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Mental, Implementation and Represented model
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
How does a projector work?
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
The movie goers or viewers think that the projector merely throws the picture that moves onto the big screen
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
The movie goers or viewers think that the projector merely throws the picture that moves onto the big screen
Projector shines a very bright light through a translucent, miniature image for a fraction of a second. It then blocks light for a split second and move another image into place. The it unblocks the light for another moment. This process is repeated with a new image 24 times per second
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
The movie goers or viewers think that the projector merely throws the picture that moves onto the big screen-Mental model or conceptual model
Projector shines a very bright light through a translucent, miniature image for a fraction of a second. It then blocks light for a split second and move another image into place. The it unblocks the light for another moment. This process is repeated with a new image 24 times per second-Implementation model or system model
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Brake system in car,
Driver imagines that pushing the brake rubs against the wheels to slow down
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Brake system in car,
Driver imagines that pushing the brake rubs against the wheels to slow down
The actual mechanism includes hydraulic cylinders, tubing and metal pads that squeeze on a perforated disk
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Brake system in car,
Driver imagines that pushing the brake rubs against the wheels to slow down- Mental model or conceptual model
The actual mechanism includes hydraulic cylinders, tubing and metal pads that squeeze on a perforated disk- Implementation model or system model
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Mental model or Conceptual model
“Users’ create a cognitive shorthand to explain and/or understand things, which is powerful enough to cover their expected interactions. The model created through these interactions or steps can be called a mental model”
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Mental model or Conceptual model
“Users’ create a cognitive shorthand to explain and/or understand things, which is powerful enough to cover their expected interactions. The model created through these interactions or steps can be called a mental model”
It may not be true or reflect implementation models
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Represented model
“Clever designers hide unsavory or non-required facts of how a product is getting job done. This disconnection between what is implemented and what is offered as explanation is called represented model or designer’s model”
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Represented model
Most often, products represented models should be different from the actual processing structure of the program
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Represented model
Most often, products represented models should be different from the actual processing structure of the program
The closer the represented model is to mental model, the easier it is to use and understand
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Represented model
Most often, products represented models should be different from the actual processing structure of the program
The closer the represented model is to mental model, the easier it is to use and understand
Represented models following implementation model too closely significantly reduces the ability to learn and use the productMENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED
MODEL
Mental, Implementation and Represented model
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
Identify
• Mental model
• Implementation model
• Represented model
User interfaces should be based on user mental models rather than implementation models
MENTAL, IMPLEMENTATION & REPRESENTED MODEL
RESEARCH
Understanding Research
Understanding Research
Understanding users needs, problems, hope and desires
RESEARCH
Understanding Research
Understanding users needs, problems, hope and desires
Gain clear and detailed knowledge of the user
RESEARCH
Understanding Research
Understanding users needs, problems, hope and desires
Gain clear and detailed knowledge of the user
Designing meaningful and innovative solutions
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Understanding Research1. Design problem
Design Problem
Design problem can be decided by organizational leadership or can be developed through team based approach
DESIGN PROBLEM
Design Problem
Design problem can be decided by organizational leadership or can be developed through team based approach
Try to phrase in human terms rather than technology, product or service functionality
DESIGN PROBLEM
Design Problem
Design problem can be decided by organizational leadership or can be developed through team based approach
Try to phrase in human terms rather than technology, product or service functionalitye.g. how can we get people in villages to adopt savings account?e.g. how can we create a financial safety net for people in villages?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
Narrow enough to make topic manageable
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
Narrow enough to make topic manageable1. Does it need to fit in certain
timeframe?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
Narrow enough to make topic manageable1. Does it need to fit in certain
timeframe?2. Does it need to have a focused
geographical area?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
Narrow enough to make topic manageable1. Does it need to fit in certain
timeframe?2. Does it need to have a focused
geographical area?3. Does it have financial constraints?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Frame design problem
Broad enough that allows designers to discover areas of unexpected value
