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9/30/2014
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The Long and Short of Wood Roof Systems
Presented by Scott Breneman, PhD, PE, SEOctober 1, 2014
Photo Al Karevy/Bensonwood
“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Course Description
This course is an overview of the many framing systems commonly used in buildings in the United States for a variety of span lengths. The presentation will review the possible wood structural framing systems including rafters, metal plated wood trusses, engineered wood products and hybrid roof systems. Also covered will be how these components can be combined to create efficient and versatile roof framing systems. All of these concepts will be reinforced through the presentation of real example projects with details on the framing system used to achieve the project goals.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this program:• Participants will be familiar with wood framing options
available for use as roof framing and be able to evaluate different framing systems to use for building projects
• Participants will be familiar with the variety of roof geometries that are possible with wood framing systems
• Through the presentation of several project case studies, the participant will understand how long span roof systems can be built from all wood and hybrid wood structural configurations
• Participants will be familiar with the International Building Code provisions that allow the use of wood systems in many roof applications including use in non-combustible Type I and Type II construction buildings
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Commercial Strip Mall
Christ the King Catholic Church
Architect: CDH Partners, Inc.Engineer: KSI Structural Engineers
Christ the King Catholic ChurchHamilton, GA
Timber trusses and wood deckingSpire created unique skylight effect
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Freedom Truck Center, Spokane, WAArchitects: ALSC ArchitectsStructural Engineer: DCI Engineers
Photo courtesy RedBuilt
Photo Scott Breneman - WoodWorks
University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme
Photos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products
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Layton Petro Mart, Greenfield, WisconsinARCHITECT: Arquitectura, Inc.ENGINEER: Jendusa Engineering Associates, Inc.
PHOTOS: Arquitectura, Inc.
Outline of Presentation
• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood
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Outline of Presentation
• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood
Components of Roof System?
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Components of a Wood Roof System
Components of a Wood Roof System
Continuous Weather Proof Layers
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Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural Sheathing
Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural Framing
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Wood Roof Sheathing Options
Wood Structural PanelsOriented Strand Board (OSB) and Plywood
Solid Sawn Decking2x, 3x and 4x dimensional lumberMechanically Laminated or Tongue & Groove
Panel Products:Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels
Wood Structural PanelsWood Structural Panels
Plywood - the original engineered wood panel (>100 years)
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) - a second generation engineered wood panel (>25 years)
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IBC 2012 2303.1.4 Wood structural panels.
Wood structural panels, when used structurally (including those used for siding, roof and wall sheathing, subflooring, diaphragms and built-up members), shall conform to the requirements for their type in DOC PS 1, DOC PS 2 or ANSI/APA PRP 210. Each panel or member shall be identified for grade, bond classification, and Performance Category by the trademarks of an approved testing and grading agency. The Performance Category value shall be used as the “nominal panel thickness” or “panel thickness” whenever referenced in this code. Wood structural panel components shall be designed and fabricated in accordance with the applicable standards listed in Section 2306.1 and identified by the trademarks of an approved testing and inspection agency indicating conformance to the applicable standard. In addition, wood structural panels when permanently exposed in outdoor applications shall be of Exterior type, except that wood structural panel roof sheathing exposed to the outdoors on the underside is permitted to be Exposure 1 type.
APA Engineered Wood Construction Guide
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Lumber Decking
• See IBC 2012 2304.8• American Wood Council’s Wood
Construction Data No. 2 “Tongue and Grove Roof Decking”
Lumber Decking
Code Acceptance for 2, 3 and 4 inch thick Tongue & Groove Lumber Decking per IBC 2012 2304.8
2x6 T&C Doug FirPhoto Bear Creek Lumber
3x6 Double T&G PinePhoto Southern Wood Specialities
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Lumber Decking Layup Options
Details in IBC with further information in AWC WCD 2
American Wood CouncilWood Construction Data 2Tongue and Groove Roof Decking
Christ the King Catholic Church
Architect: CDH Partners, Inc.Engineer: KSI Structural Engineers
Christ the King Catholic ChurchHamilton, GA
Timber trusses and wood deckingSpire created unique skylight effect
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Lumber Roof Decking Spans
• AWC WCD 2 T&G Decking Design Tools.• Used with Lumber Design Values from National
Design Specification for Wood Construction and Supplement.
