81 1 3d structure calculation. structure calculation in general some form of restrained molecular...
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3D Structure calculation
Structure Calculation In general some form of restrained Molecular
Dynamics (MD) simulation is used to obtain a set of low energy structures that satisfy the NMR restraints.
Procedure:• Create a starting structure from sequence• Optimization of the structure• MD calculation with restraints from NMR• Repeat this several times• Selection of 'final' structures
Starting structure and optimization
• The amino acid sequence of the protein is used by the user- interface (Builder) of the modelling program to create an 'extended' starting structure.
• Optimization is then done by Energy Minimization (Molecular Mechanics).
Optimized starting structureStarting structure: extended chain, often in a box of water molecules
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
A Molecular Dynamics Simulation is a computer calculation of the movement of the atoms in a molecule by solving Newton's equation of motion for all atoms i:
(mi mass, ri position, Fi force)
ii
i dt
dm F
r
2
2
The force Fi is calculated from tabulated potential energy terms V (the force field) and the current position ri:
The empirical potential energy function V contains terms like:
The Force Field
ticelectrostaWaalsdervandihedralanglebondlengthbond VVVVVV
ii
V
rF
Potential Energy Function
Potential Energy Function for Bond Length
l
l0 l
E
Bond stretching(vibrational motion)
The NMR Restraints
In addition to potentials of the force field:
• Non-physical restraints for distances
and dihedral angles (and others) from NMR
• These are extra terms in the potential
energy function V Restrained MD
NOE distance restraints
Restraints for upper (uij) and lower (lij) bounds for the distance rij:
ijijijij
ijijij
ijijijijNOE
lrrlk
url
ururkV
if)(
if0
if)(
2
2
Molecular Dynamics
Typical time-scales for molecular motions
Time scale Amplitude Description
short femto to pico 10-15 - 10-12s
0.001 - 0.1 Å - bond stretching, angle bending - dihedral motion
medium pico to nano 10-12 - 10-9s
0.1 - 10 Å - unhindered surface side chain motion - loop motion, collective motion
long nano to micro second 10-9 - 10-6s
1 - 100 Å - folding in small peptides - helix coil transition
micro to seconds 10-6 - 10-1s
10 - 100 Å - protein folding
Local or Global Energy minimum
Structural landscape contains peaks and valleys.
Energy Minimization protocol always moves “down hill”. Difficult to cross over local maxima to get to global minimum.
Therefore: Simulated Annealing
• Often used with Restrained MD• Potentials are 'down-scaled' in the beginning• Higher degree of freedom ('sampling a bigger conformational space')• In later steps the potentials are slowly brought to their final values. This is like first heating up the molecule and thencooling it down in small steps.
Family of Structures
Usually a large number of calculations is done in parallel resulting in a family of structures, from which an average structure can be calulated or the one with the minimum energy selected.
Family of structures of the protein crambinFamily of structures of the protein crambin
Final 3D structures of biomolecules
Ribbon presentation
Summary: Restrained Molecular Dynamics
• Choose a force-field • Add constraints from NMR data• Starting coordinates of all atoms (starting structure)• Starting velocities of all atoms ('random seed numbers', Maxwell Boltzmann distribution)• Solve Newton's classical equation of motion for very small steps (few femto-seconds)• Calculate new coordinates, forces and velocities• Repeat the last two steps to find structure with lowest energy
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Increasing the NMR size limit
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Advances in hardware & techniques• Higher magnetic field strength
- Increased resolution & sensitivity
- Maximum now 1000 MHz (1 GHz)
• Cryoprobes
- Cooling of probe coil with He gas (~20 K)
- Reduces thermal noise generated by electric circuits
- Increase of sensitivity by factor of 3-4
• Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)
- Transferring spin polarization from electrons to nuclei
- Requires saturation of electron spins by Gyrotron irradiation
- So far only for solid-state NMR
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Protein deuteration• Reduce 1H-1H dipolar interactions
- γH/γD ~ 1/6.5
- Longer T2 → sharper lines 30 kDa
15N 15N, 90% 2H
Garret DS et al. Biochemistry (1997)
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TROSY• Transverse optimized
spectroscopy
- Lines from 1H-15N multiplet have differential relaxation
➡ Interference between dipole-dipole and CSA relaxation
- TROSY only selects the narrow, slowly relaxing line
- TROSY effect more pronounced at high magnetic field-strength