Narrow enough to make topic manageable1. Does it need to fit in certain
timeframe?2. Does it need to have a focused
geographical area?3. Does it have financial constraints?4. Does it have cultural, social, regional
constraints? DESIGN PROBLEM
RESEARCH
Understanding Research1. Design problem2. Use existing knowledge
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
Try answering these questions• What people need or want?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
Try answering these questions• What people need or want?• What are the existing solutions?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
Try answering these questions• What people need or want?• What are the existing solutions?• What is the methodology followed to
achieve them?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
Try answering these questions• What people need or want?• What are the existing solutions?• What is the methodology followed to
achieve them?• What are the region, regional, cultural and
social findings?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is already known(sources: research papers, journals, books, articles, reliable websites and so on)
Try answering these questions• What people need or want?• What are the existing solutions?• What is the methodology followed to
achieve them?• What are the region, regional, cultural and
social findings?• Necessary statistics for data and problem
validation DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is not known and is needed to know1. What are the biggest needs for
research?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is not known and is needed to know1. What are the biggest needs for
research?2. Where are the loopholes & problem
areas to focus on?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is not known and is needed to know1. What are the biggest needs for
research?2. Where are the loopholes & problem
areas to focus on?3. Define a concrete design problem
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
Identify what is not known and is needed to know1. What are the biggest needs for
research?2. Where are the loopholes & problem
areas to focus on?3. Define a concrete design problem4. What is the research strategy to be
followed?
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Team decides to work in the area of maternal health
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Team decides to work in the area of maternal health
2. Logistics suggest to work nearby Guwahati, Assam
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Team decides to work in the area of maternal health
2. Logistics suggest to work nearby Guwahati, Assam
3. Design teams knowledge and understanding leads to aim of the project “to empower maternal health condition in Assam, India”
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Papers, journal, articles etc. are referred
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Papers, journal, articles etc. are referred
2. Statistical data is found to justify the need of empowering maternal health in Assam, India
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Papers, journal, articles etc. are referred
2. Statistical data is found to justify the need of empowering maternal health in Assam, India
3. Literature study suggests maternal health education and awareness is major cause of higher maternal heaths in India
DESIGN PROBLEM
Use existing knowledge
1. Papers, journal, articles etc. are referred
2. Statistical data is found to justify the need of empowering maternal health in Assam, India
3. Literature study suggests maternal health education and awareness is major cause of higher maternal heaths in India
4. The aim is, how can we enable, encourage and motivate maternal education and awareness among pregnant women?
DESIGN PROBLEM
RESEARCH
Qualitative vs Quantitative Research
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Quantitative research can only answer questions about “how much” or “how many” along a few reductive axes
RESEARCH
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Quantitative research can only answer questions about “how much” or “how many” along a few reductive axes
Qualitative research can tell you about what, how and why in rich detail that is reflective of the actual complexities of real human situations
RESEARCH
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Qualitative methods will not determine “average” behavior/attitudes or answer questions such as: “X people in A region like yellow than red color”
RESEARCH
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Qualitative methods will not determine “average” behavior/attitudes or answer questions such as: “X people in A region like yellow than red color”
Qualitative research can be powerful for analyzing and mapping the relational dynamics between people, places, objects and institutions
RESEARCH
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research
Deeper understanding, not broad coverage, is the strength of qualitative research
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research
Behavior, attitudes and aptitudes of potential users
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Behavior, attitudes and aptitudes of potential users
Vocabulary used in the domain
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Behavior, attitudes and aptitudes of potential users
Vocabulary used in the domain
How existing products are used
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Behavior, attitudes and aptitudes of potential users
Vocabulary used in the domain
How existing products are used
How other products (related to proposed study) are used
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
How does the product fit into users context?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
How does the product fit into users context?
What goals motivate people to use the product and what basic task help people accomplish these goals?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
How does the product fit into users context?
What goals motivate people to use the product and what basic task help people accomplish these goals?
