2008 mg training basic entomology gail langellotto, ph.d. statewide coordinator oregon mg program...

2008 MG TrainingBasic Entomology

Gail Langellotto, Ph.D.Statewide Coordinator Oregon MG Program

Urban and Community Horticulture Extension Specialistgail.langellotto@oregonstate.edu

541-737-5175

Master Gardener Information(Statewide Program)

• Website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/

• Listserve: http://lists.oregonstate.edu/mailman/listinfo/osu_master_gardeners

Objectives• Part I

– Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology.– Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla

and classes of insects and their relatives.

• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated

stages of development. – Review the common orders of insects.

• Part III– Discuss insect collection techniques– Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens

• Part IV– How to diagnose insect problems

Module Objectives• Part I

Linnaean Classification System

• A way to impart order to a complex environment

• Species is the basic unit of biological classification• Genus represents a group of closely related species• Family represents a group of closely related genera• Order represents a group of closely related genera• Etc., etc., etc.

Illustration credit: Peter HalaszIllustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg

Arthropods, and Related Phyla

• Annelids (Segmented Worms)– Segmented bodies– No legs– Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.)

• Onychophorans (Velvet Worms)– Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms– Head with eyes, rasping jaws– Unjointed ‘lobopodia’

• Arthropods

Annelids: Segmented Worms

– Segmented bodies– No legs– Appendages in the head

(jaws, feelers, etc.)

Annelid: Earthworm

Annelid: Leech

Annelid: Polychaete

Image Source: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/07annelids.html

Onychophorans: Velvet Worms

– Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms– Head with eyes, rasping jaws– Unjointed ‘lobopodia’

Image Source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/nereid.gif

Image Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-6767/Onychophoran

The Arthropod Phylum

• A phylum is a major group of organisms.

• Insects are a Class in the Phylum of Arthropods.

• Characteristics of Arthropods Include:– Segmented Bodies– Jointed Legs– Exoskeleton– Open Circulatory System– No Backbone– Bi-lateral Symmetry

Phylogeny of Major Groups

Defined by embryologyBlastopore becomes anus

Defined by: Exoskeleton Jointed legsTime

Linnaean Classification System

• A way to impart order to a complex environment

• Species is the basic unit of biological classification• Genus represents a group of closely related species• Family represents a group of closely related genera• Order represents a group of closely related genera• Etc., etc., etc.

Illustration credit: Peter HalaszIllustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg

Major Groups of Arthropods

• Class Xiphosura – Common Name: Horseshoe Crabs

• Class Arachnida– Includes Scorpions, Spiders and Mites

• Subphylum Mandibulata– Includes Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes

• Class Insecta

Major Classes of Arthropods

Class Xiphosura (Common Name: Horshoe Crabs)

• No antennae• Two distinct body

divisions– Body with broadly oval

shell and long, slender tail– Abdomen with leaf-like

gills on ventral side

• First pair of appendages are chelicera

• All are aquatic

Image Source:http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Arthropods/Arthropod%20Images/horseshoe.GIF

Class Arachnida

• Two distinct body divisions

• 4 pair of legs

• First pair of appendages are chelicerae

• No antennae

Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Chelicerae

Class Arachnida: Order Araneida (Common Name: Spiders)

• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs

• First pair of appendages are chelicerae

• All possess venom glands and spinnerets

• Pedipalps in male are modified for sperm delivery

Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Spinnerets

Chelicerae

Pedipalps(male)

Class Arachnida: Order: ScorpionidaCommon Name: Scorpions

• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs• First pair of appendages are chelicerae• Relatively large arachnids• Pedipalps are large and claw-like• Abdomen distinctly segmented, and ending in a sting• Found in arid regions in the South and West

SegmentedAbdomenCephalothorax

Pedipalps

Photo Image Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Class Arachnida: Order AcarinaCommon Name: Ticks & Mites

• Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs• First pair of appendages are chelicerae• No true head• All ticks are parasites of warm-blooded animals• Mites are abundant in the soil and debris, but may also be

parasitic

Photo Image Courtesy of: Virginia Cooperative Extension Servicehttp://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/spidermites.html

European Red Mite

Two-Spotted Spider Mite

Subphylum Mandibulata, Class CrustaceaCommon Name: Crustaceans

• Two pair of antennae• At least 5 pairs of legs• Two distinct body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen)

– Cephalothorax is covered by a hardened hood (carapace)

• Most are detritivores, with some predaceous habits• Most are aquatic

– Lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods, sowbugs, brine shrimp (sea monkeys)

Subphylum Mandibulata, Class DiplopodCommon Name: Millipedes

• Worm-like and cylindrical• Two pair of legs per body segment• Some secrete cyanide as a chemical defense• All are detritivores

Subphylum Mandibulata, Class ChilopodaCommon Name: Centipedes

• Worm-like and enlongate• One pair of legs per body segment• First pair of legs is modified into poison claws (fangs)• Predaceous on insects and other small arthropods

Subphylum Mandibulata, Class SymphylaCommon Name: Garden Centipedes

• Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs• Closely related to insects

– 5 segmented head– Labium similar to insects– Bead like antennae

• Can be pests of field crops

Symphylan Centipede

Millipede

Class InsectaCommon Name: Insects!!!

