9th grade western civ. scientific revolution
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Toward the modern worldview Toward the modern worldview
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact traditional views about the natural world and the nature of God?
What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact traditional views about the natural world and the nature of God?
What was the Copernican Revolution? What was the Newtonian synthesis?
MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals (educated elite) Renaissance quest for knowledge-
notion of human potential and progress
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals (educated elite) Renaissance quest for knowledge-
notion of human potential and progress
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance system of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS1473-1543-Polish astronomer (monastic) proposed a sun centered solar system
(heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543
1473-1543-Polish astronomer (monastic) proposed a sun centered solar system
(heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spherespublished in 1543
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical support for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
-German astronomer- worked with Brahe-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical support for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work Galileo lived and worked in Florence
-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”
Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and
the surface of the sun and moon
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron of his work Galileo lived and worked in Florence
-viewed the physical universe as a “Book of Nature…written in mathematical characters.”
Improved on the telescope (new invention) this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and
the surface of the sun and moon
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe This was based on his observations of
Jupiter and its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe This was based on his observations of
Jupiter and its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the Catholic ChurchThe Church feared that helio-
centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-
centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the Catholic ChurchThe Church feared that helio-
centrism would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-
centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition Charged with heresy
-His works were banned and his teachings were condemnedHis writings (Dialogue) were placed on the
Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and
excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo finally recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition Charged with heresy
-His works were banned and his teachings were condemnedHis writings (Dialogue) were placed on the
Index of Prohibited Books -he was threatened with torture and
excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo finally recanted his views shortly before his death in 1642 (the year Sir Isaac Newton was born)
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
THE DIALOGUETHE DIALOGUE
Galileo before the Inquisition
Galileo before the Inquisition
The Newtonian Synthesis
The Newtonian Synthesis
SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-Newton built on the work of Copernicus,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-In 1686 he formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-This provided evidence that the universe was
governed by precise mathematical relationships
-English mathematician – Cambridge University-Newton built on the work of Copernicus,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-In 1686 he formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-This provided evidence that the universe was
governed by precise mathematical relationships
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY
Newton’s view of the universe- more
mechanical
Newton’s view of the universe- more
mechanical
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
-English politician and writer (he was not a trained scientist)
Bacon believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)
-English politician and writer (he was not a trained scientist)
Bacon believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)
EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
INDUCTIVE MODELINDUCTIVE MODEL
RENE’ DESCARTES “I think, therefore, I am.”RENE’ DESCARTES
“I think, therefore, I am.”
Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
Rene’ Descartes 1596-1650
French mathematician Invented analytical geometry
Developed a method based on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and
reflectionDescartes believed that he could
rationally prove the existence of God He begins by “doubting” everything –
skepticism Does not begin with faith
French mathematician Invented analytical geometry
Developed a method based on rational deduction rather than empirical inductionStressed rational speculation and
reflectionDescartes believed that he could
rationally prove the existence of God He begins by “doubting” everything –
skepticism Does not begin with faith
DEDUCTIVE MODEL DEDUCTIVE MODEL
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
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