HORSE task due to theequipment and manpower requirements. Once revetment materials arrive and
RED HORSE starts the revetment erection process, Prime BEEF forces may
be tasked to assist.
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Figure 7.2. Aircraft Revetment Erection.
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department alarm center. The choice of which facilities receive MEP support
is a local decision based on mission requirements. Involve the wing or base
command sections in the process. After the facilities that are to receive MEP
support are identified and located, electrical personnel must decide what sizegenerator to use at the various locations. Since there will only be about nine
MEP generators available for a 1,100-person package, secondary distribution
centers (SDC) (Figure 8.2) will probably have to be used to allow establish-ment of multiple circuits from single generators. Try to place SDCs in posi-
tions where they can eventually be integrated into the primary distribution
network without moving them to a different site. As the various facilities are
erected, electrical personnel hook up the secondary service to the facility dis-tribution panels and internal equipment when appropriate. Once MEP gen-
erators are on line, specifically designate personnel to accomplish operational
checks, maintenance and refueling.
Figure 8.2. MEP Generator Connected to SDC.
8.1.2. Anticipate that some MEP generators will have to be used as prime
power for up to 10-15 daysit may take that long before all facilities areerected and the base electrical distribution grid is installed.
8.1.3. Ensure power plant operators keep accurate records of power plant
meters (amperes per leg, kW, power factor, peak demand periods, etc.) for
future analysis and consumption statistics.
8.1.4. Several remote area lighting sets (RALS) are included in the BEAR
force modules. Most should arrive relatively early in the overall asset flow.
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These units are connected to SDCs and are used for supporting area lighting
requirements for such functions as aerial port offloading, aircraft mainte-
nance, POL transfer and security of critical assets. Keep alert to the overall
base build up and provide the RALS support as soon as these functions comeon line.
8.2. Power Plants. Concurrent with installing the MEP generators, also set
up the generators (DPGDS or MEP012A 750 kW) that comprise the main
power plants (Figure 8.3). This effort includes placing generators, setting up
and connecting fuel bladders, connecting control panels for remote operation,
setting up and connecting primary distribution centers (Figure 8.4) and in-stalling grounding systems. Following the base layout plan, other electrical
personnel place SDCs at their required locations and begin connecting the
SDCs to PDCs at the power plants (Figure 8.5). As facilities are erected,make secondary distribution connections between the SDCs and facility dis-
tribution panels (Figure 8.6) and the internal connections of equipment
within facilities.
Figure 8.3. MEP-12 Power Plant.
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some or all of the high-voltage cable on the surface, if soil conditions or time
and equipment constraints prevent its immediate burial. If that is the case,
take other measures to mitigate the risk of personnel injury or damage to the
cables. As a minimum, bury or otherwise protect cables crossing roads andhigh-traffic walkways. Bring the base onto the electrical grid in stages as the
population increases and functional area activities dictate. Whenever the
primary electrical grid can pick up the requirements served by the smallerMEP generators, reconnect these 60-100 kW units as standby backup power.
Obviously, as the primary power plants are brought into service, devote a
portion of electrical crews to plant operations and maintenance.
8.4.1. Once all major forces arrive at the bare base and the electrical system
is fully functional, a portion of the electrical personnel should be detailed to
bury all above-ground electrical lines (Figure 8.7 and8.8) if it has been de-
termined that sustained military operations will take place. Bury lines a
minimum of 18 inches and keep accurate records of where cables are located.For more detailed information on power plant installation see AFH 10-222,
Volume 5.
Figure 8.7. Burying Electrical Distribution Cable.
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Figure 8.8. Trench Requirements for Burying Power Cable.
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Chapter 9
BARE BASE FACILITIES
9.1. Facility Erection. Successful BEAR facility erection depends on sev-
eral actions being carried out prior to and during the arrival of personnel at a
bare base. Some of these actions are easy to control; others are not easilyinfluenced. The ones easily influenced include the degree of training the base
populace has had on erecting BEAR facilities (which could dictate the degree
of involvement engineers will have in erecting other peoples facilities) and
the order and timing of facility asset arrival at the bare base. Make the best ofthe situation; for purposes of this handbook, it is assumed that both of these
actions are positive, e.g., the base populace is generally knowledgeable in
facility erection and assets flow into the base in a reasonable manner.