• Most adult insects have the following characters: – All have body divided into three parts (head, thorax

and abdomen) – All have three pairs of legs – Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound

eyes (a few exceptions to these characteristics are found)

– Usually two pairs of wings• absent in many insects such as lice, fleas, ants; flies have

one pair of wings)

Characteristics of Class Insecta

• Phylum: Arthopoda– Class: Insecta

• Order: Diptera (flies)– Family: Asilidae (robber flies)

Image Source:http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml

Phylogeny of Major Classes

Trends History of Arthropods

• Segmented tube with parapodia (Annelids)

• Legs developed with muscles (Onychophora)

• Segmented or jointed legs (Arthropods)

• Tagmosis: division of body into specialized units (Arthropods)

• Specialized leg units (Arthropods)

• Loss of leg pairs (Insecta)

Insect External Anatomy

• 3 Body Regions– Head: Sensory Center– Thorax: Locomotory Center– Abdomen: Reproductive Center

Image Source:http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Insects/InsectAnatomy/Introduction/insectanatomy.gif

Image Source:http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml

Insect External AnatomyHead

• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’– Maxillary palp and labial palp

are both part of maxillae

Md = mandibles

Lr=labrum

Mx=maxillae

Image Source:http://www.answers.com/topic/evolution-insect-mouthparts-png

Chewing

Piercing/Sucking Sucking/

Lapping

Insect External AnatomyHead

• Antennae (1 pair)

• Compound Eyes (1 pair)

• Simple Eyes or Ocelli (3 total)

• Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium)– Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’– Maxillary palp and labial palp

are both part of maxillae

Image Source:http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/heads.gif

Insect External AnatomyThorax

• Pro-, meso- and meta-thorax– Each segment bears a pair of legs– Meso- and meta-thorax each bear a pair of

Image Source:http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/thoraxComponents.gif

Insect External AnatomyAbdomen

• Cerci and external reproductive appendages – Ovipositor in females

Cerci/Pincers

Ovipositor

Insect Life Cycles

• Ametabolous: no obvious difference between juveniles and adults

• Hemimetabolous: nymphs look like smaller version of adult, without wings

• Holometabolous: nymphs look worm like or grub like (without wings). Very different from adult appearance

Ametabolous Development

• Juveniles resemble adults, except that they are smaller

• With each molt, abdominal segments are added

Hemimetabolous Development

• Juveniles (called nymphs) resemble adults, except that they are smaller, and do not have wings– Development of wing buds or wing pads in later

stages

• With each molt, wing buds get larger

Holometabolous Development• Juveniles (called larvae) look quite different from adults

– Worm like– Grub like– Caterpillar like

• Pupal stage, where metamorphosis occurs• Juvenile and adult stages often feed on very different things

and/or live in very different habitats

Insect Life Cycles

• Juveniles– Not winged / can’t fly– Not sexually mature

• Adults– Winged / can fly– Sexually mature

Image Sources:(Lepidoptera: http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/butterflies.aspx)(Hemiptera: http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/cropsci270/syllabus/images/0207image13.jpg)

Monarch Butterfly

Potato Leafhopper Adult

Monarch Butterfly Larva

Potato Leafhopper Nymph

No Wings

Wing Pads

Modifications and Insect Diversity

• Waxy, Rigid Cuticle

• Increased number of sclerites

• Tracheal structures

• Dispersal by flight

• High reproductive potential

• Small size

• Lack of competition on land

• Complete metamorphosis

Insect Diversity• Most diverse class, order, family of organisms

Common Insect Orders

• 31 Insect Orders– Most recent discovery in 2002! (Mantophasmatodea)

• Orders of particular interest to gardeners include:– Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera,

Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera

• ‘-ptera’ means ‘wing’ (think Pteradactyl)– To ID almost all insects to order, you should look at

the wings of the adults– Juvenile IDs are much more difficult

Classification of Insect Orders

• Gullan and Cranston. 1994. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London.