Lumber Roof Decking Spans
• 2 inch can span up to 8 feet or more• 3 inch can span up to 12 feet or more• 4 inch can span up to 16 feet or more• Spans depend on Loads, Species and Grade of Lumber, Deck Layup
Pattern, Acceptable Deflection, etc.
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• IBC 2012 2306.2 applies to wood-framed diaphragms and references AWC Special Design Provisions for Wind & Seismic 2008 (SDPWS):
• Example capacities are:
Diaphragm Sheathing Limitations
DiaphragmType
Max Aspect Ratio
Max Possible Allowable Shear Capacity (ASD) in SPDWS
Lumber Sheathing
Horizontal 2x sheathing 2:1 VW=70 plf, VS=50 plf
1 layer Diagonal 2x sheathing 3:1 VW=420 plf, VS=300 plf
2 layers Diagonal 2x sheathing 4:1 VW=840 plf, VS=600 plf
Wood Panels
Blocked WSP* 4:1 VW=2520 plf, VS=1800 plf
Unblocked WSP 3:1 VW=447 plf, VS=320 plf
*Maximum value from high load diaphragms
Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural FramingRafters
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Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural FramingPurlins
Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural FramingRafters and Purlins
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Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
Ithaca Foreign Car Repair, Ithaca NY
Ithaca Foreign Car
Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
Ithaca Foreign Car Repair
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Solid Sawn Roof Framing
Design Routes:IBC 2012 2308 – Conventional Light-Frame
ConstructionAWC NDS 2012 – Engineered DesignAWC Wood Frame Construction Manual 2012
- Design tools based upon NDS
Solid Sawn Roof Framing Spans
Possible long spans based upon a common 24” o.c. spacing in lightly loaded applications
Size Achievable Span
2x4 8 ft
2x6 12 ft
2x8 16 ft
2x10 20 ft
2x12 24 ft
Acceptable spans depend on Loads, Species and Grade of Lumber, Acceptable Deflection, etc.See NDS 2012 or Wood Frame Construction Manual 2012 for design
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Dispersal of Strength Reducing Characteristics
Single Lamination
Glued Laminated Timber
Spans of 100 feet or greater achievable
12-1/4” x 84”140 ft. clear spanCamber = 8”
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Flexibility of Shapes and Spans
Photos courtesy DeStafano & Chamberlain, Inc.
Portland International Jetport, Portland, MaineArchitect : GenslerStructural Engineer: Oest AssociatesTimber Engineer: DeStefano & Chamberlain
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Portland International Jetport, Portland, MaineArchitect : GenslerStructural Engineer: Oest AssociatesTimber Engineer: DeStefano & Chamberlain
Photos courtesy DeStafano & Chamberlain, Inc.
Photos courtesy DeStafano & Chamberlain, Inc.