9.1.2. It is doubtful that many people at a bare base will be able to easily
identify all the various BEAR facility and utility components as they arrive.Consequently, engineer personnel will have to accomplish this task since it is
an engineer responsibility to place most of these items in service (this drives a
peacetime Prime BEEF training requirement of educating personnel on the
various BEAR items). Designate some supply and operations personnel to
act as asset expediters as the BEAR items arrive. These personnel will assistaerial port personnel in identifying equipment, arrange to have engineer-
related items moved from the ramp area to the job site or interim holding areaand maintain some method of accountability so quantities on hand are known.If a supply representative from the 49 MMG is available (UTC XFBKB),
they may be able to help identify BEAR assets as they arrive and maintain a
log that records initial receipt and the intended location or end user for eachasset.
9.1.3. Identify a reasonably large open storage area immediately upon arrival
at a bare base for temporary engineer asset storage and eventual longer termstorage for shipping containers. As facility and utility assets are off loaded,
they should be separated by type of system or building and moved to the
holding area or work site if needed at the time. Supply and operations per-
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sonnel who are forklift qualified can assist with movement of items if neces-
sary. Plan to have most bare base facilities delivered to the engineer holding
area, then moved to their final location for erection by user personnel as they
arrive. Make arrangements with base supply personnel to consolidate all theship/store containers (Figure 9.1) once they are empty. If arrangements can-
not be made early in the deployment, plan on initially storing these containers
in the engineer holding area.
Figure 9.1. BEAR Shipping Containers.
9.1.4. As assets are being off loaded from incoming aircraft or vehicles, site
layout and site preparation should be well underway. Try to have enough
heavy equipment operators on the job so as not to fall way behind the site
layout crews. Obviously this tactic is dependent on equipment availability
and the number of other heavy equipment tasks ongoing; however, the speedof facility erection is directly related to the degree of site preparation com-
pleted. Look to contract support to fill heavy equipment gaps. If the terrain
is relatively level, the site preparation task should go faster; if terrain is ir-regular, size the heavy equipment support accordingly. As a rule of thumb
during site preparation for facilities, the slope of terrain under the facility
should not exceed 18 inches over the projected floor area.
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9.1.5. As site layout and preparation are underway, begin a concurrent action
of delivering assets to the job sites; plan on doing this with engineer forces.
Have someone use the base layout plan and a general list of facility alloca-
tions to oversee this effort.
9.2. Shelters. Virtually all functional areas receive Small Shelter Systems
(Figure 9.2) or TEMPER tents so delivery of these assets should be reasona-bly straightforward. On the other hand, Medium Shelters (Figure 9.3), Gen-
eral Purpose Shelters (Figure 9.4) and Expandable Shelter Containers (Fig-
ure 9.5) are unique to certain areas and must be apportioned carefully. For
facility allocation, Attachment 2 provides an outline of what facilities aretypically used to support various base functional areas. The final facility al-
location will have to be determined by senior personnel locally. Make sure
the base and wing command staffs are involved.
Figure 9.2. Small Shelter System.
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Figure 9.3. Medium Shelter System.
Figure 9.4. General Purpose Shelter.
Figure 9.5. Expandable Shelter Container.
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9.2.1. Deliver facility assets as close as possible to final locations to prevent
moving them later. Pick up empty ship/store containers when returning to the
holding area after delivering assets. This keeps the base less cluttered and
protects containers from damage or misuse. Remember; repack assets inthese containers before leaving the base to prevent damage.
9.5.2. Large facilities, such as the aircraft hangar (Figure 9.6), dome shelter,
and frame supported tension fabric shelter (Figure 9.7), are not erected by
users, but rather RED HORSE squadrons or the 49 MMG from Holloman
AFB. It is best to allow these organizations to handle the movement, unpack-
ing, and erection of these larger facilities since they have the requisite train-ing and skills. Limit activities to site layout and temporary storage of the
assets.