• Borror, Triplehorn and Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando.

• Borror and White. 2004. Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th Edition. Brooks Cole.

Insect Phylogeny

Primitive Insects

• Ametabolous Development

• No wings (Apterygotes)

• Development of eyes occurs in this group

• Development of spiracles

Proturans and Diplurans• Ametabolous, No Wings• No eyes• Some breath through cuticle

• Proturans: no antennae, sucking mouthparts, very small and rare, found in moist habitats

• Diplurans: antennae with internal muscles, chewing mouthparts, small, uncommon, found in moist habitats. Abdomen with 11 segments and 2 cerci.

Collembola• Ametabolous, no wings • Antennae with internal muscles• Some species have eyes. Some

species don’t• Abdomen has scales, collophore

on 1st segment, retinaculum on 3rd segment and furcula on 4th segment

• Extremely abundant in certain soil habitats (moist and with much organic debris)

• Occasional pests in potted plants, greenhouses.

• Important food source for many arachnids and other insects.

Thysanura (silverfish, bristletails)• Ametabolous, no wings • Antennae very long and without

internal muscles• Well-developed eyes• Breath through spiracles• Abdomen with 11 segments, 3

bristly cerci• Mating rituals.• Habitats include moist, shady

locations outside and hot, dry locations indoors.

• Feed on starchy substances. Can be indoor pests on wallpaper, books, cereals.

Paurometabolous Insects

• Hemimetabolous Development with a subimago or subadult stage

• All are winged as adults.

• Naiads are aquatic. Adults are found flying near water.

Ephemeroptera = “Short Lived Wings”Adult Characteristics• Mayflies• Adults are short lived (Vestigial

mouthparts)• Nymphs are call ‘naiads’. Penultimate

nymphs are called ‘subimagos’• Fragile bodies. Weak legs. Body

curved upward at the head and tip of the abdemen, when at rest.

• Three caudal filaments at the end of the abdomen.

• Adult swarms can be a nuisance

Ephemeroptera = “Short Lived Wings”Naiad Characteristics

• Naiads emerge as adults in large swarms, for a short mating period.

• Naiad antennae are short, bristle-like.

• Naids live 1-2 years in the water, with many (30+) molts.

• 7 pair of abdominal gills.

Odonata = ‘tooth wing’Adult Characteristics

• Dragonflies and damselflies• Adults have 2 pair of

membraneous, elongate wings, with many crossveins.

• Chewing mouthparts.• Dragonflies hold wings

horizontal, at rest. Damselfly wings are folded over abdomen, upright, when at rest.

• Long, thin abdomen.• Adults patrol over streams,

ponds, an dother aquatic habitats.

• All are predaceous.

Odonata = ‘tooth wing’Naiad Characteristics

• Highly modified and hinged labium– Highly predaceous.

• Dragonflies have rectal gills.

• Damselflies have tracheal gills.

Hemimetabolous Insects

• Hemimetabolous Development

• Most are winged– Those without wings represent a secondary

loss of wings (e.g. aphids, scales

Orthoptera = ‘Straight wing’Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets• Two pair of wings. First

pair is a leathery tegmina. Second pair is membraneous and fanlike.

• Chewing mouthparts.• Can be found in a

variety of habitats – old fields, woodland, households

• Some are extremely destructive pests to cultivated crops

Dermaptera = “Skin Wing”Earwigs

• Two pairs of wings – Forewings short, square and veinless

• Leathery tegmina

– Hindwings fanlike

• Hemimetabolous Development• Biting mouthparts

– Scavenge plant and animal matter

• Distinct Characteristics– Cerci form pincers

• Color– Pale brown to black, – Temporarily white and cream after moulting

• Abdomen is uncovered and very flexible• Distribution

– 1,800 species– World-wide– Ground dwelling, in crevices

Cerci/Pincers

FlexibleAbdomen

LeatheryForewing

Isoptera = ‘Same Wing’Termites

• Two pair of wings. Few cross veins. Wings longer than body.

• Eusocial.– Reproductive division of labor.

Castes. Cooperative care of young.• Only reproductive caste has

wings, and only near the time of nuptial flight.

• Live in ground or in wood.• Many are pests of buildings. Most

are beneficial, because they recycle nutrients from dead trees and other plant materials.

Plecoptera = ‘Folded wing’Stoneflies

• Two pair of wings. Both membraneous. Hind pair folds fan like under front wings.– Wings folded flat over

abdomen• Chewing mouthparts (reduced in

some species) • Long, slender antennae• Adults and naiads have 2 cerci at

apex of abdomen• Adults on vegetation near water.