What problem do users find with their current ways of doing things?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Provides credibility and authority to design team, as design decision are made from conducted research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative Research
Provides credibility and authority to design team, as design decision are made from conducted research
Empowering management to make more informed design decisions that would otherwise be based on guesswork and experience (in some cases)
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of Qualitative Research
Types of Qualitative Research
• Stakeholder interviews
• Subject Matter Experts (SME) interviews
• User and Customer interviews
• Ethnographic field studies
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of Qualitative Research
• Group interviews
• Self documentation
• Community driven discovery
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Research for any new design should start by understanding the business and technical context surrounding the product
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Research for any new design should start by understanding the business and technical context surrounding the product
A stakeholder is anyone with authority and/or responsibility for the product being designede.g. executives, managers, representatives from sales, development, product management, marketing, support etc.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Ideally, stakeholder interviews should occur before the user research begins, because these interviews may guide you to conduct user research
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Preliminary product visionBusiness department may have different and sometimes incomplete perspective on how the final product should be. Our design process should involve harmonizing these perspective with users and customers
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Budget and scheduleHelps identify the design scope, timeline and man efforts
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Budget and scheduleHelps identify the design scope, timeline and man efforts
Technical Constraints and OpportunitiesWhat is technically feasible with given budget, time and technology constraints
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Business driversImportant to understand business goals
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Business driversImportant to understand business goals
It may happen that business goals and users needs are different. Design must fulfill users, customers and providers goals
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:User perceptionUnderstanding of users through conducted user survey or market survey (if done)
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:User perceptionUnderstanding of users through conducted user survey or market survey (if done)
Stakeholder who have or is interacting with users (such as customer support team) can provide relevant and important insights to research
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Stakeholder interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Common language Helps understand the common language between design team, management team and engineering tea
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
SMEs are experts on the domain within which the product will be operated or used
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Domain and user understandingHelps understand the social, cultural, regional, religion based dynamics and interactions
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Domain and user understandingHelps understand the social, cultural, regional, religion based dynamics and interactions
Complex and specialized domainNecessary in designing complex domains such as medical, agriculture or financial services
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
Potential information to be gathered:Involvement in design processHelpful for reality check on design details if brought at different stages of design
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
Points to take care:SMEs are expert usersLong experience with the product and domain may have accustomed to current interactions. They would lean towards expert controls than intermediate or novice users
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – SME interviews
Points to take care:SMEs are expert usersLong experience with the product and domain may have accustomed to current interactions. They would lean towards expert controls than intermediate or novice users
SMEs may not be designersUseful for gather quick information about users and domain, but filtering may be requiredTYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for User Research
Preparing for user research
Identifying users
Persona hypothesis
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Identify users
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Identify users
Appropriate identification of users and user types before conducting user research
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Identify users
Appropriate identification of users and user types before conducting user research
Information from stakeholders, SMEs, literature reviews provides starting point in identifying potential users to interview
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
Persona hypothesis is a first cut at defining the different kinds of users (sometimes customers) for a product. The hypothesis serves as the basis for initial interview planning
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
Persona hypothesis should include:• What different sorts of people might
use this product?
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
Persona hypothesis should include:• What different sorts of people might
use this product?• What are their needs and behaviors?
How do they vary?
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
Persona hypothesis should include:• What different sorts of people might
use this product?• What are their needs and behaviors?
How do they vary?• What ranges of behavior and types of
environments needs to be explored?
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What different sorts of people might use this product?
For an office system, users may include:
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What different sorts of people might use this product?
For an office system, users may include:People who make and receive calls from desk
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What different sorts of people might use this product?
For an office system, users may include:People who make and receive calls from deskPeople who travel a lot and need to access the phone system remotely
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What different sorts of people might use this product?
For an office system, users may include:People who make and receive calls from deskPeople who travel a lot and need to access the phone system remotelyReceptionists who answer the phone for many people
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What different sorts of people might use this product?