Figure 9.6. Aircraft Hangar.
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Figure 9.7. Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelter.
9.2.3. From an engineer aspect, a basic premise of bare base development isthat users will erect their own facilities, thereby freeing engineer personnel
for other, more critical beddown tasks. This does not mean that engineers
provide no support at all for facility erection. Plan on having to erect all Me-dium Shelter Systems and GP sheltersthese are probably too complex for
most base organizations to handle and training is not readily available. Plan
to have a small cadre of personnel knowledgeable on Small Shelter System,TEMPER tent and ESC erection techniques available to assist the base popu-
lace. There will be occasions where untrained people will be faced with fa-cility erection tasks and engineers must be prepared to offer supervisory and
instructional guidance. However, do not encourage the base populace to at-
tempt utility connections, as basic as they may be, to facilities. The potentialfor damage to system components and harm to both base personnel and elec-
trical crews is too great.
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Chapter 10
FORCE PROTECTION
10.1. ProtectiveShelters. To make BEAR assets easier to install, lighter,
and more mobile, some tradeoffs in survivability were allowed. Most BEAR
facilities cannot withstand even small arms fire, let alone fused munitionsdetonation. This makes it imperative that personnel and asset protection be
seriously considered at bare base locations, especially in high threat areas. In
fact, in serious high threat areas, one of the first tasks might be digging fox-
holes and protective trenches for personnel protection.
10.1.1. BEAR packages include assets for aircraft protection, such as binrevetment kits. But, because of their weight, dont expect to receive these
kits until well into the deployment timeline. In fact, they may even arrive by
ship rather than air. Nevertheless, have all parking plans, revetment locations
and configurations and fill material sources identified early. Start installingthe kits as soon as they arrive.
10.1.2. After installation of all BEAR assets nears completion, attentionshould be turned to providing protective shelters for the base populace. This
task should be a base-wide effort; it would take an inordinate amount of time
for engineer forces to complete this work independently. For personnel bun-
kers and facility hardening, work through the Force Protection WorkingGroup to develop an overall force protection construction strategy for the
installation. The final strategy should reflect the commanders operational
risk management decision on the optimum balance between risk of attack,
risk of facility collapse and cost and time requirements to mitigate those risks.Developing such a strategy is a leadership challenge as much as it is an engi-
neering challenge, since the base populace is likely to intuitively understand
the risk of attack but may not appreciate the risk of under-engineered protec-
tive structures collapsing. Simple revetments and sandbag walls can provideeffective protection against munitions and fragmentation traveling generally
horizontally.
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10.2. Constructing Protective Shelters. For protection against vertical
threats, several types of structures can be constructed using general construc-
tion materials in above-ground, underground and cut-and-cover modes. As
the base is being established, look for and store such items as 55-gallondrums, pieces of revetment material, structural steel shapes, timber and wood
packing materials, ship dunnage, steel or precast concrete culvert sections,
CONEX boxes, etc. Unserviceable aluminum matting or pallets may be read-ily available, but must be used with caution since they were not designed to
support heavy loads over a large clear span. Do not use BEAR or Harvest
ship/store containers for shelter components; they will be needed intact later
on for reconstitution of assets. Refer to UFC 4-010-01, AFPAM 10-219,Volume 2, Chapter 4; and the theater engineer staff for additional guidance
on protective construction.
10.2.1. Start constructing protective shelters in the more populated areas of
the base, e.g., billeting areas, kitchen area and major flightline areas. Workwithin limits of available materials. Dont try to build large facilities that
hold many people with building components that cannot withstand high static
loads or do not lend themselves to structurally sound construction practices.Its better to construct several smaller shelters (for 10-12 people each) for
dispersal purposes.
10.2.2. Plan on providing heavy equipment, welding support and technical
instruction to units building their own shelters. In some cases, tools will berequiredtry to arrange for local sources of tools and hardware to allow for
some breakage and loss. Develop simplified construction drawings for base
units to follow and assist with facility siting to ensure drainage patterns arenot disrupted or utility services damaged. Figures 10.1to 10.3show various
protective shelters.