Naiads prefer cold, well-oxygenated, water habitats.

• Naiads are an important prey and predator component of aquatic food chains.

Thysanoptera = ‘fringe wings’• 2 pairs of tiny, feather-like wings • Small 0.5 - 15mm long • Mouthparts adapted for piercing and are highly

asymmetric • Color: Y ellow, brown or black• Very narrow body • Prominent compound eyes

Adult Thrips Adult Thrips

Fringe Wings

Hemiptera = ‘Half Wing’

• 2 pairs of wings (some species wingless) – Forewings generally hardened to some extent

• 1mm - 100mm long • Mouthparts suctorial and developed for piercing

– Cibarial pump– Most vegetarian or omnivorous. – Some strictly carnivorous species

• Most are terrestrial, plant feeders (or omnivores). A few families are aquatic. A few families are predaceous.

• Two sets of wings: Wings folded flat over the body at rest

– Forewings divided into two regions of different textures – Hindwings membraneous and held under forewings, at rest

• Scutellum (triangle) on thorax• Head projects horizontally and is visible from above– Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts

Suborder Heteroptera

Membraneous part of forewingLeathery part of forewing

Scutellum

ScutellumLeathery part of forewing

• Two sets of wings– Forewings are of uniform texture (all membraneous or leathery) – Hindwings are membraneous– Wings are held like a roof over the back

• Head deflected backwards– Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts

Suborder Homoptera

PsocopteraBook and Bark Lice

• Wings present or absent. • If, present, 2 pair of

membraneous wings, with reduced veination.

• Forewing larger than hindwing, and held roof like over body at rest.

• Small (<5mm in length)• Enlarged face.• Some species are pests that

damage books (feed on starchy bindings).

Mallophaga / AnopluraChewing and Sucking Lice

• Mallophaga = chewing mouthparts– Head wider than thorax– Many are important pests of livestock

• Anoplura = sucking mouthparts– Head is usually narrower than thorax– Includes species that are parasitic to

humans

• Minute (<4mm in length)

• Body dorso-ventrally flattened

• Tarsal claws

Holometabolous Insects

• Holometabolous Development

• Most are winged– Those without wings represent a secondary

loss of wings (e.g. velvet ants, ants)

Coleoptera = “sheath wing”

• Two pairs of wings – Forewings (elytra) are veinless, toughened and horny, covering the entire

abdomen and meeting at the midline – Hindwings are membranous

• Prothorax is large, and covered by the pronotum• Chewing mouthparts • Distribution

– More than 300,000 species– World-wide – Habitats: from deserts to tropical regions, mainly ground dwelling and in

vegetation, some aquatic – Feed on most solids, including crops, timber, pepper and dry bone

Neuroptera = ‘Nerve Wing’Antlions, Owlflies, Lacewings

• Two pairs of membranous wings – Dense network of cross veins on wings – Prominent vein forks at wing margins

• Holometabolous Development• Chewing mouthparts

– Predators of smaller insects and pollen-eaters

• Distribution– 6,000 species– World-wide, although families are more restricted – Vegetation, ground debris, in woodlands, sandy soils

Antlion LarvaAntlion Larval Pits Antlion Adult

Cross Veins on Forewings

Chewing Mouthparts

Megaloptera = ‘Big Wing’Alderflies and Dobson flies

• Two pairs of membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a

nerve network)– Numerous cross veins between costa and

subcosta veins– Hindwing a bit wider at base than forewing– Anal area of hindwing folded fanlike at rest

• Chewing mouthparts• Prognathous head with large

mandibles (sexually dimorphic)• Larvae (i.e. hellgrammites) with

abdominal tracheal gills and anal prolegs

• Larvae of Dobsonflies are often used as fish bait.

Raphidioptera Snakeflies

• Two pairs of membranous wings – Many veins and cross veins (forming a nerve network)– Numerous cross veins between costa and subcosta veins– Forewing contains a sitgma

• Chewing mouthparts• Prothorax elongate• Front legs rise from the posterior end of the prothorax, and are

similar to other legs (not raptorial)

Lepidoptera = ‘Scale Wing’• Two pairs of membranous wings

– Both pairs covered in minute scales of various colours

• Mouthparts mainly suctorial, with proboscis– Feed on liquids, usually nectar.– Mud-puddling behavior– Some drink tears, urine, and even blood

• Holometabolous• Distribution

– 20,000 species– Associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms

Mud Puddling

Nectaring

Siphonaptera = ‘No Wing’Fleas• Wingless

• Piercing, sucking mouthparts – (obligate blood feeders)