Portland International Jetport, Portland, Maine 32 by 64 feet bays40,000 sf timber roof
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Lemay America Auto MuseumPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
104’ Span Glulam ArchesGlulam purlins @ 4’ o.c
Promega Feynman Center, The Crossroads, Madison, WisconsinARCHITECT: Uihlein-Wilson Architects, Inc.ENGINEER: EwingCole
DESIGN CONSULTANT: Archemy ConsultingPHOTOS: Aitor Sanchez/EwingCole
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Promega Feynman Center, The Crossroads, Madison, WisconsinPhotos: Aitor Sanchez/EwingCole
Pre Fabricated Wood I-Joists
Recognized in IBC 2303.1.2 using ASTM D 5055Proprietary Products with Evaluation Reports
Structural glue joints
SCL or lumber flanges
Structural wood panel web
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Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
Wide range of depths and flange widths
Commercial Strip Mall
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Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhoto Janelle Leafblad - WoodWorks
46,000 sf school replacementCompleted 2010
Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt
46,000 sf school replacementCompleted 2010
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Structural Composite LumberStructural Composite Lumber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
ParallelStrand Lumber
LaminatedStrand Lumber
OrientedStrand Lumber
University of Idaho Recreational CenterArchitects: Ohlson Lavoie CompanyStructural Engineer: Coffman Engineers
85,000 sq ftCompleted 2002
PSL Truss Roof
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Outline of Presentation
• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood
Metal Plated Wood Truss
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Truss Configurations
Parallel chord or flat truss
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Truss Configurations
Scissors
Vaulted Parallel Chord
Flat Vault
Studio Vault
Tray or Coffer
Barrel Vault
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Truss Configurations
Polynesian
Gambrel
Room-In-Attic
Bowstring
Double Cantilever
Tri-Bearing
Truss Configurations
64Clerestory
Cantilevered Mansard W/ Parapets
Hip
Dual Pitch
Sloping Flat
Half Scissors
Half HipMono
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90’ Clear Span Glulam Trusses
Cayucos Elementary K-8
Location:Cayucos, CA
Completed: 2009
Architect: RRM Design Group
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Shenandoah Social CenterArchitect: Pinnacle Design, Dale WilkowskeTimber Structural Engineer: D. Remy & Co.
42’ span DF TrussesCompleted 2008
Photo courtesy David Hourdequin – D. Remy & Co.
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Components of a Wood Roof System
Structural Framing
Panelized Roof System
!Pre-fabricated roof sections lifted into place
!Safety, cost, speed
! Two common types" All wood" Hybrid
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When are Panelized Roofs used?
Most commonly with tilt-up concrete or masonry walls
Typical for large, low slope, roof structures
How is a Panelized Roof Constructed?
1 Column erection
2 Girders placement
3 Purlin installation
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How is a Panelized Roof Constructed?
4Panels are assembled on the ground (often 8’ width)
•Single purlin•Sub-purlins or stiffeners spaced @ 24”oc•Plywood or OSB
How is a Panelized Roof Constructed?
5 Pre-framed panel placement
How is a Panelized Roof Constructed
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How is a Panelized Roof Constructed?
7
Pre-framed panel secured•Purlin to girder •Sub-purlins to purlin•Final panel nailing
Process repeated
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Panelized System Elements
Subpurlin
Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
Purlin
Pre-framed Panel
2 ½” Glulam, I-joist, Open-web trussOpen-web wood flange, steel joist
Dimensional sawn lumber
!4x8, 4x10, or 8x8 jumbo panels!OSB or plywood
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Defining Panelized System Elements
Simple span or Cantilevered GlulamsPanels span between girder lines
GirderGirder
Pre-framedpanel
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• Introductory Piece• 4 Case Studies• Highlights Benefits
• Cost• Schedule• Safety
• Demonstrates Variety • states/climates• Occupancies• Construction applications
WoodWorks Case Study
Design Examples
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Freedom Truck Center, Spokane, WAArchitects: ALSC ArchitectsStructural Engineer: DCI Engineers
45,000 sq ftPanelized Roof
Photos courtesy RedBuilt
Light House Baptist Church Multi-Purpose BuildingArchitect: Cliff ParisStructural Engineer: Manning Engineering
90 ft spanGym on 2nd FloorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt
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Light House Baptist Church Multi-Purpose BuildingArchitect: Cliff ParisStructural Engineer: Manning Engineering
90 ft spanGym on 2nd FloorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt
Post Frame Construction
Features" Wood side wall posts" Pitched Trusses" Wide bay spacing (8ft +)" Large clear spans (100 ft+)
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Typical Post Frame Building System
Laminated or Solid-Sawn Wood Columns
Roof Framing Trusses or Rafters
6 to 12 ft o.c.