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Figure 10.1. Metal Culvert Shelter.
Figure 10.2. CONEX Container Shelter.
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Figure 10.3. Timber Shelter.
10.2.3. Protection of selected critical facilities and utility nodes should also
be considered. It will be nearly impossible to quickly construct protectivefeatures for all candidate locations due to material, time or manpower short-
falls, so prioritize your requirements carefully. Look primarily at mission
sensitivity. Consider protecting water and power plants earlywithout these
utility services bare base operations will rapidly shut down. Also considerkey SDCs, maintenance shops (ESCs) and command posts. Expedient re-
vetments will be your primary hardening methodsand bag, timber, earth
berm and soil cement (Figures 10.4 to 10.5).
Figure 10.4. Soil Cement Revetment.
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Figure 10.5. Timber and Soil Revetment.
Figure 10.6. Plywood Wall Revetment.
DONALD J. WETEKAM, Lt General, USAF
DCS, Installations and Logistics
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Attachment 1
GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION
References:
AFDD 1-2,Air Force Glossary
AFI 10-209,RED HORSE Program
AFI 10-210, Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force(BEEF) Program
AFPAM 10-219V2, Preattack & Predisaster Preparations
AFPAM 10-219V3, Postattack & Postdisaster Procedures
AFPAM 10-219V5,Bare Base Conceptual Planning Guide
AFPAM 10-219V6,Planning and Sustaining Aerospace Expeditionary Bases
AFH 10-222, V2, Guide to Bare Base Assets
AFH 10-222V5,Guide to Bare Base Power Plant Installation
AFH 10-247V1, Guide to Services Contingency Planning
AFI 10-404,Base Support and Expeditionary Site Planning
AFMAN 91-201,Explosives Safety Standards
AFTTP 3-42.71, CONOPS for Expeditionary Medical Support (EMEDS)System
UFC 3-260-01,Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design
UFC 4-010-01, DOD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADRairfield damage repair
AFCESAAir Force Civil Engineer Support Agency
AFPAMAir Force pamphlet
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AGEaerospace ground equipment
BCEbase civil engineer
BEARBasic Expeditionary Airfield Resources
CBRNchemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
CONEXcontainer express
DPGDSDeployable Power Generation and Distribution System
EALSEmergency Airfield Lighting System
ECUenvironmental control unit
EMEDSExpeditionary Medical Support
EODexplosive ordnance disposal
ESCexpandable shelter container
GPgeneral purpose (tent)
kVAkilovolt ampere
kWkilowatt
MAASmobile aircraft arresting system
MEPmobile electric power
MMGMaterial Maintenance Group
NAVAIDSnavigational aids
PDCprimary distribution center
POLpetroleum, oils, and lubricants
Prime BEEFPrime Base Engineer Emergency Force
RALSremote area lighting set
RED HORSERapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair
Squadron, Engineer
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ROWPUReverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit
SDCsecondary distribution center
SFsquare feet
TOtechnical order
UFCunified facilities criteria
UTCunit type code
UXOunexploded ordnance
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Attachment 2
TYPICAL BARE BASE POPULATION
FUNCTION PERSONNEL
TYPICAL
FACILITY
SUPPORT
Aviation Package
Operations 33 Small Shelters
Medium Shelters
Admin 8 Small Shelters
Maintenance 347 Medium Shelters
Small Shelters
Dome Shelters
Aircraft Hangars
Supply 13 Small Shelters
Intelligence 13 Small Shelters
Medical 3 Small Shelters
Headquarters 58 Small Shelters
Acft Maint Additive 99 Aircraft Hangars
Dome Shelters
Medium Shelters
Small Shelters
Munitions Maint 48 Medium Shelters
Small Shelters
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Attachment 3
TYPICAL RED HORSE TASKINGS
A3.1. Emergency airfield lighting installation.
A3.2. Erection of K-Span or similar storage facilities.
A3.3. Construction of aircraft parking pavements, pads and ramps.
top related