5. workshop on plasma 21 may 2014 jos houdijk.pdf

Spray-dried porcine plasma, a healthy feed ingredient for resilient weaner pigs

Jos HoudijkDisease Systems , SRUC, Edinburgh, UK

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Background

• The slaughterhouse by-product spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) has great nutritive value for non-ruminant livestock, especially weaner pigs – A total of 75 trials, using a variety of plasma products,

have very recently been reviewed (Torrallardona, 2010)• SDPP benefits were found to be sensitive to several

managerial, nutritional and environmental factors– Weaning age and weight– Control diet composition– Infectious environment– Inclusion level

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Background

• In many countries world-wide, SDPP is considered an alternative protein source for weaner pigs

• Currently, UK quality assurance schemes do not permit the use of plasma products– ~90% of UK pigs are produced under such QA schemes– Would weaner pigs in UK benefit from SDPP?

• Weaned at 4 weeks of age• High spec weaner diets (cooked cereals, milk and fishmeal)• High health status

• A series of two studies were carried out at SRUC using typical UK diet formulations

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• SDPP may improve resilience to enteric infection– Increased intake (palatability?)– Local of systemic health properties

• Objective– Assess effects of replacing dried skim milk powder

(DSMP) with SDPP on resilience to experimentally induced sub-clinical post weaning colibacillosis

• Hypothesis– Replacing DSMP for SDPP increases weaner pig

performance, especially in the presence of sub-clinical post weaning colibacillosis

Objective Study 1

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• Animals– 32 pens of 4 pigs

• 2 males and 2 females• Balanced for litter origin

– Two round of 16 pens– Four pens per each of four rooms in weaner unit

• Weaning age and weight– 28.7±0.3 days– 9.4±0.1 kg

Materials and Methods

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• Test diets– Commercial basis of weaner diets for 9-10 kg pigs

• Acidifiers and appetizers were omitted

– SDPP (Proglobulin 80P) was included through w/w exchanged against DSMP at 50 g/kg

• Iso-energetic (DE 16.9 MJ/kg) • Pure amino acids to balance at Lysine (16.7 g/kg)• Same lactose levels through whey powder inclusion

• Follow-on diets for three weeks– Commercial on-farm diets

Materials and Methods

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• Experimental sub-clinical post weaning colibacilossis– Enterotoxigenic E. coli– In-feed trickle infection model– 108 cfu in 20 ml of sterile PBS

mixed with 20 g of feed to produce a “porridge”

• Days 4, 6, 8, 11 and 13 post weaning

• Sham-infected control– Sterile PBS only

Materials and Methods

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• Experimental design– 2 x 2 factorial (n=8)

• DSMP vs SDPP• ETEC vs Sham

– Each of the four treatments were in each room• Experimental periods

– Treatments imposed from d0 until d14 post weaning– Farm diets for further three weeks until d35 to assess

carry over effects

Materials and Methods

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• Weekly body weights to estimate average daily gain

• Feed offered and refused to estimate average daily feed intake– Daily between d0 – d14– Weekly d14 – d35

• FCR calculated (feed intake per unit weight gain)

Materials and Methods

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• Faecal samples– D1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 28 and 35

• Faecal analyses– ETEC– Lactobacilli, coliforms, and L:C ratio– pH, dry matter

• Daily faeces, cleanliness and health scores

Materials and Methods

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• Serum acute phase proteins (APP)– Haptoglobin – C-reactive protein– Serum amyloid A– Pig major acute phase protein

• Serum APP levels may increase due to stress, injury and infection

• APP are nutritionally costly– Negative correlation with host performance

• Our earlier studies suggest that ETEC challenge evokes APP responses

Materials and Methods

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• Statistics– 2 x 2 factorial – Room as Block– Pen is experimental unit– GLM in Genstat

Materials and Methods

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Average daily feed intake

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Average daily feed intake

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Average daily gain

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Average daily gain

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Feed conversion ratio

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ETEC shedding

ETEC challenge

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Haptoglobin

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Pig Major Acute Phase Protein

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C-reactive protein

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Serum Amyloid A

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• Experimental treatments tended to affect faecal scores– SDPP resulted in slightly higher scores over DSMP

(1.29 vs 1.21)

• Experimental treatments did not affect faecal lactobacilli , coliforms, L:C ratios, pH and dry matter, nor pig cleanliness and health scores

Other results

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• SDPP inclusion improved performance– Likely caused by increased intake– Feed conversion ratio not affected– Nutrient sparing effect from reduced inflammation

• Slightly higher faeces score– Direct result from higher intake– Magnitude small; unlikely detrimental– No impact on faecal dry matter content

• SDPP did not greatly affect ETEC excretion– Improved resilience rather than resistance– Culture techniques is not the most sensitive

Discussion

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Background to Study 2

• We have shown that the SDPP Proglobulin 80P improves weaner pig resilience to ETEC challenge– Increased intake– Presence of immunoglobulins (IgG)

• Here, this role of IgG was challenged through comparing Proglobulin 80P with an experimentally IgG-enriched plasma product (IgG-Plus)

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• To assess effects of replacing dried skim milk powder (DSMP) with IgG-Plus or Proglobulin 80-P on performance of weaner pigs, experimentally challenged with ETEC