For an office system, users may include:People who make and receive calls from deskPeople who travel a lot and need to access the phone system remotelyReceptionists who answer the phone for many peoplePeople who technically administer the phone
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
Variables should be provided that help to differentiate between different kinds of user based on their needs and behaviors
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
For an online shopping store, there may be several behaviors:
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
For an online shopping store, there may be several behaviors:Frequency of shopping (from frequent to infrequent)
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
For an online shopping store, there may be several behaviors:Frequency of shopping (from frequent to infrequent)Desire to shop (from loves to shop to hates to shop)
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
For an online shopping store, there may be several behaviors:Frequency of shopping (from frequent to infrequent)Desire to shop (from loves to shop to hates to shop)Motivation to shop (from bargain hunting to searching for right thing)USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What are their needs and behavior? How do they vary?
Including demographic variable may also be helpful:e.g. age, location, gender and incomes of the target markets for the product etc.
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:Company size (from small to multinational)
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:Company size (from small to multinational)Company location and cultural differences
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:Company size (from small to multinational)Company location and cultural differencesTypes of industry (production, service etc.)
USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:Company size (from small to multinational)Company location and cultural differencesTypes of industry (production, service etc.)Types of sector (food, IT, toys, construction) USER RESEARCH
Preparing for user research – Persona hypothesis
What ranges of behavior and types of environments need to be explored?
Different environments such as:Company size (from small to multinational)Company location and cultural differencesTypes of industry (production, service etc.)Types of sector (food, IT, toys, construction)Security level (normal to tight)
USER RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of Qualitative Research
Types of QR – Customer interviews
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
User: ChildrenCustomer: Parent
User: doctor, medical professionCustomer: Executive or IT manager
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
User: ChildrenCustomer: Parent
User: doctor, medical professionCustomer: Executive or IT manager
Important to understand customers and satisfy their goals in order to make product viable
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
Potential information to be gathered:
Their goals of purchasing products
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
Potential information to be gathered:
Their goals of purchasing products
Problems with existing solutions
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
Potential information to be gathered:
Their goals of purchasing products
Problems with existing solutions
Factors influencing the decision of purchasing a particular product
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Customer interviews
Potential information to be gathered:
Their goals of purchasing products
Problems with existing solutions
Factors influencing the decision of purchasing a particular product
Domain related issues and vocabulary
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Users are the people who uses the product to accomplish certain goals
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Users are the people who uses the product to accomplish certain goals
Potential users: people who are not using the product, but who are good candidates for using it in future
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Aims of conducting user interviews:The context of how the product or analogous system fits into their lives and workflow. Why, when, where and how the product is used
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Aims of conducting user interviews:The context of how the product or analogous system fits into their lives and workflow. Why, when, where and how the product is used
Domain knowledge, what do users need to know to accomplish their job?
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Aims of conducting user interviews:The context of how the product or analogous system fits into their lives and workflow. Why, when, where and how the product is used
Domain knowledge, what do users need to know to accomplish their job?
What are the goal and motivation of using a product
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Aims of conducting user interviews:Understanding and analysis of current method of accomplishing a goal, what are the problems
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – User interviews
Aims of conducting user interviews:Understanding and analysis of current method of accomplishing a goal, what are the problems
Mental models: how users think about their job and activity, what expectations user have about the product
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Ethnographic interviews
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Ethnographic interviews
Ethnography is a term borrowed from anthropology, meaning the systematic and immersive study of human cultures
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Ethnographic interviews
Ethnography is a term borrowed from anthropology, meaning the systematic and immersive study of human cultures
The technique of ethnographic interview is combination of immersive observation and directed interview techniques
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Ethnographic interviews
Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzbalt call them contextual inquiry. Refer book: Contextual Design
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry
Contextual inquiry is based on master apprentice model of learning: observing and asking questions of the user as if she is the master craftsman and the interviewer is new apprentice
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry
Four principles1. Context2. Partnership3. Interpretation4. Focus
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Context
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Context
Observation and interviews are conducted in user’s normal work environment rather than conducting in a lab or a clean environment
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Context
Observation and interviews are conducted in user’s normal work environment rather than conducting in a lab or a clean environment
Observing users in their context may lead you to critical insights important for design decisions