Roof PurlinsTyp. 2x4s
“on edge” or “flat”
Sheathing:• 26 to 29 ga
Ribbed Steel OR• OSB or Plywood
Wall GirtsTyp. 2x4 or 2x6
“flat”
Commercial Office/Warehouse, Cloquet MN81 foot spans
Photos courtesy Morton Buildings
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Variety of Post Frame Building Configurations Photos courtesy Morton Buildings
82’ Clear Span Trusses
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Timber Frame Systems
SIMPLE TRUSS CLASSIC KING POST TRUSS KING POST TRUSS
QUEEN POST SYSTEM HAMMER TRUSS SCISSOR TRUSS
William N. Allyn Conference Center Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
25,000 sq ft
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William N. Allyn Conference Center Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
25,000 sq ft
William N. Allyn Conference Center Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
25,000 sq ft
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Burr & Burton Academy – Mountain CampusPhotos Al Karevy Courtesy Bensonwood
LEED Platinum – Net Zero
Burr & Burton Academy – Mountain CampusPhotos Al Karevy. Courtesy Bensonwood
LEED Platinum – Net Zero
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Catherine Houghton Arts CenterWhite Mountain SchoolBethleham, NH Photos: White Mountain School. Courtesy Bensonwood
Net Zero – Panelized Construction
Whole Foods MarketAtlanta, GA
15,000 sf Type VA Structure67’ Span Glulam trusses @ 14’ o.c. & 2x6 T&G SP Deck
On glulam beams and 8x8 Columns @ 20 ft o.c.
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Port of Portland Terminal 5 Potash Storage Facility 160 by 2083 ft1995 Construction, 2006 AdditionPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
Three Hinge Arch
Port of Portland Terminal 5 Potash Storage Facility 160 by 2083 ft1995 Construction, 2006 AdditionPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
Three Hinge Arch
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YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy PavilionLake Wylie, South Carolina
ENGINEER: Bulla Smith Design Engineering PHOTOS: Stanley Capps
YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy Pavilion, Lake Wylie, South CarolinaPhotos: Stanley Capps
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Duke Lower and Middle School
Location:Durham, NC
Completed: 2009
Architect: DTW Architects and Planners
Size:3 Middle School Bldgs2 Lower School Bldgs
Cost: Middle School $130/sfLower School$112/sf
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Richmond Olympic Oval, Richmond, B.C.
• Multi-purpose arena with 500,000 sf. floor area• 330’ clear span arches w/ 2 way curvature roof
covering 6 acres• Proprietary Woodwave panel roof system
spanned between the composite glue-lam arches
Credit: naturallywood.com Design team: CannonDesignOwner: City of Richmond
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Richmond Skating Oval
Anaheim Ice ArenaArchitect: Frank Gehry 116 ft spanPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
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Anaheim Ice ArenaArchitect: Frank Gehry 116 ft spanPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
Anaheim Ice ArenaArchitect: Frank Gehry 116 ft spanPhotos courtesy Western Wood Structures
Arch splice connection
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University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme 216 ft spanPhotos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products
University Laval Soccer Stadium, Quebec City Architect: ABCP Architecture + urbanisme 216 ft spanPhotos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products
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Buffalo HarborCenter, Rink 1 140 ft span Hybrid Glulam TrussUnder Construction, Fall 2014Photos courtesy Nordic Engineered Wood Products
Rayleigh Durham International Terminal 2 Up to 136 ft spansHybrid Glulam Truss
Completed 2010Lead Architect: Fentress ArchitectsLead Structural: ARUPPhotos courtesy Structurlam Products
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Rayleigh Durham International Terminal 2 Up to 136 ft spansHybrid Glulam Truss
Completed 2010Lead Architect: Fentress ArchitectsLead Structural: ARUPPhotos courtesy Structurlam Products
Outline of Presentation
• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood
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IBC Conforming Routes to Wood Roofs
1) Construction Type for Whole Building
2) Allowances for Wood Roofs
IBC Conforming Routes to Wood Roofs
Qualify Whole Building for Construction Type, III, IV or V:
1) Type III, IV or V construction per IBC 2012 Section 503, Table 503 and the allowable heights and areas modifications for sprinklers, etc.