➡ CSA is field-dependent
40 kDa @ 750 MHz
Pervushin K et al. PNAS (1997)
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Relaxation & Dynamics
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NMR time scales
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Local fluctuating magnetic fields• Bloc(t) = Bloc[iso] + Bloc(t)[aniso]
- Isotropic part is not time dependent
➡ chemical shift
➡ J-coupling
- Only the anisotropic part is time dependent
➡ chemical shift anisotropy (CSA)
➡ dipolar interaction (DD)
r
B0
anisotropic
interactions
13C
CSA dipole-dipole
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Components of the local field• Bloc(t) xy components
- Transverse fluctuating fields
- Non-adiabatic: exchange of energy between the spin-system and the lattice [environment]
α
βnon-adiabatic
transitions
T1 relaxation
transitions between states restore Boltzman equilibrium
α
β
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Components of the local field• Bloc(t) z component
- Longitudinal fluctuating fields
- Adiabatic: no exchange of energy between the spin-system and the lattice
- Effective field along z-axis varies
➡ frequency ω0 varies
adiabatic variations of ω0
B0
Bloc(t)•ez
z-component: frequency ω0 varies due to local changes in B0
xy-component: transitions between states reduce phase coherence
T2 relaxation
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Spectral density function Frequencies of the random fluctuating fields
- Spectral density function J(ω) is the Fourier transform of the correlation function C(τ). It gives the probability of finding a component of the fluctuation at frequency ω.
- The component of J(ω) at the Larmor frequency ω0 can induce T1 relaxation transitions. J(0) is important for T2.J(ω)
ω
5 ns10 ns20 ns
)1(
2)(
22c
cJ
τc
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Molecular tumbling and relaxation
fast tumblingfast tumblingsmall moleculesmall molecule
slow tumblingslow tumblinglarge proteinlarge protein
Since the integral of J(ω) over all frequencies is constant, slow tumbling (large molecule) gives more contributions at low frequencies, fast tumbling (small molecule) more at higher frequencies.
J(ω)
)1(
2)(
22c
cJ
Logarithmic scale
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Molecular tumbling and relaxation
slow tumblinglarge protein
Inverse line widthT2 ~ 1/Δ
fast tumblingsmall molecule
c [s] correlation timethgiewralucelom
Proteins >10kDa
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Effects of relaxation on protein NMR spectraslower tumbling in solution fast decay of NMR signal broad lines
larger number of signals more signal overlap
c 4 nsMW 8 kDa
8 ns16 kDa
12 ns24 kDa
25 ns50 kDa
linewidth Δν1/2 = 1/πT2
78910 ppm78910 ppm78910 ppm78910 ppm
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Protein backbone dynamics• 15N relaxation to describe ps-ns dynamics
- R1: longitudinal relaxation rate
- R2: transversal relaxation rate
- hetero-nuclear NOE: {1H}-15N
• Measured as a 2D 1H-15N spectrum
- R1,R2: Repeat experiment several times with increasing relaxation-delay
- Fit the signal intensity as a function of the relaxation delay
➡ I0. exp(-Rt)
- {1H}-15N NOE: Intensity ratio between saturated and non-saturated experiment
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15N relaxation ratesR2
2HzNy
Nx
15N chemical shift evolution
CPMG
relaxation
delay
-Nz15N chemical shift evolution
Nx
Relaxation delay
R1
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Relaxation rates
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NMR time scales
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Conformational exchange
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Conformational exchange
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Measuring kex with CPMG• Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill
- Refocussing the 15N chemical shift when measuring the 15N R2 relaxation rate
• Relaxation dispersion
- Determine the R2,eff as a function of CPMG frequency (i.e. frequency of 180° pulses)
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Relaxation dispersionCan provide information about “invisible” state
- Fitting of dispersion curves at more than one magnetic field
➡ Time-scale of the interconversion (kex=kA+kB)
➡ Populations of the two states (pA, pB)
➡ Chemical shift difference (Δω = ωA-ωB)
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• Wide range of time scales
• Fluctuating magnetic fields
• Correlation function, spectral density function
• rotational correlation time (ns)
• fast time scale (ps-ns): flexibility (fast backbone motions) from 15N relaxation and 1H-15N NOE
• slow time scale (μs-ms): conformational exchange from relaxation dispersion CPMG
Key concepts relaxation
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