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Partnership
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Partnership
Observation and interview be collaborative by nature, alternating between observation of work and discussion of its structure and details
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Interpretation
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Interpretation
User behaviors, environment, problems and desires are studied. Designer work is to read in between lines about gathered insights
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Interpretation
User behaviors, environment, problems and desires are studied. Designer work is to read in between lines about gathered insights
Conducted interviews should not be based on assumptions, but try to get in-depth details about the user
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Types of QR – Contextual Inquiry - Focus
Designers/Researcher needs to make sure the interview is conducted in right direction by subtly directing the interviews to capture data relevant to design issues
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Planning Contextual Inquiry
Planning contextual inquiry
• Recruiting users
• Team formation
• Phases of interviews
• Points to remember
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Recruiting users
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Recruiting users
Stakeholder contacts
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Recruiting users
Stakeholder contacts
Market or usability research firms
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Recruiting users
Stakeholder contacts
Market or usability research firms
Sometime friends and relatives
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Team formation
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Team formation
Typically, team of 3 designers/researchers
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Team formation
Typically, team of 3 designers/researchers• To drive the interview
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Team formation
Typically, team of 3 designers/researchers• To drive the interview
• To take detail notes
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Team formation
Typically, team of 3 designers/researchers• To drive the interview
• To take detail notes
• To take pictures or videos for visual evidence
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Broad starting, with focus on structural and goal oriented issues. Later, narrowed down zooming in on specific functions and task oriented issues
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Early interviews:
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Early interviews:Focused on gathering domain knowledge from the point of view of user
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Early interviews:Focused on gathering domain knowledge from the point of view of user
Broad and open ended questions
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Middle interviews:
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Middle interviews:Ask open ended and clarifying questions help to connect the dots. The questions needs to be domain specific
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Phases of interviews
Later interviews:Confirm previously observed patterns, further clarifying user roles and behavior and making fine adjustments to assumptions about task and information needs
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Broad set of questions
First priority is to understand why of the users:What motivates the behavior of individuals in different roles, and how they hope to accomplish the goal
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Broad set of questions
Goals:What makes a good day or a bad day?How do you save your money?
Activities:What task and activities are performed to accomplish a goal?
Motivation:What makes to you take that decision?
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Broad set of questions
Function:What is the most common thing you do with the product?
Frequency:How frequently you save your money? What parts of product do you use the most?
Problems:What problems do you find in existing system? CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Broad set of questions
Failure recovery:How do you work around the problems?
Process:How do you do it currently?
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Points to remember
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Points to remember
Avoid making user a designerFocus on the problem, do not look for solutions from them
Encourage story telling:Encourage them to tell specific stories about their experience with existing product or system
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
Points to remember
Avoid leading questionsWould X feature help you?Do you think you would use X feature if available
CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY
We are culturally different
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
We are culturally different
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Behaviors can be culturally different. Observing them can help us avoid mistakes and build familiar interactions
Go to users’ context
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Behave as a student
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Behave as a student
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Talk to them
Qualitative ResearchDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Talk to them, but in their language
Qualitative Research - ObservationDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Observation can sharpen our awareness of how people respond to particular environment, arrangement and elements
People adapt to the environment & surroundings and behave accordingly
Qualitative Research - ObservationDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
People adapt to the environment & surroundings and behave accordingly
These behavior may have subtle cues and design opportunities
Qualitative Research - ObservationDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Ask questions to yourself
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Source: human centered design toolkit
• Why has someone placed this object here?
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Source: human centered design toolkit
• Why has someone placed this object here?
• Why have people gathered here?
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Source: human centered design toolkit
• Why has someone placed this object here?
• Why have people gathered here?
• Why people avoid being here?
Source: human centered design toolkit
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
• Why has someone placed this object here?
• Why have people gathered here?
• Why people avoid being here?
• What is it, that encourages them to do so?
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
Qualitative Research – Curiosity to contextDeeper understanding – user studies, contextual inquiry
• Why has someone placed this object here?