2) Type III, IV or V construction per Unlimited Area options in Section 507
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Unlimited Area Buildings
IBC 2012 Section 507 gives Unlimited Area Building routes for Type III, IV and/or V Construction for the following occupancies:
AssemblyEducationBusiness, FactoryMercantileStorage
Pop Quiz
What is the maximum possible area allowed in IBC 2012 for a wood 1 story Education occupancy building with sprinklers?
What is the maximum possible area allowed in IBC 2012 for a wood 2 story B, M, F, or S occupancy building with sprinklers?
Unlimited AreaIBC 2012 507.10, Type IIIA or IV Construction
Unlimited AreaIBC 2012 507.4, Type IIIA or IV Construction
Assembly occupancies options as well.Buildings required to have surrounding public ways and/or yards.See IBC 507 for specific requirements.
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IBC Conforming Routes to Wood Roofs
Wood Roofs Allowed in other Construction Types1) Footnote b of Table 601 (FRTW when > 20 ft)2) Footnote c of Table 601 (HT when 1hr or less
Required)
Fire Resistance Rating -IBC Table 601
b. Except in Group F-1, H, M and S-1 occupancies, fire protection of structural members shall not be required, including protection of roof framing and decking where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below. Fire-retardant-treated wood members shall be allowed to be used for such unprotected members.c. In all occupancies, heavy timber shall be allowed where a 1-hour or less fire-resistance rating is required.
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Table 601 Footnotes – “b”
Fire protection of structural members shall not be required, where every part of the roof construction is 20 feet or more above any floor immediately below.
• FRT wood allowed: For Type I, II, III, and V roof framing
20’
Except in group F-1, H, M, and S-1 occupancies
Table 601 Footnotes – “c”
Heavy Timber roof can be used where fire rating is 1hr or less
• Applies to any type of construction except Type IA
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LAUSD – Miguel Contreras Learning Complex
Laurence Anderson Photography
Fotoworks | Benny Chan
Type IV Construction
Heavy Timber (HT) has …• Exterior walls made of noncombustible
materials or fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW) • Interior building elements of heavy timber or
laminated wood meeting minimum dimensions and without concealed spaces
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Minimum Sizes – Roof Framing
Column SupportingRoof Load> 6x8 nominal
Beam SupportingRoof Load> 4x6 nominal
Photo of Hoffstadt Bluff Visitor’s Center
602.4.9 Exterior structural members –Where horizontal separation of 20 ft is provided, heavy timber wood columns and arches are permitted externally.
