2009 integrated science unit 4: study of the 5 kingdoms 1) monerans (prokaryotes) 2) protists 3)...

2009 Integrated Science

Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms

• 1) Monerans (Prokaryotes)

• 2) Protists

• 3) Plants

• 4) Animals

• 5) Fungi

2009 Integrated Science

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What is a prokaryote??

• Prokaryote- organism that does not have a nucleus or organelles in its cells (bacteria)

• Eukaryote- nucleus + organelles

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes (Monerans)

Prokaryotes are known for causing disease:

ex. tuberculosis, strep throat, STD’s, etc…..

Most are not harmful & sometimes helpful

ex. certain E. coli help vitamin production/ digestion in humans

Globally, bacteria are essential to the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere (nitrogen)

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on bacterial positives

http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/Environ_Hazard/images/nitrogencyclesmall.jpg

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 15: Three Domain System of Classification

Domains are a category above kingdoms.3 Domains of organisms: 1) Archaea—prokaryotes

2) Bacteria—prokaryotes

3) Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants, animals (all eukaryotes)

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses

Archaea vs. Bacteria

1) Archaea—many are extremophiles

can live in harsh environments (Early earth??)

(high temp., salinity, little oxygen)

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses

Archaea vs. Bacteria

2) Bacteria—

Different info in their DNA and RNA from Archaea.

Cell walls different from Archaea.

Antibiotics can kill bacteria.

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses

Focus on Bacterial ReproductionBinary Fission:

mechanism: DNA copied….move to opposite ends of cellcalled binary fission

Potential:

1 cell 68 billion cells

in 12 hours

2009 Integrated Science

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on bacterial positives

Bioremediation:

Humans use prokaryotes to remove pollutants from water/air/soil

ex. sewage treatment

Pseudomonas has been used to clean up oil spills.

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on bacterial positives

Pharmaceuticals:

Bacteria can be used to make vitamins, proteins, & antibiotics.

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on disease

Disease defense:

barriers: skin, mucous lining

immune system: chemical & cellular defense

antibiotics:

prevent or slow the growth of bacteria

***not useful with viral diseases

2009 Integrated Science

Video

• The Good and Bad Side of Bacteria

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

-viruses are NOT considered living cells

-viruses must use a host cell to reproduce

-viruses are composed of a small section of DNA or RNA and a protein coat

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

2 reproduction methods (use host cell to reproduce):

1) Lytic Cycle: virus invades a cell, destroys it, and spreads

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

2 reproduction methods:

1) Lysogenic Cycle: virus injects its genes into the host.

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & VirusesFocus on viruses

Infection example:

Herpes virus that causes cold sores may

stay dormant in your DNA and only reproduce during times of stress.

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Common Cold

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Influenza

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Polio

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Hepatitis

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Ebola

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Measles

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Mumps

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Kuru

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Video

• Virus video

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KINGDOM

PHYLUM

GENUS

FAMILY

CLASS

ORDER

SPECIES

DOMAIN

Let’s shift to PROTISTS- Ch. 17

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Kingdom Protista (ch. 17)

• “Stuff” kingdom

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Kingdom Protista

1) Most diverse eukaryote kingdomeukaryote = nuclear membrane

2) Most protists are unicellular

3) Most are free-living (not parasitic)

4) Protist cells are very complex (perform ALL functions of the cell)

2009 Integrated Science

Grouping Protists by nutrition3 Major categories:

1) animal-like = protozoans

2) fungus-like

3) plant like = algae

2009 Integrated Science

Grouping Protists by nutrition1) animal-like = protozoans

heterotrophs: get energy & organic molecules by eating…

bacteria

other protists

decaying matter

found mostly in aquatic environments

2009 Integrated Science

Grouping Protists by nutrition1) animal-like = protozoans

Grouping by motility (how they move)

a) zooflagellates (flagella)

ex. Giardia

b) pseudopodia

ex. amoeba

c) ciliates

ex. Paramecium

d) no movement = apicomplexans (parasites)

ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)

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Zooflagelletes

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Amoeba with Pseudopods

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Ciliated Paramecium

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Apicomplexans

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Grouping Protists by nutrition3 Major categories:

2) fungus-like

3) plant like = algae

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Grouping Protists by nutrition2) fungus-like

heterotrophic…….get food & energy by decomposing DEAD organic matter

NOT to be confused with fungi, though they are similar

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Grouping Protists by nutrition2) fungus-like

Major types:

plasmodial slime molds

cellular slime molds

water molds/ downy mildews

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Grouping Protists by nutrition3 Major categories:

3) plant like = algae

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Grouping Protists by nutrition3) plant like = algae

autotrophs…….chloroplasts use sunlight to make food (unicellular, colonial, OR multicellular

2009 Integrated Science

Grouping Protists by nutrition3) plant like = algae

TYPES:

euglenoids

dinoflagellates (plankton, red tide, bioluminescence)

diatoms

seaweedsbrown algae

red algae

green algae