• Laterally flattened

• Hindlegs adapted for jumping

• Pro-notal comb

• Larvae worm-like

Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’• Two pairs of membranous wings

– Hind wings much smaller than forewings

• Biting mouthparts (except bees)– Predators, herbivores and nectar feeders

• Distribution– Over 100,000 species– Habitats: from woodland to desert

• Social Systems in Hymenoptera– Create own nests – Young are provisioned to varying degrees by parents / other

adults

Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’

• Suborder Symphyta– No typical wasp-waist – Hold wings flat over the body

Hymenoptera = ‘Membraneous Wing’

• Suborder Apocrita– Wasp waist– Have wingless castes – Divided into two groups, the Parasitica and

Aculeata (Social wasps)

Diptera = ‘two wings’

• One pair of wings– Membranous forewings used for flight – Hindwings form small stick-like halteres

• Suctorial mouthparts • No cerci on the abdomen• Distribution

– Mainly associated with flowers and decaying organic matter – Feed on vegetation and organic matter, some blood feeders and ectoparasites,

some species do not feed at all as adults– Over 100,000 species,

• Suborder Nematocera

• Small, delicate insects

• Slender, many segmented antennae, with no arista

• No distal cell in the wing, open anal cell widens towards the wing margin

• Larvae have prominent, biting jaws

• Suborder brachycera

• Stout flies

• Antennae 3-segmented, shorter than the thorax, may have terminal arista

• Discal cell not always present

• Larvae have reduced jaws which can be retracted into the head

• Suborder Cyclorrapha

• Stout flies

• Antennae non-prominent, 3 segmented and pendulous, bristle from dorsal surface

• Circular seam on head

• Larvae are maggot-like, with no visible jaws

• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated

stages of development.

Collecting Insects in Gardens

Baby Food JarsWater Pan Traps

Bee Species in New York City

54 species in New York City gardens (Matteson et al. in press)

58 species in Central Park, Manhattan, NY (Matteson et al. in press)

59 species in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY (Matteson et al. in press)

57 in Staten Island Freshkills Landfill (Yurlina 1998)

69 in Staten Island Parks (Yurlina 1998)

Bee Species in New York City

54 species in New York City gardens 1.7 total hectares

58 species in Central Park, Manhattan, NY 341 total hectares

59 species in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY 212 total hectares

57 in Staten Island Freshkills Landfill 10 total hectares

69 in Staten Island Parks 344 total hectares

Extent of Bees Across Gardens

% of Gardens

Bee Species and Urbanization

55-60 species in New York City 81 species San Francisco gardens (Frankie 2005)

110 in Westchester County gardens (Fetridge and Langellotto in prep)

62 species in Tucson, AZ (Cane et al. 2006)

128 species in Suffolk County, NY (Matteson and Langellotto in press)

144 species in Orange County, NY (Giles and Ascher 2006).

130 in Burlington County, NJ (Winfree et al. 2007)

Rank Abundance Plot

Species Rank

Rank Abundance Plot

Species Rank

Rank Abundance Plot

Species Rank

Garden Sites

% Species % Individuals

NYC Westchester NYC Westchester

Oligolectic 12 13 4 2

Polylectic 88 87 96 98

• Exurban Sites– Black Rock Forest: 13% species, 5% individuals (Giles

and Ascher 2006)– Gardiner’s Island: 12% of species (Matteson et al. in

press)

Impact of Polylectic Pollinators on Ornamental Invasives

• Exotic plants are often less subject to damage from insect herbivores

• Exotic plants are not discriminated against by insect pollinators

Pitfall Traps

Light Traps

Nets and Vacuums

Date / Locality

Collecting Method or Plant from which Insect was Collected

Determination Label(Including who ID’d the specimen)

Pinning and LabellingWhere to Pin, by Order

• Part II– Review the general anatomy of insects – Review the common orders of insects. – Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated

stages of development.

Diagnosing Insect Problems• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a

photo• Get a sample of the ‘insect’• Get a sample of the damage

• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect• Is it an adult or a juvenile?

• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than for juveniles)• What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there

2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the body, or tent like over the body?

• Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of damage being reported?

Internal Feeders: Gallers

Internal Feeders

MinersBorers

External Feeding Guilds

Chewers Mesophyll Feeder

Closing Remarks

• Insects are cool! Most are innocuous to humans. Many are beneficial. Relatively few are pests (but these pests make their presence known!).

• Work your way through a standard set of questions, when ID’ing insects to order.

2008 mg training basic entomology gail langellotto, ph.d. statewide coordinator oregon mg program...

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