Minimum Sizes – Roof Framing
Truss Framing> 4x6
Photo of Hoffstadt Bluff Visitor’s Center
Roof Decking> 2x T&G Deck! 1-1/8” WSP! 3x on edge-planks! CLT
Often 7/16” sheathing may be applied over 2x deck to increase diaphragm strength
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Minimum Sizes – Floor Framing
Column SupportingFloor Load> 8x8 nominal
Beam SupportingFloor Load> 6x10 nominal
IBC Section 602.4 (Table 602.4) address minimum sizes
Columns and beams can be sawn or Glu-laminated
Arch Sprung From the Ground
Timber Arches supporting roofloads and springing from floor > 6x8at bottom & 6x6 at top
Arches supporting roof loadsfrom top of wall shall be > 4x6
Images Provided by Structural Wood Corporation
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Equivalent Glued Laminated Net Size
Minimum NominalSolid Sawn Size
Minimum Glued-laminatedNet Size
Minimum Structural Composite Lumber Net Size
Table 602.4Wood member Size Equivalents
Width, Inch Width, InchWidth, InchDepth, Inch Depth, InchDepth, Inch
8
6
6
6
4
10
8
8
6
6
6 ¾
5
5
5
3
8 ¾
10 ½
8 ¼
6
6 7/8
7
5 ¼
5 ¼
5 ¼
9 ½
7 ½
3 ½
5 ½
7 ½
5 ½
Outline of Presentation
• Wood Roof Components• Wood Roof Systems• IBC Code Provisions for Wood Roofs• Why Consider Wood
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Measures:All inputs:
- Raw materials- Energy- Water
All outputs:- Products- Co-products- Emissions- Effluents- Wastes
Consider all stages in production, use, disposal
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Athena Sustainable Materials Institute (2011)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the Roof of Raleigh-Durham Airport Terminal
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Life cycle assessment showed that use of wood rather than steel resulted in:- Energy savings of 5,600 MWh, equivalent to the
electricity use of 500 homes over 1 year or 23 days of operational energy use for the terminal.
- Global Warming Potential (GWP) savings of 1,000 t CO2e.
Roof of Raleigh-Durham Airport Terminal
Dispelling Myths about Wood Products
1. Is North America running out of Forests?
2. Does specifying wood products contribute to deforestation?
3. Is wood is a renewable resource?
Common environmental concerns about specifying wood:
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State of our ForestsForest Area in the United States
1630-20071045
759 760 756 761 744 738 747 749 751
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1630 1907 1938 1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002 2007
Thou
sand
Acr
es
Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).
72%
State of our ForestsForest Area in the United States
1630-20071045
759 760 756 761 744 738 747 749 751
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1630 1907 1938 1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002 2007
Thou
sand
Acr
es
Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).
72%
Forest area has been stable for over 100 years!
Million
Million
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State of our Forests
103.7 128.3 163 190 214.3 217.6
148.5174.1
223.4244.6
256.4 268
363.7363.2
346.7347
365.1 370.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002
Inve
ntor
y (b
illio
n cu
bic
feet
)US Timber Volume on Timber Land
North South West
Source: USDA-Forest Service, US Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends FS-801. (2004).
State of our Forests
103.7 128.3 163 190 214.3 217.6
148.5174.1
223.4244.6
256.4 268
363.7363.2
346.7347
365.1 370.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002
Inve
ntor
y (b
illio
n cu
bic
feet
)
US Timber Volume on Timber Land
North South West
Source: USDA-Forest Service, US Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends FS-801. (2004).
Volume of Trees has been growing for over 50 years!
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Dispelling Myths about Wood ProductsUS Forest Lands
" Specify certified sustainable wood products
" Ensures responsible and sustainable harvesting" No other building material uses a third-party
certification system to ensure sustainability" Creates economic disincentives to deforestation
How can we help to ensure forest sustainability?
Increase inDEMAND
Increase inSUPPLY
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Conclusions
Ithaca Foreign Car
Photos courtesy New Energy Works Timberframers
Ithaca Foreign Car Repair
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Havens Elementary School, Piedmont CADesign : ATI Architects and EngineersGeneral Contractor: WebcorPhotos courtesy RedBuilt
46,000 sf school replacementCompleted 2010
Shenandoah Social CenterArchitect: Pinnacle Design, Dale WilkowskeTimber Structural Engineer: D. Remy & Co.
42’ span DF TrussesCompleted 2008
Photo courtesy David Hourdequin – D. Remy & Co.
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YMCA Camp Thunderbird Duke Energy Pavilion, Lake Wylie, South CarolinaPhotos: Stanley Capps
Rayleigh Durham International Terminal 2 Up to 136 ft spansHybrid Glulam Truss
Completed 2010Lead Architect: Fentress ArchitectsLead Structural: ARUPPhotos courtesy Structurlam Products
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