• Hypothesis– IgG-Plus and Proglobulin 80P would similarly improve

weaner pig performance over DSMP

Objective Study 2

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• Animals– 24 pens of 4 pigs

• 2 males and 2 females• Balanced for litter origin

– Two round of 12 pens– Three pens per each of four rooms in weaner unit

• Weaning age and weight– 26.7±0.7 days– 8.70±0.12 kg

Materials and Methods

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• Test diets– Commercial basis of weaner diets for 9-10 kg pigs

• Acidifiers and appetizers were omitted

– Proglobulin 80P (50 g/kg) and IgG-Plus (33 g/kg) were included through w/w exchanged against DSMP

• Iso-energetic (DE 16.9 MJ/kg) • Pure amino acids to balance at Lysine (16.7 g/kg)• Same lactose levels through whey powder inclusion• The SDPP test diets had same level of IgG at 14-15 g/kg

• Follow-on diets– Commercial on-farm diets

Materials and Methods

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• Experimental design– Three feeding treatments allocated to one of three pens

in each of four rooms over two rounds– n=8 for each feeding treatment

• Experimental periods– Feeding treatments were applied from d0 until d14 post

weaning– Farm diets were offered for a further two weeks until

d28 to assess carry over effects

Materials and Methods

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• Observations– Weekly body weights: average daily gain (ADG) – Feed fed and refused: average daily feed intake (ADFI)

• Daily recording of feeds offered• Daily refusals between d0 – d14• Weekly refusals between d14 – d28

– FCR calculated (ADFI/ADG)– Faecal samples

• d4, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 21 for ETEC quantification

– APP concentrations on day 7 and 14– Daily faeces, cleanliness and health scores

Materials and Methods

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• Statistics– One-way ANOVA– Orthogonal contrasts statements to locate diet effects

• Effect of SDPP per se (DSMP vs (Proglobulin 80P / IgG-Plus))• Effect of SDPP type (Proglobulin 80P vs IgG-Plus)

– Round as Block– Pen is experimental unit– GLM in Genstat

Materials and Methods

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Feed intake: d0 –d14

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Feed intake: d0-d28

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Weight gain: d0-d14

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Weight gain: d0-d28

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Feed conversion ratio: d0-d14

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Feed conversion ratio: d0-d28

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Final body weight (d28)

+1.15 kg

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Consistent effects between studies

+1.15 kg+1.25 kg

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Haptoglobin

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Pig Major Acute Phase Protein

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C-reactive protein

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Serum Amyloid A

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• Feeding treatment tended to affect faecal scores– Proglobulin 80P and IgG-Plus resulted in slightly higher

scores over DSMP (1.24 vs 1.14)

• Feeding treatments did not affect faecal ETEC concentrations, cleanliness and health scores

Other results

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Discussion

• Proglobulin 80P and IgG-Plus similarly improved performance of ETEC challenged weaner pigs

• This support the view that performance benefits of Proglobulin 80P are likely due to its IgG level

• Concurring effects on serum APP were less pronounced than in Study 1– Most results “in the right direction” but not significant– Significant effects observed for one APP only (Pig-MAP)– APP are notoriously variable; n=8 perhaps too low– The relationship between performance, APP and diet

composition requires further study

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Conclusions

• SDPP products consistently improve growth performance of ETEC challenged weaner pigs – SDPP may be considered as AGP alternative– Performance benefits likely arise from IgG levels

• Results are consistent with large body of evidence that SDPP products are protein sources of great nutritional value for newly weaned pigs

• Its use in the UK remains subject to authorisation, registration, permission and safety requirements under UK regulations for feedstuff use

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• SRUC– Dave Anderson, Spiridoula Athanasiadou, Sandra Terry,

Lesley Smith, Jolinda Pollock, Kirsty Hughes, Frankie Alcock, Loraine Henderson and Brian Murray

• Sonac / Darling Ingredients International– Carine van Vuure, Geert van der Velde, Louis van Deun,

Meindert Pelser• Funding

– Sonac BV• Initial contact

– LinkedIn

Acknowledgements

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Thanks for your attention

Email: jos.houdijk@sruc.ac.uk

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Average daily feed intake

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Spare slides

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Average daily feed intake

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Average daily gain

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Average daily gain

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Averaged ETEC shedding

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Haptoglobin

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Pig Major Acute Phase Protein

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C-reactive protein

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Serum Amyloid A

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• SDPP inclusion in weaner pig diets– Increases weaner pig performance – Increase weaner pig resilience to (experimental) sub-

clinical post weaning colibacillosis– Reduces (selected) acute phase protein responses

indicating reduced inflammation

Conclusions Study 1

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Feed intake: d14-d28

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Weight gain: d14-d28

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Feed conversion ratio: d14-d28

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Final body weight (d28)

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• Day 5 post weaning– Sham infection (-)– 108 cfu ETEC challenge (+)

• Three diet treatments– H: high protein (23% CP)– L: low protein (13% CP)– HA: H + in-feed AGP

• 2 x 3 factorial (n=9)• ETEC challenge evoked APP

response is sensitive to host protein nutrition

Materials and Methods

(Houdijk et al., 2007)