• Why have people gathered here?
• Why people avoid being here?
• What is it, that encourages them to do so?
• What makes people to believe this?
Points to remember while conducting research
Introduce yourself and take permission from users’ to conduct the interview
Don’t conduct interviews in group
Don’t let other influence user’s opinion
Don’t conduct interviews in group
2-3 researchers to conduct interview
Don’t let other influence user’s opinion
Don’t conduct interviews in group
Understand relationship between people, products, places and environment
Document every step of your research
Take video, audio and notes
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Beginners, intermediate and expert users
Beginners
What does this program do?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Beginners
What does this program do?
What is the program’s scope?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Beginners
What does this program do?
What is the program’s scope?
Where do I start?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Beginners
What does this program do?
What is the program’s scope?
Where do I start?
How do I print?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Beginners
Most often, beginners become intermediates very quickly or they dropout altogether
e.g. informational kiosks designed for public spaces such as museum, government offices, etc.
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
How do I find facility X?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
How do I find facility X?
I forgot how to import?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
How do I find facility X?
I forgot how to import?
Can I undo this?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
How do I find facility X?
I forgot how to import?
Can I undo this?
What is this control for?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
How do I find facility X?
I forgot how to import?
Can I undo this?
What is this control for?
What new features are in this upgrade?
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
Most users remain in a perceptual state of adequacy striving for fluency, with their skills ebbing and flowing like the tides depending on how frequently they use the product. They are perceptual intermediate users
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
Intermediate users
Most users are neither beginners nor experts, they are intermediate users
BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE & EXPERT USERS
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Genius Design
Moore’s Law
Fitts’ Law
Hick’s Law
The magical number seven
Tesler’s Law
The Poka-Yoke Principle
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Moore’s Law
Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel)
“ Every two years, the number of transistors on integrated circuits (a rough measure of computer processing power) will double”
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Fitts’ Law
Paul Fitts,
“Time it takes to move from a starting position to a final target is determined by two factors: the distance to the target and the size of the target”
The larger the target, the faster it can be pointed to. Similarly, the closer the target, the faster it can be pointed to.
Applications:-Right click for drop down
-Clickable objects like buttons needs to be of reasonable sizes. The smaller it is, harder it is to manipulate
- Edges and corners for menu bars and buttons: infinite reach due to infinite height and width
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Hick’s Law
Hick-Hyman Law,
“Time it takes for users to make decisions is determined by the number of choices they have”
“Time it takes to make a decision is affected by two factors: familiarity with the choices, such as fro repeated use, and the format of the choices-are they sound of words, videos or buttons”
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Magical number seven
George Miller (Professor at Princeton university),
“The human mind is best able to remember information in chucks of seven times, plus or minus two”
After five to nine pieces of information, human mind start making error
Designers should take care not to design product that causes cognitive overload by ignoring Magical Number Seven rule
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Tesler’s Law
Larry Tesler,
“Some complexity is inherent to every process. There is a point beyond which you can not simplify a process any further, you can only more the inherent complexity from one place to another”e.g. email client
Law’s Application:All processes have elements that can not be made simpler, no matter how much we tinker with them
Designers need to look for reasonable places to move the complexity into products they make. The burden of complexity can be shared or divided by the products
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Poka-Yoke Principle
Shigeo Shingo (Japanese Industrial Designer),
Designers use poka-yoke when they put constraints on products to prevent errors, forcing users to adjust their behavior and correctly execute an operation
e.g. left-right soft key on mobile phone, groove to place interactive cube, USB cords and fitting groove
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Interaction Designer must become an expert in how human beings relate to each other, and to the world, and to the changing nature of technology and business.
RESEARCH METHODS
Elements of interaction design
MotionSpaceTime AppearanceTextureSound
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
Characteristics of good interaction design
TrustworthyAppropriate SmartResponsiveCleverLudicPleasurable(Designing for interaction)
Other characteristics of interaction design
Direct and indirect manipulationFeedback and feed forward
LAWS OF INTERACTION DESIGN
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